1 RCU Torture Test Operation
4 CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST
6 The CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST config option is available for all RCU
7 implementations. It creates an rcutorture kernel module that can
8 be loaded to run a torture test. The test periodically outputs
9 status messages via printk(), which can be examined via the dmesg
10 command (perhaps grepping for "torture"). The test is started
11 when the module is loaded, and stops when the module is unloaded.
13 CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE
15 It is also possible to specify CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST=y, which will
16 result in the tests being loaded into the base kernel. In this case,
17 the CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE config option is used to specify
18 whether the RCU torture tests are to be started immediately during
19 boot or whether the /proc/sys/kernel/rcutorture_runnable file is used
20 to enable them. This /proc file can be used to repeatedly pause and
21 restart the tests, regardless of the initial state specified by the
22 CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE config option.
24 You will normally -not- want to start the RCU torture tests during boot
25 (and thus the default is CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE=n), but doing
26 this can sometimes be useful in finding boot-time bugs.
31 This module has the following parameters:
33 fqs_duration Duration (in microseconds) of artificially induced bursts
34 of force_quiescent_state() invocations. In RCU
35 implementations having force_quiescent_state(), these
36 bursts help force races between forcing a given grace
37 period and that grace period ending on its own.
39 fqs_holdoff Holdoff time (in microseconds) between consecutive calls
40 to force_quiescent_state() within a burst.
42 fqs_stutter Wait time (in seconds) between consecutive bursts
43 of calls to force_quiescent_state().
45 irqreaders Says to invoke RCU readers from irq level. This is currently
46 done via timers. Defaults to "1" for variants of RCU that
47 permit this. (Or, more accurately, variants of RCU that do
48 -not- permit this know to ignore this variable.)
50 nfakewriters This is the number of RCU fake writer threads to run. Fake
51 writer threads repeatedly use the synchronous "wait for
52 current readers" function of the interface selected by
53 torture_type, with a delay between calls to allow for various
54 different numbers of writers running in parallel.
55 nfakewriters defaults to 4, which provides enough parallelism
56 to trigger special cases caused by multiple writers, such as
57 the synchronize_srcu() early return optimization.
59 nreaders This is the number of RCU reading threads supported.
60 The default is twice the number of CPUs. Why twice?
61 To properly exercise RCU implementations with preemptible
62 read-side critical sections.
65 The number of seconds to keep the test threads affinitied
66 to a particular subset of the CPUs, defaults to 3 seconds.
67 Used in conjunction with test_no_idle_hz.
69 stat_interval The number of seconds between output of torture
70 statistics (via printk()). Regardless of the interval,
71 statistics are printed when the module is unloaded.
72 Setting the interval to zero causes the statistics to
73 be printed -only- when the module is unloaded, and this
76 stutter The length of time to run the test before pausing for this
77 same period of time. Defaults to "stutter=5", so as
78 to run and pause for (roughly) five-second intervals.
79 Specifying "stutter=0" causes the test to run continuously
80 without pausing, which is the old default behavior.
82 test_no_idle_hz Whether or not to test the ability of RCU to operate in
83 a kernel that disables the scheduling-clock interrupt to
84 idle CPUs. Boolean parameter, "1" to test, "0" otherwise.
85 Defaults to omitting this test.
87 torture_type The type of RCU to test: "rcu" for the rcu_read_lock() API,
88 "rcu_sync" for rcu_read_lock() with synchronous reclamation,
89 "rcu_bh" for the rcu_read_lock_bh() API, "rcu_bh_sync" for
90 rcu_read_lock_bh() with synchronous reclamation, "srcu" for
91 the "srcu_read_lock()" API, "sched" for the use of
92 preempt_disable() together with synchronize_sched(),
93 and "sched_expedited" for the use of preempt_disable()
94 with synchronize_sched_expedited().
96 verbose Enable debug printk()s. Default is disabled.
101 The statistics output is as follows:
103 rcu-torture: --- Start of test: nreaders=16 stat_interval=0 verbose=0
104 rcu-torture: rtc: 0000000000000000 ver: 1916 tfle: 0 rta: 1916 rtaf: 0 rtf: 1915
105 rcu-torture: Reader Pipe: 1466408 9747 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
106 rcu-torture: Reader Batch: 1464477 11678 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
107 rcu-torture: Free-Block Circulation: 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 0
108 rcu-torture: --- End of test
110 The command "dmesg | grep torture:" will extract this information on
111 most systems. On more esoteric configurations, it may be necessary to
112 use other commands to access the output of the printk()s used by
113 the RCU torture test. The printk()s use KERN_ALERT, so they should
116 The entries are as follows:
118 o "rtc": The hexadecimal address of the structure currently visible
121 o "ver": The number of times since boot that the rcutw writer task
122 has changed the structure visible to readers.
124 o "tfle": If non-zero, indicates that the "torture freelist"
125 containing structure to be placed into the "rtc" area is empty.
126 This condition is important, since it can fool you into thinking
127 that RCU is working when it is not. :-/
129 o "rta": Number of structures allocated from the torture freelist.
131 o "rtaf": Number of allocations from the torture freelist that have
132 failed due to the list being empty.
134 o "rtf": Number of frees into the torture freelist.
136 o "Reader Pipe": Histogram of "ages" of structures seen by readers.
137 If any entries past the first two are non-zero, RCU is broken.
138 And rcutorture prints the error flag string "!!!" to make sure
139 you notice. The age of a newly allocated structure is zero,
140 it becomes one when removed from reader visibility, and is
141 incremented once per grace period subsequently -- and is freed
142 after passing through (RCU_TORTURE_PIPE_LEN-2) grace periods.
144 The output displayed above was taken from a correctly working
145 RCU. If you want to see what it looks like when broken, break
148 o "Reader Batch": Another histogram of "ages" of structures seen
149 by readers, but in terms of counter flips (or batches) rather
150 than in terms of grace periods. The legal number of non-zero
151 entries is again two. The reason for this separate view is that
152 it is sometimes easier to get the third entry to show up in the
153 "Reader Batch" list than in the "Reader Pipe" list.
155 o "Free-Block Circulation": Shows the number of torture structures
156 that have reached a given point in the pipeline. The first element
157 should closely correspond to the number of structures allocated,
158 the second to the number that have been removed from reader view,
159 and all but the last remaining to the corresponding number of
160 passes through a grace period. The last entry should be zero,
161 as it is only incremented if a torture structure's counter
162 somehow gets incremented farther than it should.
164 Different implementations of RCU can provide implementation-specific
165 additional information. For example, SRCU provides the following:
167 srcu-torture: rtc: f8cf46a8 ver: 355 tfle: 0 rta: 356 rtaf: 0 rtf: 346 rtmbe: 0
168 srcu-torture: Reader Pipe: 559738 939 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
169 srcu-torture: Reader Batch: 560434 243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
170 srcu-torture: Free-Block Circulation: 355 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 347 346 0
171 srcu-torture: per-CPU(idx=1): 0(0,1) 1(0,1) 2(0,0) 3(0,1)
173 The first four lines are similar to those for RCU. The last line shows
174 the per-CPU counter state. The numbers in parentheses are the values
175 of the "old" and "current" counters for the corresponding CPU. The
176 "idx" value maps the "old" and "current" values to the underlying array,
177 and is useful for debugging.
179 Similarly, sched_expedited RCU provides the following:
181 sched_expedited-torture: rtc: d0000000016c1880 ver: 1090796 tfle: 0 rta: 1090796 rtaf: 0 rtf: 1090787 rtmbe: 0 nt: 27713319
182 sched_expedited-torture: Reader Pipe: 12660320201 95875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
183 sched_expedited-torture: Reader Batch: 12660424885 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
184 sched_expedited-torture: Free-Block Circulation: 1090795 1090795 1090794 1090793 1090792 1090791 1090790 1090789 1090788 1090787 0
189 The following script may be used to torture RCU:
196 dmesg | grep torture:
198 The output can be manually inspected for the error flag of "!!!".
199 One could of course create a more elaborate script that automatically
200 checked for such errors. The "rmmod" command forces a "SUCCESS" or
201 "FAILURE" indication to be printk()ed.