4 This document descibes a collection of device-mapper targets that
5 between them implement thin-provisioning and snapshots.
7 The main highlight of this implementation, compared to the previous
8 implementation of snapshots, is that it allows many virtual devices to
9 be stored on the same data volume. This simplifies administration and
10 allows the sharing of data between volumes, thus reducing disk usage.
12 Another significant feature is support for an arbitrary depth of
13 recursive snapshots (snapshots of snapshots of snapshots ...). The
14 previous implementation of snapshots did this by chaining together
15 lookup tables, and so performance was O(depth). This new
16 implementation uses a single data structure to avoid this degradation
17 with depth. Fragmentation may still be an issue, however, in some
20 Metadata is stored on a separate device from data, giving the
21 administrator some freedom, for example to:
23 - Improve metadata resilience by storing metadata on a mirrored volume
24 but data on a non-mirrored one.
26 - Improve performance by storing the metadata on SSD.
31 These targets are very much still in the EXPERIMENTAL state. Please
32 do not yet rely on them in production. But do experiment and offer us
33 feedback. Different use cases will have different performance
34 characteristics, for example due to fragmentation of the data volume.
36 If you find this software is not performing as expected please mail
37 dm-devel@redhat.com with details and we'll try our best to improve
40 Userspace tools for checking and repairing the metadata are under
46 This section describes some quick recipes for using thin provisioning.
47 They use the dmsetup program to control the device-mapper driver
48 directly. End users will be advised to use a higher-level volume
49 manager such as LVM2 once support has been added.
54 The pool device ties together the metadata volume and the data volume.
55 It maps I/O linearly to the data volume and updates the metadata via
58 - Function calls from the thin targets
60 - Device-mapper 'messages' from userspace which control the creation of new
61 virtual devices amongst other things.
63 Setting up a fresh pool device
64 ------------------------------
66 Setting up a pool device requires a valid metadata device, and a
67 data device. If you do not have an existing metadata device you can
68 make one by zeroing the first 4k to indicate empty metadata.
70 dd if=/dev/zero of=$metadata_dev bs=4096 count=1
72 The amount of metadata you need will vary according to how many blocks
73 are shared between thin devices (i.e. through snapshots). If you have
74 less sharing than average you'll need a larger-than-average metadata device.
76 As a guide, we suggest you calculate the number of bytes to use in the
77 metadata device as 48 * $data_dev_size / $data_block_size but round it up
78 to 2MB if the answer is smaller. The largest size supported is 16GB.
80 If you're creating large numbers of snapshots which are recording large
81 amounts of change, you may need find you need to increase this.
83 Reloading a pool table
84 ----------------------
86 You may reload a pool's table, indeed this is how the pool is resized
87 if it runs out of space. (N.B. While specifying a different metadata
88 device when reloading is not forbidden at the moment, things will go
89 wrong if it does not route I/O to exactly the same on-disk location as
92 Using an existing pool device
93 -----------------------------
96 --table "0 20971520 thin-pool $metadata_dev $data_dev \
97 $data_block_size $low_water_mark"
99 $data_block_size gives the smallest unit of disk space that can be
100 allocated at a time expressed in units of 512-byte sectors. People
101 primarily interested in thin provisioning may want to use a value such
102 as 1024 (512KB). People doing lots of snapshotting may want a smaller value
103 such as 128 (64KB). If you are not zeroing newly-allocated data,
104 a larger $data_block_size in the region of 256000 (128MB) is suggested.
105 $data_block_size must be the same for the lifetime of the
108 $low_water_mark is expressed in blocks of size $data_block_size. If
109 free space on the data device drops below this level then a dm event
110 will be triggered which a userspace daemon should catch allowing it to
111 extend the pool device. Only one such event will be sent.
112 Resuming a device with a new table itself triggers an event so the
113 userspace daemon can use this to detect a situation where a new table
114 already exceeds the threshold.
119 i) Creating a new thinly-provisioned volume.
121 To create a new thinly- provisioned volume you must send a message to an
122 active pool device, /dev/mapper/pool in this example.
124 dmsetup message /dev/mapper/pool 0 "create_thin 0"
126 Here '0' is an identifier for the volume, a 24-bit number. It's up
127 to the caller to allocate and manage these identifiers. If the
128 identifier is already in use, the message will fail with -EEXIST.
130 ii) Using a thinly-provisioned volume.
132 Thinly-provisioned volumes are activated using the 'thin' target:
134 dmsetup create thin --table "0 2097152 thin /dev/mapper/pool 0"
136 The last parameter is the identifier for the thinp device.
141 i) Creating an internal snapshot.
143 Snapshots are created with another message to the pool.
145 N.B. If the origin device that you wish to snapshot is active, you
146 must suspend it before creating the snapshot to avoid corruption.
147 This is NOT enforced at the moment, so please be careful!
149 dmsetup suspend /dev/mapper/thin
150 dmsetup message /dev/mapper/pool 0 "create_snap 1 0"
151 dmsetup resume /dev/mapper/thin
153 Here '1' is the identifier for the volume, a 24-bit number. '0' is the
154 identifier for the origin device.
156 ii) Using an internal snapshot.
158 Once created, the user doesn't have to worry about any connection
159 between the origin and the snapshot. Indeed the snapshot is no
160 different from any other thinly-provisioned device and can be
161 snapshotted itself via the same method. It's perfectly legal to
162 have only one of them active, and there's no ordering requirement on
163 activating or removing them both. (This differs from conventional
164 device-mapper snapshots.)
166 Activate it exactly the same way as any other thinly-provisioned volume:
168 dmsetup create snap --table "0 2097152 thin /dev/mapper/pool 1"
173 All devices using a pool must be deactivated before the pool itself
188 thin-pool <metadata dev> <data dev> <data block size (sectors)> \
189 <low water mark (blocks)> [<number of feature args> [<arg>]*]
191 Optional feature arguments:
192 - 'skip_block_zeroing': skips the zeroing of newly-provisioned blocks.
194 Data block size must be between 64KB (128 sectors) and 1GB
195 (2097152 sectors) inclusive.
200 <transaction id> <used metadata blocks>/<total metadata blocks>
201 <used data blocks>/<total data blocks> <held metadata root>
205 A 64-bit number used by userspace to help synchronise with metadata
206 from volume managers.
208 used data blocks / total data blocks
209 If the number of free blocks drops below the pool's low water mark a
210 dm event will be sent to userspace. This event is edge-triggered and
211 it will occur only once after each resume so volume manager writers
212 should register for the event and then check the target's status.
215 The location, in sectors, of the metadata root that has been
216 'held' for userspace read access. '-' indicates there is no
217 held root. This feature is not yet implemented so '-' is
224 Create a new thinly-provisioned device.
225 <dev id> is an arbitrary unique 24-bit identifier chosen by
228 create_snap <dev id> <origin id>
230 Create a new snapshot of another thinly-provisioned device.
231 <dev id> is an arbitrary unique 24-bit identifier chosen by
233 <origin id> is the identifier of the thinly-provisioned device
234 of which the new device will be a snapshot.
238 Deletes a thin device. Irreversible.
240 trim <dev id> <new size in sectors>
242 Delete mappings from the end of a thin device. Irreversible.
243 You might want to use this if you're reducing the size of
244 your thinly-provisioned device. In many cases, due to the
245 sharing of blocks between devices, it is not possible to
246 determine in advance how much space 'trim' will release. (In
247 future a userspace tool might be able to perform this
250 set_transaction_id <current id> <new id>
252 Userland volume managers, such as LVM, need a way to
253 synchronise their external metadata with the internal metadata of the
254 pool target. The thin-pool target offers to store an
255 arbitrary 64-bit transaction id and return it on the target's
256 status line. To avoid races you must provide what you think
257 the current transaction id is when you change it with this
258 compare-and-swap message.
265 thin <pool dev> <dev id>
268 the thin-pool device, e.g. /dev/mapper/my_pool or 253:0
271 the internal device identifier of the device to be
274 The pool doesn't store any size against the thin devices. If you
275 load a thin target that is smaller than you've been using previously,
276 then you'll have no access to blocks mapped beyond the end. If you
277 load a target that is bigger than before, then extra blocks will be
278 provisioned as and when needed.
280 If you wish to reduce the size of your thin device and potentially
281 regain some space then send the 'trim' message to the pool.
285 <nr mapped sectors> <highest mapped sector>