2 [NMI watchdog is available for x86 and x86-64 architectures]
4 Is your system locking up unpredictably? No keyboard activity, just
5 a frustrating complete hard lockup? Do you want to help us debugging
6 such lockups? If all yes then this document is definitely for you.
8 On many x86/x86-64 type hardware there is a feature that enables
9 us to generate 'watchdog NMI interrupts'. (NMI: Non Maskable Interrupt
10 which get executed even if the system is otherwise locked up hard).
11 This can be used to debug hard kernel lockups. By executing periodic
12 NMI interrupts, the kernel can monitor whether any CPU has locked up,
13 and print out debugging messages if so.
15 In order to use the NMI watchdog, you need to have APIC support in your
16 kernel. For SMP kernels, APIC support gets compiled in automatically. For
17 UP, enable either CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC (Processor type and features -> Local
18 APIC support on uniprocessors) or CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC (Processor type and
19 features -> IO-APIC support on uniprocessors) in your kernel config.
20 CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC is for uniprocessor machines without an IO-APIC.
21 CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC is for uniprocessor with an IO-APIC. [Note: certain
22 kernel debugging options, such as Kernel Stack Meter or Kernel Tracer,
23 may implicitly disable the NMI watchdog.]
25 For x86-64, the needed APIC is always compiled in, and the NMI watchdog is
26 always enabled with I/O-APIC mode (nmi_watchdog=1).
28 Using local APIC (nmi_watchdog=2) needs the first performance register, so
29 you can't use it for other purposes (such as high precision performance
30 profiling.) However, at least oprofile and the perfctr driver disable the
31 local APIC NMI watchdog automatically.
33 To actually enable the NMI watchdog, use the 'nmi_watchdog=N' boot
34 parameter. Eg. the relevant lilo.conf entry:
36 append="nmi_watchdog=1"
38 For SMP machines and UP machines with an IO-APIC use nmi_watchdog=1.
39 For UP machines without an IO-APIC use nmi_watchdog=2, this only works
40 for some processor types. If in doubt, boot with nmi_watchdog=1 and
41 check the NMI count in /proc/interrupts; if the count is zero then
42 reboot with nmi_watchdog=2 and check the NMI count. If it is still
43 zero then log a problem, you probably have a processor that needs to be
44 added to the nmi code.
46 A 'lockup' is the following scenario: if any CPU in the system does not
47 execute the period local timer interrupt for more than 5 seconds, then
48 the NMI handler generates an oops and kills the process. This
49 'controlled crash' (and the resulting kernel messages) can be used to
50 debug the lockup. Thus whenever the lockup happens, wait 5 seconds and
51 the oops will show up automatically. If the kernel produces no messages
52 then the system has crashed so hard (eg. hardware-wise) that either it
53 cannot even accept NMI interrupts, or the crash has made the kernel
54 unable to print messages.
56 Be aware that when using local APIC, the frequency of NMI interrupts
57 it generates, depends on the system load. The local APIC NMI watchdog,
58 lacking a better source, uses the "cycles unhalted" event. As you may
59 guess it doesn't tick when the CPU is in the halted state (which happens
60 when the system is idle), but if your system locks up on anything but the
61 "hlt" processor instruction, the watchdog will trigger very soon as the
62 "cycles unhalted" event will happen every clock tick. If it locks up on
63 "hlt", then you are out of luck -- the event will not happen at all and the
64 watchdog won't trigger. This is a shortcoming of the local APIC watchdog
65 -- unfortunately there is no "clock ticks" event that would work all the
66 time. The I/O APIC watchdog is driven externally and has no such shortcoming.
67 But its NMI frequency is much higher, resulting in a more significant hit
68 to the overall system performance.
70 NOTE: starting with 2.4.2-ac18 the NMI-oopser is disabled by default,
71 you have to enable it with a boot time parameter. Prior to 2.4.2-ac18
72 the NMI-oopser is enabled unconditionally on x86 SMP boxes.
74 On x86-64 the NMI oopser is on by default. On 64bit Intel CPUs
75 it uses IO-APIC by default and on AMD it uses local APIC.
77 [ feel free to send bug reports, suggestions and patches to
78 Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> or the Linux SMP mailing
79 list at <linux-smp@vger.kernel.org> ]