1 If variable is of Type, use printk format specifier:
2 ---------------------------------------------------------
6 unsigned long %lu or %lx
8 unsigned long long %llu or %llx
12 Raw pointer value SHOULD be printed with %p. The kernel supports
13 the following extended format specifiers for pointer types:
15 Symbols/Function Pointers:
17 %pF versatile_init+0x0/0x110
19 %pS versatile_init+0x0/0x110
21 %pB prev_fn_of_versatile_init+0x88/0x88
23 For printing symbols and function pointers. The 'S' and 's' specifiers
24 result in the symbol name with ('S') or without ('s') offsets. Where
25 this is used on a kernel without KALLSYMS - the symbol address is
28 The 'B' specifier results in the symbol name with offsets and should be
29 used when printing stack backtraces. The specifier takes into
30 consideration the effect of compiler optimisations which may occur
31 when tail-call's are used and marked with the noreturn GCC attribute.
33 On ia64, ppc64 and parisc64 architectures function pointers are
34 actually function descriptors which must first be resolved. The 'F' and
35 'f' specifiers perform this resolution and then provide the same
36 functionality as the 'S' and 's' specifiers.
40 %pK 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
42 For printing kernel pointers which should be hidden from unprivileged
43 users. The behaviour of %pK depends on the kptr_restrict sysctl - see
44 Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt for more details.
48 %pr [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff flags 0x2200] or
49 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff flags 0x2200]
50 %pR [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref] or
51 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff pref]
53 For printing struct resources. The 'R' and 'r' specifiers result in a
54 printed resource with ('R') or without ('r') a decoded flags member.
56 Raw buffer as a hex string:
58 %*phC 00:01:02: ... :3f
59 %*phD 00-01-02- ... -3f
62 For printing a small buffers (up to 64 bytes long) as a hex string with
63 certain separator. For the larger buffers consider to use
69 %pMR 05:04:03:02:01:00
70 %pMF 00-01-02-03-04-05
73 For printing 6-byte MAC/FDDI addresses in hex notation. The 'M' and 'm'
74 specifiers result in a printed address with ('M') or without ('m') byte
75 separators. The default byte separator is the colon (':').
77 Where FDDI addresses are concerned the 'F' specifier can be used after
78 the 'M' specifier to use dash ('-') separators instead of the default
81 For Bluetooth addresses the 'R' specifier shall be used after the 'M'
82 specifier to use reversed byte order suitable for visual interpretation
83 of Bluetooth addresses which are in the little endian order.
91 For printing IPv4 dot-separated decimal addresses. The 'I4' and 'i4'
92 specifiers result in a printed address with ('i4') or without ('I4')
95 The additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l' specifiers are used to specify
96 host, network, big or little endian order addresses respectively. Where
97 no specifier is provided the default network/big endian order is used.
101 %pI6 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
102 %pi6 00010002000300040005000600070008
103 %pI6c 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
105 For printing IPv6 network-order 16-bit hex addresses. The 'I6' and 'i6'
106 specifiers result in a printed address with ('I6') or without ('i6')
107 colon-separators. Leading zeros are always used.
109 The additional 'c' specifier can be used with the 'I' specifier to
110 print a compressed IPv6 address as described by
111 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952
115 %pUb 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f
116 %pUB 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0A0B0C0D0E0F
117 %pUl 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0a0b0c0e0e0f
118 %pUL 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0A0B0C0E0E0F
120 For printing 16-byte UUID/GUIDs addresses. The additional 'l', 'L',
121 'b' and 'B' specifiers are used to specify a little endian order in
122 lower ('l') or upper case ('L') hex characters - and big endian order
123 in lower ('b') or upper case ('B') hex characters.
125 Where no additional specifiers are used the default little endian
126 order with lower case hex characters will be printed.
132 For printing struct va_format structures. These contain a format string
133 and va_list as follows:
140 Do not use this feature without some mechanism to verify the
141 correctness of the format string and va_list arguments.
143 u64 SHOULD be printed with %llu/%llx, (unsigned long long):
145 printk("%llu", (unsigned long long)u64_var);
147 s64 SHOULD be printed with %lld/%llx, (long long):
149 printk("%lld", (long long)s64_var);
151 If <type> is dependent on a config option for its size (e.g., sector_t,
152 blkcnt_t, phys_addr_t, resource_size_t) or is architecture-dependent
153 for its size (e.g., tcflag_t), use a format specifier of its largest
154 possible type and explicitly cast to it. Example:
156 printk("test: sector number/total blocks: %llu/%llu\n",
157 (unsigned long long)sector, (unsigned long long)blockcount);
159 Reminder: sizeof() result is of type size_t.
161 Thank you for your cooperation and attention.
164 By Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> and
165 Andrew Murray <amurray@mpc-data.co.uk>