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  EQL Driver: Serial IP Load Balancing HOWTO
  Simon "Guru Aleph-Null" Janes, simon@ncm.com
  v1.1, February 27, 1995

  This is the manual for the EQL device driver. EQL is a software device
  that lets you load-balance IP serial links (SLIP or uncompressed PPP)
  to increase your bandwidth. It will not reduce your latency (i.e. ping
  times) except in the case where you already have lots of traffic on
  your link, in which it will help them out. This driver has been tested
  with the 1.1.75 kernel, and is known to have patched cleanly with
  1.1.86.  Some testing with 1.1.92 has been done with the v1.1 patch
  which was only created to patch cleanly in the very latest kernel
  source trees. (Yes, it worked fine.)

  1.  Introduction

  Which is worse? A huge fee for a 56K leased line or two phone lines?
  It's probably the former.  If you find yourself craving more bandwidth,
  and have a ISP that is flexible, it is now possible to bind modems
  together to work as one point-to-point link to increase your
  bandwidth.  All without having to have a special black box on either
  side.


  The eql driver has only been tested with the Livingston PortMaster-2e
  terminal server. I do not know if other terminal servers support load-
  balancing, but I do know that the PortMaster does it, and does it
  almost as well as the eql driver seems to do it (-- Unfortunately, in
  my testing so far, the Livingston PortMaster 2e's load-balancing is a
  good 1 to 2 KB/s slower than the test machine working with a 28.8 Kbps
  and 14.4 Kbps connection.  However, I am not sure that it really is
  the PortMaster, or if it's Linux's TCP drivers. I'm told that Linux's
  TCP implementation is pretty fast though.--)


  I suggest to ISPs out there that it would probably be fair to charge
  a load-balancing client 75% of the cost of the second line and 50% of
  the cost of the third line etc...


  Hey, we can all dream you know...


  2.  Kernel Configuration

  Here I describe the general steps of getting a kernel up and working
  with the eql driver.  From patching, building, to installing.


  2.1.  Patching The Kernel

  If you do not have or cannot get a copy of the kernel with the eql
  driver folded into it, get your copy of the driver from
  ftp://slaughter.ncm.com/pub/Linux/LOAD_BALANCING/eql-1.1.tar.gz.
  Unpack this archive someplace obvious like /usr/local/src/.  It will
  create the following files:



       ______________________________________________________________________
       -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm      198 Jan 19 18:53 1995 eql-1.1/NO-WARRANTY
       -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm      30620 Feb 27 21:40 1995 eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
       -rwxr-xr-x guru/ncm      16111 Jan 12 22:29 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave
       -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm      2195 Jan 10 21:48 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave.c
       ______________________________________________________________________

  Unpack a recent kernel (something after 1.1.92) someplace convenient
  like say /usr/src/linux-1.1.92.eql. Use symbolic links to point
  /usr/src/linux to this development directory.


  Apply the patch by running the commands:


       ______________________________________________________________________
       cd /usr/src
       patch </usr/local/src/eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
       ______________________________________________________________________





  2.2.  Building The Kernel

  After patching the kernel, run make config and configure the kernel
  for your hardware.


  After configuration, make and install according to your habit.


  3.  Network Configuration

  So far, I have only used the eql device with the DSLIP SLIP connection
  manager by Matt Dillon (-- "The man who sold his soul to code so much
  so quickly."--) .  How you configure it for other "connection"
  managers is up to you.  Most other connection managers that I've seen
  don't do a very good job when it comes to handling more than one
  connection.


  3.1.  /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1

  In rc.inet1, ifconfig the eql device to the IP address you usually use
  for your machine, and the MTU you prefer for your SLIP lines. One
  could argue that MTU should be roughly half the usual size for two
  modems, one-third for three, one-fourth for four, etc...  But going
  too far below 296 is probably overkill. Here is an example ifconfig
  command that sets up the eql device:



       ______________________________________________________________________
       ifconfig eql 198.67.33.239 mtu 1006
       ______________________________________________________________________





  Once the eql device is up and running, add a static default route to
  it in the routing table using the cool new route syntax that makes
  life so much easier:



       ______________________________________________________________________
       route add default eql
       ______________________________________________________________________


  3.2.  Enslaving Devices By Hand

  Enslaving devices by hand requires two utility programs: eql_enslave
  and eql_emancipate (-- eql_emancipate hasn't been written because when
  an enslaved device "dies", it is automatically taken out of the queue.
  I haven't found a good reason to write it yet... other than for
  completeness, but that isn't a good motivator is it?--)


  The syntax for enslaving a device is "eql_enslave <master-name>
  <slave-name> <estimated-bps>".  Here are some example enslavings:



       ______________________________________________________________________
       eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
       eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400
       eql_enslave eql sl1 57600
       ______________________________________________________________________





  When you want to free a device from its life of slavery, you can
  either down the device with ifconfig (eql will automatically bury the
  dead slave and remove it from its queue) or use eql_emancipate to free
  it. (-- Or just ifconfig it down, and the eql driver will take it out
  for you.--)



       ______________________________________________________________________
       eql_emancipate eql sl0
       eql_emancipate eql ppp0
       eql_emancipate eql sl1
       ______________________________________________________________________





  3.3.  DSLIP Configuration for the eql Device

  The general idea is to bring up and keep up as many SLIP connections
  as you need, automatically.


  3.3.1.  /etc/slip/runslip.conf

  Here is an example runslip.conf:















  ______________________________________________________________________
  name          sl-line-1
  enabled
  baud          38400
  mtu           576
  ducmd         -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua2-288.xp -t 9
  command        eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
  address        198.67.33.239
  line          /dev/cua2

  name          sl-line-2
  enabled
  baud          38400
  mtu           576
  ducmd         -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua3-288.xp -t 9
  command        eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
  address        198.67.33.239
  line          /dev/cua3
  ______________________________________________________________________





  3.4.  Using PPP and the eql Device

  I have not yet done any load-balancing testing for PPP devices, mainly
  because I don't have a PPP-connection manager like SLIP has with
  DSLIP. I did find a good tip from LinuxNET:Billy for PPP performance:
  make sure you have asyncmap set to something so that control
  characters are not escaped.


  I tried to fix up a PPP script/system for redialing lost PPP
  connections for use with the eql driver the weekend of Feb 25-26 '95
  (Hereafter known as the 8-hour PPP Hate Festival).  Perhaps later this
  year.


  4.  About the Slave Scheduler Algorithm

  The slave scheduler probably could be replaced with a dozen other
  things and push traffic much faster.  The formula in the current set
  up of the driver was tuned to handle slaves with wildly different
  bits-per-second "priorities".


  All testing I have done was with two 28.8 V.FC modems, one connecting
  at 28800 bps or slower, and the other connecting at 14400 bps all the
  time.


  One version of the scheduler was able to push 5.3 K/s through the
  28800 and 14400 connections, but when the priorities on the links were
  very wide apart (57600 vs. 14400) the "faster" modem received all
  traffic and the "slower" modem starved.


  5.  Testers' Reports

  Some people have experimented with the eql device with newer
  kernels (than 1.1.75).  I have since updated the driver to patch
  cleanly in newer kernels because of the removal of the old "slave-
  balancing" driver config option.


  o  icee from LinuxNET patched 1.1.86 without any rejects and was able
     to boot the kernel and enslave a couple of ISDN PPP links.

  5.1.  Randolph Bentson's Test Report






























































  From bentson@grieg.seaslug.org Wed Feb  8 19:08:09 1995
  Date: Tue, 7 Feb 95 22:57 PST
  From: Randolph Bentson <bentson@grieg.seaslug.org>
  To: guru@ncm.com
  Subject: EQL driver tests


  I have been checking out your eql driver.  (Nice work, that!)
  Although you may already done this performance testing, here
  are some data I've discovered.

  Randolph Bentson
  bentson@grieg.seaslug.org

  ---------------------------------------------------------


  A pseudo-device driver, EQL, written by Simon Janes, can be used
  to bundle multiple SLIP connections into what appears to be a
  single connection.  This allows one to improve dial-up network
  connectivity gradually, without having to buy expensive DSU/CSU
  hardware and services.

  I have done some testing of this software, with two goals in
  mind: first, to ensure it actually works as described and
  second, as a method of exercising my device driver.

  The following performance measurements were derived from a set
  of SLIP connections run between two Linux systems (1.1.84) using
  a 486DX2/66 with a Cyclom-8Ys and a 486SLC/40 with a Cyclom-16Y.
  (Ports 0,1,2,3 were used.  A later configuration will distribute
  port selection across the different Cirrus chips on the boards.)
  Once a link was established, I timed a binary ftp transfer of
  289284 bytes of data. If there were no overhead (packet headers,
  inter-character and inter-packet delays, etc.) the transfers
  would take the following times:

      bits/sec  seconds
      345600    8.3
      234600    12.3
      172800    16.7
      153600    18.8
      76800     37.6
      57600     50.2
      38400     75.3
      28800     100.4
      19200     150.6
      9600      301.3

  A single line running at the lower speeds and with large packets
  comes to within 2% of this.  Performance is limited for the higher
  speeds (as predicted by the Cirrus databook) to an aggregate of
  about 160 kbits/sec.  The next round of testing will distribute
  the load across two or more Cirrus chips.

  The good news is that one gets nearly the full advantage of the
  second, third, and fourth line's bandwidth.  (The bad news is
  that the connection establishment seemed fragile for the higher
  speeds.  Once established, the connection seemed robust enough.)

  #lines  speed mtu  seconds    theory  actual  %of
         kbit/sec      duration speed   speed   max
  3     115200  900     _       345600
  3     115200  400     18.1    345600  159825  46
  2     115200  900     _       230400
  2     115200  600     18.1    230400  159825  69
  2     115200  400     19.3    230400  149888  65
  4     57600   900     _       234600
  4     57600   600     _       234600
  4     57600   400     _       234600
  3     57600   600     20.9    172800  138413  80
  3     57600   900     21.2    172800  136455  78
  3     115200  600     21.7    345600  133311  38
  3     57600   400     22.5    172800  128571  74
  4     38400   900     25.2    153600  114795  74
  4     38400   600     26.4    153600  109577  71
  4     38400   400     27.3    153600  105965  68
  2     57600   900     29.1    115200  99410.3 86
  1     115200  900     30.7    115200  94229.3 81
  2     57600   600     30.2    115200  95789.4 83
  3     38400   900     30.3    115200  95473.3 82
  3     38400   600     31.2    115200  92719.2 80
  1     115200  600     31.3    115200  92423   80
  2     57600   400     32.3    115200  89561.6 77
  1     115200  400     32.8    115200  88196.3 76
  3     38400   400     33.5    115200  86353.4 74
  2     38400   900     43.7    76800   66197.7 86
  2     38400   600     44      76800   65746.4 85
  2     38400   400     47.2    76800   61289   79
  4     19200   900     50.8    76800   56945.7 74
  4     19200   400     53.2    76800   54376.7 70
  4     19200   600     53.7    76800   53870.4 70
  1     57600   900     54.6    57600   52982.4 91
  1     57600   600     56.2    57600   51474   89
  3     19200   900     60.5    57600   47815.5 83
  1     57600   400     60.2    57600   48053.8 83
  3     19200   600     62      57600   46658.7 81
  3     19200   400     64.7    57600   44711.6 77
  1     38400   900     79.4    38400   36433.8 94
  1     38400   600     82.4    38400   35107.3 91
  2     19200   900     84.4    38400   34275.4 89
  1     38400   400     86.8    38400   33327.6 86
  2     19200   600     87.6    38400   33023.3 85
  2     19200   400     91.2    38400   31719.7 82
  4     9600    900     94.7    38400   30547.4 79
  4     9600    400     106     38400   27290.9 71
  4     9600    600     110     38400   26298.5 68
  3     9600    900     118     28800   24515.6 85
  3     9600    600     120     28800   24107   83
  3     9600    400     131     28800   22082.7 76
  1     19200   900     155     19200   18663.5 97
  1     19200   600     161     19200   17968   93
  1     19200   400     170     19200   17016.7 88
  2     9600    600     176     19200   16436.6 85
  2     9600    900     180     19200   16071.3 83
  2     9600    400     181     19200   15982.5 83
  1     9600    900     305     9600    9484.72 98
  1     9600    600     314     9600    9212.87 95
  1     9600    400     332     9600    8713.37 90





  5.2.  Anthony Healy's Report







  Date: Mon, 13 Feb 1995 16:17:29 +1100 (EST)
  From: Antony Healey <ahealey@st.nepean.uws.edu.au>
  To: Simon Janes <guru@ncm.com>
  Subject: Re: Load Balancing

  Hi Simon,
          I've installed your patch and it works great. I have trialed
          it over twin SL/IP lines, just over null modems, but I was
          able to data at over 48Kb/s [ISDN link -Simon]. I managed a
          transfer of up to 7.5 Kbyte/s on one go, but averaged around
          6.4 Kbyte/s, which I think is pretty cool.  :)