1 This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
2 or SMBus devices, using Linux as the protocol host/master (not slave).
4 To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
5 some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
6 guide, not as a rule book!
12 Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
13 do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
14 especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
15 it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix `foo_' in this
22 Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
23 all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
24 routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
25 provide. A client structure holds device-specific information like the
26 driver model device node, and its I2C address.
28 static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
29 { "foo", my_id_for_foo },
30 { "bar", my_id_for_bar },
34 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
36 static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
44 /* if device autodetection is needed: */
45 .class = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
47 .address_data = &addr_data,
49 .shutdown = foo_shutdown, /* optional */
50 .suspend = foo_suspend, /* optional */
51 .resume = foo_resume, /* optional */
52 .command = foo_command, /* optional, deprecated */
55 The name field is the driver name, and must not contain spaces. It
56 should match the module name (if the driver can be compiled as a module),
57 although you can use MODULE_ALIAS (passing "foo" in this example) to add
58 another name for the module. If the driver name doesn't match the module
59 name, the module won't be automatically loaded (hotplug/coldplug).
61 All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
68 Each client structure has a special `data' field that can point to any
69 structure at all. You should use this to keep device-specific data.
72 void i2c_set_clientdata(struct i2c_client *client, void *data);
74 /* retrieve the value */
75 void *i2c_get_clientdata(const struct i2c_client *client);
81 Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
82 to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
85 I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write functions for this.
86 For some cases, it will be easier to call the i2c functions directly,
87 but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
90 The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
93 int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
95 if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
96 return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client, reg);
97 else /* word-sized register */
98 return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
101 int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
103 if (reg == 0x10) /* Impossible to write - driver error! */
105 else if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
106 return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client, reg, value);
107 else /* word-sized register */
108 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, value);
112 Probing and attaching
113 =====================
115 The Linux I2C stack was originally written to support access to hardware
116 monitoring chips on PC motherboards, and thus used to embed some assumptions
117 that were more appropriate to SMBus (and PCs) than to I2C. One of these
118 assumptions was that most adapters and devices drivers support the SMBUS_QUICK
119 protocol to probe device presence. Another was that devices and their drivers
120 can be sufficiently configured using only such probe primitives.
122 As Linux and its I2C stack became more widely used in embedded systems
123 and complex components such as DVB adapters, those assumptions became more
124 problematic. Drivers for I2C devices that issue interrupts need more (and
125 different) configuration information, as do drivers handling chip variants
126 that can't be distinguished by protocol probing, or which need some board
127 specific information to operate correctly.
130 Device/Driver Binding
131 ---------------------
133 System infrastructure, typically board-specific initialization code or
134 boot firmware, reports what I2C devices exist. For example, there may be
135 a table, in the kernel or from the boot loader, identifying I2C devices
136 and linking them to board-specific configuration information about IRQs
137 and other wiring artifacts, chip type, and so on. That could be used to
138 create i2c_client objects for each I2C device.
140 I2C device drivers using this binding model work just like any other
141 kind of driver in Linux: they provide a probe() method to bind to
142 those devices, and a remove() method to unbind.
144 static int foo_probe(struct i2c_client *client,
145 const struct i2c_device_id *id);
146 static int foo_remove(struct i2c_client *client);
148 Remember that the i2c_driver does not create those client handles. The
149 handle may be used during foo_probe(). If foo_probe() reports success
150 (zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
151 foo_remove() returns. That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
153 The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
154 matches the device's name. It is passed the entry that was matched so
155 the driver knows which one in the table matched.
161 If you know for a fact that an I2C device is connected to a given I2C bus,
162 you can instantiate that device by simply filling an i2c_board_info
163 structure with the device address and driver name, and calling
164 i2c_new_device(). This will create the device, then the driver core will
165 take care of finding the right driver and will call its probe() method.
166 If a driver supports different device types, you can specify the type you
167 want using the type field. You can also specify an IRQ and platform data
170 Sometimes you know that a device is connected to a given I2C bus, but you
171 don't know the exact address it uses. This happens on TV adapters for
172 example, where the same driver supports dozens of slightly different
173 models, and I2C device addresses change from one model to the next. In
174 that case, you can use the i2c_new_probed_device() variant, which is
175 similar to i2c_new_device(), except that it takes an additional list of
176 possible I2C addresses to probe. A device is created for the first
177 responsive address in the list. If you expect more than one device to be
178 present in the address range, simply call i2c_new_probed_device() that
181 The call to i2c_new_device() or i2c_new_probed_device() typically happens
182 in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
183 reference for later use.
189 Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
190 a given I2C bus. This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
191 devices on a PC's SMBus. In that case, you may want to let your driver
192 detect supported devices automatically. This is how the legacy model
193 was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
196 You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
197 identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
198 for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
199 (or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
200 connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed. For example,
201 a driver for a hardware monitoring chip for which auto-detection is
202 needed would set its class to I2C_CLASS_HWMON, and only I2C adapters
203 with a class including I2C_CLASS_HWMON would be probed by this driver.
204 Note that the absence of matching classes does not prevent the use of
205 a device of that type on the given I2C adapter. All it prevents is
206 auto-detection; explicit instantiation of devices is still possible.
208 Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
209 devices. You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
210 (typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
211 otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
212 quickly. Keep in mind that the I2C protocol doesn't include any
213 standard way to detect the presence of a chip at a given address, let
214 alone a standard way to identify devices. Even worse is the lack of
215 semantics associated to bus transfers, which means that the same
216 transfer can be seen as a read operation by a chip and as a write
217 operation by another chip. For these reasons, explicit device
218 instantiation should always be preferred to auto-detection where
225 Each I2C device which has been created using i2c_new_device() or
226 i2c_new_probed_device() can be unregistered by calling
227 i2c_unregister_device(). If you don't call it explicitly, it will be
228 called automatically before the underlying I2C bus itself is removed, as a
229 device can't survive its parent in the device driver model.
232 Initializing the driver
233 =======================
235 When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
236 you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just registering the
237 driver module is usually enough.
239 static int __init foo_init(void)
241 return i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver);
244 static void __exit foo_cleanup(void)
246 i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver);
249 /* Substitute your own name and email address */
250 MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
251 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
253 /* a few non-GPL license types are also allowed */
254 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
256 module_init(foo_init);
257 module_exit(foo_cleanup);
259 Note that some functions are marked by `__init'. These functions can
260 be removed after kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
261 Likewise, functions marked by `__exit' are dropped by the compiler when
262 the code is built into the kernel, as they would never be called.
268 If your I2C device needs special handling when entering a system low
269 power state -- like putting a transceiver into a low power mode, or
270 activating a system wakeup mechanism -- do that in the suspend() method.
271 The resume() method should reverse what the suspend() method does.
273 These are standard driver model calls, and they work just like they
274 would for any other driver stack. The calls can sleep, and can use
275 I2C messaging to the device being suspended or resumed (since their
276 parent I2C adapter is active when these calls are issued, and IRQs
283 If your I2C device needs special handling when the system shuts down
284 or reboots (including kexec) -- like turning something off -- use a
287 Again, this is a standard driver model call, working just like it
288 would for any other driver stack: the calls can sleep, and can use
295 A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
296 need this, and its use is deprecated anyway, so newer design should not
300 Sending and receiving
301 =====================
303 If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
304 to do this. You can find all of them in <linux/i2c.h>.
306 If you can choose between plain I2C communication and SMBus level
307 communication, please use the latter. All adapters understand SMBus level
308 commands, but only some of them understand plain I2C!
311 Plain I2C communication
312 -----------------------
314 int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *client, const char *buf,
316 int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf, int count);
318 These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
319 contains the i2c address, so you do not have to include it. The second
320 parameter contains the bytes to read/write, the third the number of bytes
321 to read/write (must be less than the length of the buffer.) Returned is
322 the actual number of bytes read/written.
324 int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
327 This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
328 and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
329 stop bit is sent between transaction. The i2c_msg structure contains
330 for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the message
331 and the message data itself.
333 You can read the file `i2c-protocol' for more information about the
340 s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, u16 addr,
341 unsigned short flags, char read_write, u8 command,
342 int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
344 This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
345 in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
347 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client *client);
348 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
349 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
350 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client,
351 u8 command, u8 value);
352 s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
353 s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client,
354 u8 command, u16 value);
355 s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
356 u8 command, u16 value);
357 s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
358 u8 command, u8 *values);
359 s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
360 u8 command, u8 length, const u8 *values);
361 s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
362 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
363 s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
364 u8 command, u8 length,
367 These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
368 be added back later if needed:
370 s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
371 s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
372 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
374 All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
375 transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
376 value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
377 read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
379 You can read the file `smbus-protocol' for more information about the
380 actual SMBus protocol.
383 General purpose routines
384 ========================
386 Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
389 /* Return the adapter number for a specific adapter */
390 int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);