1 Tools that manage md devices can be found at
2 http://www.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/raid/....
5 Boot time assembly of RAID arrays
6 ---------------------------------
8 You can boot with your md device with the following kernel command
11 for old raid arrays without persistent superblocks:
12 md=<md device no.>,<raid level>,<chunk size factor>,<fault level>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
14 for raid arrays with persistent superblocks
15 md=<md device no.>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
16 or, to assemble a partitionable array:
17 md=d<md device no.>,dev0,dev1,...,devn
19 md device no. = the number of the md device ...
26 raid level = -1 linear mode
28 other modes are only supported with persistent super blocks
30 chunk size factor = (raid-0 and raid-1 only)
31 Set the chunk size as 4k << n.
33 fault level = totally ignored
35 dev0-devn: e.g. /dev/hda1,/dev/hdc1,/dev/sda1,/dev/sdb1
37 A possible loadlin line (Harald Hoyer <HarryH@Royal.Net>) looks like this:
39 e:\loadlin\loadlin e:\zimage root=/dev/md0 md=0,0,4,0,/dev/hdb2,/dev/hdc3 ro
42 Boot time autodetection of RAID arrays
43 --------------------------------------
45 When md is compiled into the kernel (not as module), partitions of
46 type 0xfd are scanned and automatically assembled into RAID arrays.
47 This autodetection may be suppressed with the kernel parameter
48 "raid=noautodetect". As of kernel 2.6.9, only drives with a type 0
49 superblock can be autodetected and run at boot time.
51 The kernel parameter "raid=partitionable" (or "raid=part") means
52 that all auto-detected arrays are assembled as partitionable.
54 Boot time assembly of degraded/dirty arrays
55 -------------------------------------------
57 If a raid5 or raid6 array is both dirty and degraded, it could have
58 undetectable data corruption. This is because the fact that it is
59 'dirty' means that the parity cannot be trusted, and the fact that it
60 is degraded means that some datablocks are missing and cannot reliably
61 be reconstructed (due to no parity).
63 For this reason, md will normally refuse to start such an array. This
64 requires the sysadmin to take action to explicitly start the array
65 desipite possible corruption. This is normally done with
66 mdadm --assemble --force ....
68 This option is not really available if the array has the root
69 filesystem on it. In order to support this booting from such an
70 array, md supports a module parameter "start_dirty_degraded" which,
71 when set to 1, bypassed the checks and will allows dirty degraded
74 So, to boot with a root filesystem of a dirty degraded raid[56], use
76 md-mod.start_dirty_degraded=1
82 The md driver can support a variety of different superblock formats.
83 Currently, it supports superblock formats "0.90.0" and the "md-1" format
84 introduced in the 2.5 development series.
86 The kernel will autodetect which format superblock is being used.
88 Superblock format '0' is treated differently to others for legacy
89 reasons - it is the original superblock format.
92 General Rules - apply for all superblock formats
93 ------------------------------------------------
95 An array is 'created' by writing appropriate superblocks to all
98 It is 'assembled' by associating each of these devices with an
99 particular md virtual device. Once it is completely assembled, it can
102 An array should be created by a user-space tool. This will write
103 superblocks to all devices. It will usually mark the array as
104 'unclean', or with some devices missing so that the kernel md driver
105 can create appropriate redundancy (copying in raid1, parity
106 calculation in raid4/5).
108 When an array is assembled, it is first initialized with the
109 SET_ARRAY_INFO ioctl. This contains, in particular, a major and minor
110 version number. The major version number selects which superblock
111 format is to be used. The minor number might be used to tune handling
112 of the format, such as suggesting where on each device to look for the
115 Then each device is added using the ADD_NEW_DISK ioctl. This
116 provides, in particular, a major and minor number identifying the
119 The array is started with the RUN_ARRAY ioctl.
121 Once started, new devices can be added. They should have an
122 appropriate superblock written to them, and then passed be in with
125 Devices that have failed or are not yet active can be detached from an
126 array using HOT_REMOVE_DISK.
129 Specific Rules that apply to format-0 super block arrays, and
130 arrays with no superblock (non-persistent).
131 -------------------------------------------------------------
133 An array can be 'created' by describing the array (level, chunksize
134 etc) in a SET_ARRAY_INFO ioctl. This must has major_version==0 and
137 Then uninitialized devices can be added with ADD_NEW_DISK. The
138 structure passed to ADD_NEW_DISK must specify the state of the device
139 and it's role in the array.
141 Once started with RUN_ARRAY, uninitialized spares can be added with
148 md devices appear in sysfs (/sys) as regular block devices,
152 Each 'md' device will contain a subdirectory called 'md' which
153 contains further md-specific information about the device.
155 All md devices contain:
157 a text file indicating the 'raid level'. This may be a standard
158 numerical level prefixed by "RAID-" - e.g. "RAID-5", or some
159 other name such as "linear" or "multipath".
160 If no raid level has been set yet (array is still being
161 assembled), this file will be empty.
164 a text file with a simple number indicating the number of devices
165 in a fully functional array. If this is not yet known, the file
166 will be empty. If an array is being resized (not currently
167 possible) this will contain the larger of the old and new sizes.
168 Some raid level (RAID1) allow this value to be set while the
169 array is active. This will reconfigure the array. Otherwise
170 it can only be set while assembling an array.
173 This is the size if bytes for 'chunks' and is only relevant to
174 raid levels that involve striping (1,4,5,6,10). The address space
175 of the array is conceptually divided into chunks and consecutive
176 chunks are striped onto neighbouring devices.
177 The size should be atleast PAGE_SIZE (4k) and should be a power
178 of 2. This can only be set while assembling an array
181 For arrays with data redundancy (i.e. not raid0, linear, faulty,
182 multipath), all components must be the same size - or at least
183 there must a size that they all provide space for. This is a key
184 part or the geometry of the array. It is measured in sectors
185 and can be read from here. Writing to this value may resize
186 the array if the personality supports it (raid1, raid5, raid6),
187 and if the component drives are large enough.
190 This indicates the format that is being used to record metadata
191 about the array. It can be 0.90 (traditional format), 1.0, 1.1,
192 1.2 (newer format in varying locations) or "none" indicating that
193 the kernel isn't managing metadata at all.
196 The raid 'level' for this array. The name will often (but not
197 always) be the same as the name of the module that implements the
198 level. To be auto-loaded the module must have an alias
199 md-$LEVEL e.g. md-raid5
200 This can be written only while the array is being assembled, not
204 This file can be written but not read. The value written should
205 be a block device number as major:minor. e.g. 8:0
206 This will cause that device to be attached to the array, if it is
207 available. It will then appear at md/dev-XXX (depending on the
208 name of the device) and further configuration is then possible.
211 As component devices are added to an md array, they appear in the 'md'
212 directory as new directories named
214 where XXX is a name that the kernel knows for the device, e.g. hdb1.
215 Each directory contains:
218 a symlink to the block device in /sys/block, e.g.
219 /sys/block/md0/md/dev-hdb1/block -> ../../../../block/hdb/hdb1
222 A file containing an image of the superblock read from, or
223 written to, that device.
226 A file recording the current state of the device in the array
227 which can be a comma separated list of
228 faulty - device has been kicked from active use due to
230 in_sync - device is a fully in-sync member of the array
231 spare - device is working, but not a full member.
232 This includes spares that are in the process
233 of being recoverred to
234 This list make grow in future.
237 An approximate count of read errors that have been detected on
238 this device but have not caused the device to be evicted from
239 the array (either because they were corrected or because they
240 happened while the array was read-only). When using version-1
241 metadata, this value persists across restarts of the array.
243 This value can be written while assembling an array thus
244 providing an ongoing count for arrays with metadata managed by
248 This gives the role that the device has in the array. It will
249 either be 'none' if the device is not active in the array
250 (i.e. is a spare or has failed) or an integer less than the
251 'raid_disks' number for the array indicating which possition
252 it currently fills. This can only be set while assembling an
253 array. A device for which this is set is assumed to be working.
256 This gives the location in the device (in sectors from the
257 start) where data from the array will be stored. Any part of
258 the device before this offset us not touched, unless it is
259 used for storing metadata (Formats 1.1 and 1.2).
262 The amount of the device, after the offset, that can be used
263 for storage of data. This will normally be the same as the
264 component_size. This can be written while assembling an
265 array. If a value less than the current component_size is
266 written, component_size will be reduced to this value.
269 An active md device will also contain and entry for each active device
270 in the array. These are named
274 where 'NN' is the possition in the array, starting from 0.
275 So for a 3 drive array there will be rd0, rd1, rd2.
276 These are symbolic links to the appropriate 'dev-XXX' entry.
278 cat /sys/block/md*/md/rd*/state
279 will show 'in_sync' on every line.
283 Active md devices for levels that support data redundancy (1,4,5,6)
287 a text file that can be used to monitor and control the rebuild
288 process. It contains one word which can be one of:
289 resync - redundancy is being recalculated after unclean
291 recover - a hot spare is being built to replace a
292 failed/missing device
293 idle - nothing is happening
294 check - A full check of redundancy was requested and is
295 happening. This reads all block and checks
296 them. A repair may also happen for some raid
298 repair - A full check and repair is happening. This is
299 similar to 'resync', but was requested by the
300 user, and the write-intent bitmap is NOT used to
301 optimise the process.
303 This file is writable, and each of the strings that could be
304 read are meaningful for writing.
306 'idle' will stop an active resync/recovery etc. There is no
307 guarantee that another resync/recovery may not be automatically
308 started again, though some event will be needed to trigger
310 'resync' or 'recovery' can be used to restart the
311 corresponding operation if it was stopped with 'idle'.
312 'check' and 'repair' will start the appropriate process
313 providing the current state is 'idle'.
316 When performing 'check' and 'repair', and possibly when
317 performing 'resync', md will count the number of errors that are
318 found. The count in 'mismatch_cnt' is the number of sectors
319 that were re-written, or (for 'check') would have been
320 re-written. As most raid levels work in units of pages rather
321 than sectors, this my be larger than the number of actual errors
322 by a factor of the number of sectors in a page.
324 Each active md device may also have attributes specific to the
325 personality module that manages it.
326 These are specific to the implementation of the module and could
327 change substantially if the implementation changes.
329 These currently include
331 stripe_cache_size (currently raid5 only)
332 number of entries in the stripe cache. This is writable, but
333 there are upper and lower limits (32768, 16). Default is 128.
334 strip_cache_active (currently raid5 only)
335 number of active entries in the stripe cache