4 See the kerneldoc for the struct device_driver.
10 Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may
11 be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct
12 device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular
18 The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should
19 also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain
20 the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of
21 the callbacks as possible, though each is optional.
26 As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically
27 allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100
28 driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver
29 being converted completely to the new model.
31 static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = {
35 .probe = eepro100_probe,
36 .remove = eepro100_remove,
37 .suspend = eepro100_suspend,
38 .resume = eepro100_resume,
41 Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new
42 model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with
43 bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized.
45 The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver
46 typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format
47 of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are
48 completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would
49 sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around.
51 Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in
52 the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this:
55 const struct pci_device_id *id_table;
56 struct device_driver driver;
59 A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like
60 (using the eepro100 driver again):
62 static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = {
63 .id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl,
67 .probe = eepro100_probe,
68 .remove = eepro100_remove,
69 .suspend = eepro100_suspend,
70 .resume = eepro100_resume,
74 Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or
75 even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want...
80 int driver_register(struct device_driver * drv);
82 The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have
83 no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver
84 structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their
85 struct device_driver object.
87 Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will
88 need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register.
90 It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as
91 possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the
92 struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the
93 lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be
94 used by the device model core or the bus driver.
97 Transition Bus Drivers
98 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
100 By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be
101 made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and
102 let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can
103 define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific
104 callbacks of the drivers.
106 This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class
107 information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since
108 converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural
109 complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as
110 class information is added.
115 Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of
116 the object, like the lock and the list of devices.
118 int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver * drv, void * data,
119 int (*callback)(struct device * dev, void * data));
121 The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to
122 the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all
123 the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each
124 node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it
131 When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its
132 bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface
133 to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis;
134 e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver.
136 A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This
137 directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it
145 int (*probe) (struct device * dev);
147 The probe() entry is called in task context, with the bus's rwsem locked
148 and the driver partially bound to the device. Drivers commonly use
149 container_of() to convert "dev" to a bus-specific type, both in probe()
150 and other routines. That type often provides device resource data, such
151 as pci_dev.resource[] or platform_device.resources, which is used in
152 addition to dev->platform_data to initialize the driver.
154 This callback holds the driver-specific logic to bind the driver to a
155 given device. That includes verifying that the device is present, that
156 it's a version the driver can handle, that driver data structures can
157 be allocated and initialized, and that any hardware can be initialized.
158 Drivers often store a pointer to their state with dev_set_drvdata().
159 When the driver has successfully bound itself to that device, then probe()
160 returns zero and the driver model code will finish its part of binding
161 the driver to that device.
163 A driver's probe() may return a negative errno value to indicate that
164 the driver did not bind to this device, in which case it should have
165 released all resources it allocated.
167 int (*remove) (struct device * dev);
169 remove is called to unbind a driver from a device. This may be
170 called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the
171 driver module is being unloaded, during a reboot sequence, or
174 It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or
175 not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the
176 device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field.
178 If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place
179 it into a supported low-power state.
181 int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state);
183 suspend is called to put the device in a low power state.
185 int (*resume) (struct device * dev);
187 Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state.
192 struct driver_attribute {
193 struct attribute attr;
194 ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *driver, char *buf);
195 ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf, size_t count);
198 Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories.
199 Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR macro that works
200 identically to the DEVICE_ATTR macro.
204 DRIVER_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug);
206 This is equivalent to declaring:
208 struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug;
210 This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the
211 driver's directory using:
213 int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *);
214 void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *);