1 CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel
4 L i n u x C P U F r e q
6 C P U F r e q G o v e r n o r s
8 - information for users and developers -
11 Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
12 some additions and corrections by Nico Golde <nico@ngolde.de>
16 Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
17 fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
18 the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.
23 1. What is a CPUFreq Governor?
25 2. Governors In the Linux Kernel
32 3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
36 1. What Is A CPUFreq Governor?
37 ==============================
39 Most cpufreq drivers (in fact, all except one, longrun) or even most
40 cpu frequency scaling algorithms only offer the CPU to be set to one
41 frequency. In order to offer dynamic frequency scaling, the cpufreq
42 core must be able to tell these drivers of a "target frequency". So
43 these specific drivers will be transformed to offer a "->target"
44 call instead of the existing "->setpolicy" call. For "longrun", all
45 stays the same, though.
47 How to decide what frequency within the CPUfreq policy should be used?
48 That's done using "cpufreq governors". Two are already in this patch
49 -- they're the already existing "powersave" and "performance" which
50 set the frequency statically to the lowest or highest frequency,
51 respectively. At least two more such governors will be ready for
52 addition in the near future, but likely many more as there are various
53 different theories and models about dynamic frequency scaling
54 around. Using such a generic interface as cpufreq offers to scaling
55 governors, these can be tested extensively, and the best one can be
56 selected for each specific use.
58 Basically, it's the following flow graph:
60 CPU can be set to switch independently | CPU can only be set
61 within specific "limits" | to specific frequencies
64 consists of frequency limits (policy->{min,max})
65 and CPUfreq governor to be used
68 / the cpufreq governor decides
69 / (dynamically or statically)
70 / what target_freq to set within
71 / the limits of policy->{min,max}
74 Using the ->setpolicy call, Using the ->target call,
75 the limits and the the frequency closest
76 "policy" is set. to target_freq is set.
78 is within policy->{min,max}
81 2. Governors In the Linux Kernel
82 ================================
87 The CPUfreq governor "performance" sets the CPU statically to the
88 highest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
95 The CPUfreq governor "powersave" sets the CPU statically to the
96 lowest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
103 The CPUfreq governor "userspace" allows the user, or any userspace
104 program running with UID "root", to set the CPU to a specific frequency
105 by making a sysfs file "scaling_setspeed" available in the CPU-device
112 The CPUfreq governor "ondemand" sets the CPU depending on the
113 current usage. To do this the CPU must have the capability to
114 switch the frequency very quickly. There are a number of sysfs file
115 accessible parameters:
117 sampling_rate: measured in uS (10^-6 seconds), this is how often you
118 want the kernel to look at the CPU usage and to make decisions on
119 what to do about the frequency. Typically this is set to values of
120 around '10000' or more.
122 show_sampling_rate_(min|max): the minimum and maximum sampling rates
123 available that you may set 'sampling_rate' to.
125 up_threshold: defines what the average CPU usaged between the samplings
126 of 'sampling_rate' needs to be for the kernel to make a decision on
127 whether it should increase the frequency. For example when it is set
128 to its default value of '80' it means that between the checking
129 intervals the CPU needs to be on average more than 80% in use to then
130 decide that the CPU frequency needs to be increased.
132 ignore_nice_load: this parameter takes a value of '0' or '1'. When
133 set to '0' (its default), all processes are counted towards the
134 'cpu utilisation' value. When set to '1', the processes that are
135 run with a 'nice' value will not count (and thus be ignored) in the
136 overall usage calculation. This is useful if you are running a CPU
137 intensive calculation on your laptop that you do not care how long it
138 takes to complete as you can 'nice' it and prevent it from taking part
139 in the deciding process of whether to increase your CPU frequency.
145 The CPUfreq governor "conservative", much like the "ondemand"
146 governor, sets the CPU depending on the current usage. It differs in
147 behaviour in that it gracefully increases and decreases the CPU speed
148 rather than jumping to max speed the moment there is any load on the
149 CPU. This behaviour more suitable in a battery powered environment.
150 The governor is tweaked in the same manner as the "ondemand" governor
151 through sysfs with the addition of:
153 freq_step: this describes what percentage steps the cpu freq should be
154 increased and decreased smoothly by. By default the cpu frequency will
155 increase in 5% chunks of your maximum cpu frequency. You can change this
156 value to anywhere between 0 and 100 where '0' will effectively lock your
157 CPU at a speed regardless of its load whilst '100' will, in theory, make
158 it behave identically to the "ondemand" governor.
160 down_threshold: same as the 'up_threshold' found for the "ondemand"
161 governor but for the opposite direction. For example when set to its
162 default value of '20' it means that if the CPU usage needs to be below
163 20% between samples to have the frequency decreased.
165 3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
166 =============================================
168 A new governor must register itself with the CPUfreq core using
169 "cpufreq_register_governor". The struct cpufreq_governor, which has to
170 be passed to that function, must contain the following values:
172 governor->name - A unique name for this governor
173 governor->governor - The governor callback function
174 governor->owner - .THIS_MODULE for the governor module (if
177 The governor->governor callback is called with the current (or to-be-set)
178 cpufreq_policy struct for that CPU, and an unsigned int event. The
179 following events are currently defined:
181 CPUFREQ_GOV_START: This governor shall start its duty for the CPU
183 CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP: This governor shall end its duty for the CPU
185 CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS: The limits for CPU policy->cpu have changed to
186 policy->min and policy->max.
188 If you need other "events" externally of your driver, _only_ use the
189 cpufreq_governor_l(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int event) call to the
190 CPUfreq core to ensure proper locking.
193 The CPUfreq governor may call the CPU processor driver using one of
196 int cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
197 unsigned int target_freq,
198 unsigned int relation);
200 int __cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
201 unsigned int target_freq,
202 unsigned int relation);
204 target_freq must be within policy->min and policy->max, of course.
205 What's the difference between these two functions? When your governor
206 still is in a direct code path of a call to governor->governor, the
207 per-CPU cpufreq lock is still held in the cpufreq core, and there's
208 no need to lock it again (in fact, this would cause a deadlock). So
209 use __cpufreq_driver_target only in these cases. In all other cases
210 (for example, when there's a "daemonized" function that wakes up
211 every second), use cpufreq_driver_target to lock the cpufreq per-CPU
212 lock before the command is passed to the cpufreq processor driver.