1 Each CPU has a "base" scheduling domain (struct sched_domain). The domain
2 hierarchy is built from these base domains via the ->parent pointer. ->parent
3 MUST be NULL terminated, and domain structures should be per-CPU as they are
6 Each scheduling domain spans a number of CPUs (stored in the ->span field).
7 A domain's span MUST be a superset of it child's span (this restriction could
8 be relaxed if the need arises), and a base domain for CPU i MUST span at least
9 i. The top domain for each CPU will generally span all CPUs in the system
10 although strictly it doesn't have to, but this could lead to a case where some
11 CPUs will never be given tasks to run unless the CPUs allowed mask is
12 explicitly set. A sched domain's span means "balance process load among these
15 Each scheduling domain must have one or more CPU groups (struct sched_group)
16 which are organised as a circular one way linked list from the ->groups
17 pointer. The union of cpumasks of these groups MUST be the same as the
18 domain's span. The intersection of cpumasks from any two of these groups
19 MUST be the empty set. The group pointed to by the ->groups pointer MUST
20 contain the CPU to which the domain belongs. Groups may be shared among
21 CPUs as they contain read only data after they have been set up.
23 Balancing within a sched domain occurs between groups. That is, each group
24 is treated as one entity. The load of a group is defined as the sum of the
25 load of each of its member CPUs, and only when the load of a group becomes
26 out of balance are tasks moved between groups.
28 In kernel/sched.c, trigger_load_balance() is run periodically on each CPU
29 through scheduler_tick(). It raises a softirq after the next regularly scheduled
30 rebalancing event for the current runqueue has arrived. The actual load
31 balancing workhorse, run_rebalance_domains()->rebalance_domains(), is then run
32 in softirq context (SCHED_SOFTIRQ).
34 The latter function takes two arguments: the current CPU and whether it was idle
35 at the time the scheduler_tick() happened and iterates over all sched domains
36 our CPU is on, starting from its base domain and going up the ->parent chain.
37 While doing that, it checks to see if the current domain has exhausted its
38 rebalance interval. If so, it runs load_balance() on that domain. It then checks
39 the parent sched_domain (if it exists), and the parent of the parent and so
42 Initially, load_balance() finds the busiest group in the current sched domain.
43 If it succeeds, it looks for the busiest runqueue of all the CPUs' runqueues in
44 that group. If it manages to find such a runqueue, it locks both our initial
45 CPU's runqueue and the newly found busiest one and starts moving tasks from it
46 to our runqueue. The exact number of tasks amounts to an imbalance previously
47 computed while iterating over this sched domain's groups.
49 *** Implementing sched domains ***
50 The "base" domain will "span" the first level of the hierarchy. In the case
51 of SMT, you'll span all siblings of the physical CPU, with each group being
54 In SMP, the parent of the base domain will span all physical CPUs in the
55 node. Each group being a single physical CPU. Then with NUMA, the parent
56 of the SMP domain will span the entire machine, with each group having the
57 cpumask of a node. Or, you could do multi-level NUMA or Opteron, for example,
58 might have just one domain covering its one NUMA level.
60 The implementor should read comments in include/linux/sched.h:
61 struct sched_domain fields, SD_FLAG_*, SD_*_INIT to get an idea of
62 the specifics and what to tune.
64 Architectures may retain the regular override the default SD_*_INIT flags
65 while using the generic domain builder in kernel/sched.c if they wish to
66 retain the traditional SMT->SMP->NUMA topology (or some subset of that). This
67 can be done by #define'ing ARCH_HASH_SCHED_TUNE.
69 Alternatively, the architecture may completely override the generic domain
70 builder by #define'ing ARCH_HASH_SCHED_DOMAIN, and exporting your
71 arch_init_sched_domains function. This function will attach domains to all
72 CPUs using cpu_attach_domain.
74 The sched-domains debugging infrastructure can be enabled by enabling
75 CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG. This enables an error checking parse of the sched domains
76 which should catch most possible errors (described above). It also prints out
77 the domain structure in a visual format.