1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
7 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
8 way similar to a tracing garbage collector
9 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29#Tracing_garbage_collectors),
10 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
11 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
12 Valgrind tool (memcheck --leak-check) to detect the memory leaks in
13 user-space applications.
14 Kmemleak is supported on x86, arm, powerpc, sparc, sh, microblaze and tile.
19 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
20 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
21 number of new unreferenced objects found. To display the details of all
22 the possible memory leaks:
24 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
25 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
27 To trigger an intermediate memory scan:
29 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
31 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks:
33 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
35 New leaks will then come up upon reading /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
38 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
39 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
40 objects to be reported as orphan.
42 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
43 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file. The following parameters are supported:
45 off - disable kmemleak (irreversible)
46 stack=on - enable the task stacks scanning (default)
47 stack=off - disable the tasks stacks scanning
48 scan=on - start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
49 scan=off - stop the automatic memory scanning thread
50 scan=<secs> - set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
51 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
52 scan - trigger a memory scan
53 clear - clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
54 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey
55 dump=<addr> - dump information about the object found at <addr>
57 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing "kmemleak=off" on
58 the kernel command line.
60 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
61 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
62 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE option.
67 The memory allocations via kmalloc, vmalloc, kmem_cache_alloc and
68 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
69 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a prio search tree.
70 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
71 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
73 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
74 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
75 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
76 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
77 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
80 The scanning algorithm steps:
82 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
84 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
85 the values against the addresses stored in the prio search tree. If
86 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
88 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
89 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
91 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
92 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
94 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
95 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
96 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
97 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
98 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
100 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
101 ---------------------------------------
103 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
104 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
105 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
106 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
107 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
108 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
109 specific sections of code.
111 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do:
113 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
114 ... test your kernel or modules ...
115 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
117 Then as usual to get your report with:
119 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
124 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
126 kmemleak_init - initialize kmemleak
127 kmemleak_alloc - notify of a memory block allocation
128 kmemleak_free - notify of a memory block freeing
129 kmemleak_not_leak - mark an object as not a leak
130 kmemleak_ignore - do not scan or report an object as leak
131 kmemleak_scan_area - add scan areas inside a memory block
132 kmemleak_no_scan - do not scan a memory block
133 kmemleak_erase - erase an old value in a pointer variable
134 kmemleak_alloc_recursive - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
135 kmemleak_free_recursive - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
137 Dealing with false positives/negatives
138 --------------------------------------
140 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
141 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
142 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
143 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
144 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
145 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
147 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
148 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
149 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
150 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
153 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
154 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
155 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
156 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
158 Limitations and Drawbacks
159 -------------------------
161 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
162 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
163 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
164 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
165 most important requirement.
167 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
168 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
169 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
170 will eventually become visible.
172 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
173 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
174 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
175 the false negative cases described above.
177 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
178 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
179 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
180 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
182 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.