1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 Linux kernel licensing rules
4 ============================
6 The Linux Kernel is provided under the terms of the GNU General Public
7 License version 2 only (GPL-2.0), as published by the Free Software
8 Foundation, and provided in the COPYING file. This documentation file is
9 not meant to replace the COPYING file, but provides a description of how
10 each source file should be annotated to make the licensing it is governed
11 under clear and unambiguous.
13 The license in the COPYING file applies to the kernel source as a whole,
14 though individual source files can have a different license which is
15 required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0::
17 GPL-1.0+ : GNU General Public License v1.0 or later
18 GPL-2.0+ : GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
19 LGPL-2.0 : GNU Library General Public License v2 only
20 LGPL-2.0+ : GNU Library General Public License v2 or later
21 LGPL-2.1 : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 only
22 LGPL-2.1+ : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 or later
24 Aside from that, individual files can be provided under a dual license,
25 e.g. one of the compatible GPL variants and alternatively under a
26 permissive license like BSD, MIT etc.
28 The User-space API (UAPI) header files, which describe the interface of
29 user-space programs to the kernel are a special case. According to the
30 note in the kernel COPYING file, the syscall interface is a clear boundary,
31 which does not extend the GPL requirements to any software which uses it to
32 communicate with the kernel. Because the UAPI headers must be includable
33 into any source files which create an executable running on the Linux
34 kernel, the exception must be documented by a special license expression.
36 The common way of expressing the license of a source file is to add the
37 matching boilerplate text into the top comment of the file. Due to
38 formatting, typos etc. these "boilerplates" are hard to validate for
39 tools which are used in the context of license compliance.
41 An alternative to boilerplate text is the use of Software Package Data
42 Exchange (SPDX) license identifiers in each source file. SPDX license
43 identifiers are machine parsable and precise shorthands for the license
44 under which the content of the file is contributed. SPDX license
45 identifiers are managed by the SPDX Workgroup at the Linux Foundation and
46 have been agreed on by partners throughout the industry, tool vendors, and
47 legal teams. For further information see https://spdx.org/
49 The Linux kernel requires the precise SPDX identifier in all source files.
50 The valid identifiers used in the kernel are explained in the section
51 `License identifiers`_ and have been retrieved from the official SPDX
52 license list at https://spdx.org/licenses/ along with the license texts.
54 License identifier syntax
55 -------------------------
59 The SPDX license identifier in kernel files shall be added at the first
60 possible line in a file which can contain a comment. For the majority
61 or files this is the first line, except for scripts which require the
62 '#!PATH_TO_INTERPRETER' in the first line. For those scripts the SPDX
63 identifier goes into the second line.
69 The SPDX license identifier is added in form of a comment. The comment
70 style depends on the file type::
72 C source: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
73 C header: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
74 ASM: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
75 scripts: # SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
76 .rst: .. SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
77 .dts{i}: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
79 If a specific tool cannot handle the standard comment style, then the
80 appropriate comment mechanism which the tool accepts shall be used. This
81 is the reason for having the "/\* \*/" style comment in C header
82 files. There was build breakage observed with generated .lds files where
83 'ld' failed to parse the C++ comment. This has been fixed by now, but
84 there are still older assembler tools which cannot handle C++ style
91 A <SPDX License Expression> is either an SPDX short form license
92 identifier found on the SPDX License List, or the combination of two
93 SPDX short form license identifiers separated by "WITH" when a license
94 exception applies. When multiple licenses apply, an expression consists
95 of keywords "AND", "OR" separating sub-expressions and surrounded by
98 License identifiers for licenses like [L]GPL with the 'or later' option
99 are constructed by using a "+" for indicating the 'or later' option.::
101 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
102 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
104 WITH should be used when there is a modifier to a license needed.
105 For example, the linux kernel UAPI files use the expression::
107 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note
108 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note
110 Other examples using WITH exceptions found in the kernel are::
112 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH mif-exception
113 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH GCC-exception-2.0
115 Exceptions can only be used with particular License identifiers. The
116 valid License identifiers are listed in the tags of the exception text
117 file. For details see the point `Exceptions`_ in the chapter `License
120 OR should be used if the file is dual licensed and only one license is
121 to be selected. For example, some dtsi files are available under dual
124 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
126 Examples from the kernel for license expressions in dual licensed files::
128 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MIT
129 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause
130 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR Apache-2.0
131 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MPL-1.1
132 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT
133 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ OR BSD-3-Clause OR OpenSSL
135 AND should be used if the file has multiple licenses whose terms all
136 apply to use the file. For example, if code is inherited from another
137 project and permission has been given to put it in the kernel, but the
138 original license terms need to remain in effect::
140 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT
142 Another other example where both sets of license terms need to be
145 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ AND LGPL-2.1+
150 The licenses currently used, as well as the licenses for code added to the
151 kernel, can be broken down into:
153 1. _`Preferred licenses`:
155 Whenever possible these licenses should be used as they are known to be
156 fully compatible and widely used. These licenses are available from the
161 in the kernel source tree.
163 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
164 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
165 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
169 LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0
171 Contains the GPL version 2 license text and the required metatags::
173 LICENSES/preferred/MIT
175 Contains the MIT license text and the required metatags
179 The following meta tags must be available in a license file:
181 - Valid-License-Identifier:
183 One or more lines which declare which License Identifiers are valid
184 inside the project to reference this particular license text. Usually
185 this is a single valid identifier, but e.g. for licenses with the 'or
186 later' options two identifiers are valid.
190 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
195 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must include correct examples
196 for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into source
197 files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
201 All text after this tag is treated as the original license text
203 File format examples::
205 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
206 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
207 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0.html
209 To use this license in source code, put one of the following SPDX
210 tag/value pairs into a comment according to the placement
211 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
212 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 only' use:
213 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
214 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 or any later version' use:
215 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
221 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
222 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html
224 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
225 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
226 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
227 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
233 2. Not recommended licenses:
235 These licenses should only be used for existing code or for importing
236 code from a different project. These licenses are available from the
241 in the kernel source tree.
243 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
244 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
245 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
251 Contains the Internet Systems Consortium license text and the required
256 Contains the ZLIB license text and the required metatags.
260 The metatag requirements for 'other' licenses are identical to the
261 requirements of the `Preferred licenses`_.
263 File format example::
265 Valid-License-Identifier: ISC
266 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/ISC.html
268 Usage of this license in the kernel for new code is discouraged
269 and it should solely be used for importing code from an already
271 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
272 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
273 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
274 SPDX-License-Identifier: ISC
282 Some licenses can be amended with exceptions which grant certain rights
283 which the original license does not. These exceptions are available
288 in the kernel source tree. The files in this directory contain the full
289 exception text and the required `Exception Metatags`_.
293 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note
295 Contains the Linux syscall exception as documented in the COPYING
296 file of the Linux kernel, which is used for UAPI header files.
297 e.g. /\* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note \*/::
299 LICENSES/exceptions/GCC-exception-2.0
301 Contains the GCC 'linking exception' which allows to link any binary
302 independent of its license against the compiled version of a file marked
303 with this exception. This is required for creating runnable executables
304 from source code which is not compatible with the GPL.
306 _`Exception Metatags`:
308 The following meta tags must be available in an exception file:
310 - SPDX-Exception-Identifier:
312 One exception identifier which can be used with SPDX license
317 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
322 A comma separated list of SPDX license identifiers for which the
323 exception can be used.
327 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must be followed by correct
328 examples for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into
329 source files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
333 All text after this tag is treated as the original exception text
335 File format examples::
337 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: Linux-syscall-note
338 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/Linux-syscall-note.html
339 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+, GPL-1.0+, LGPL-2.0, LGPL-2.0+, LGPL-2.1, LGPL-2.1+
341 This exception is used together with one of the above SPDX-Licenses
342 to mark user-space API (uapi) header files so they can be included
343 into non GPL compliant user-space application code.
344 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
345 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
346 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH Linux-syscall-note
352 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: GCC-exception-2.0
353 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GCC-exception-2.0.html
354 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+
356 The "GCC Runtime Library exception 2.0" is used together with one
357 of the above SPDX-Licenses for code imported from the GCC runtime
359 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
360 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
361 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH GCC-exception-2.0
366 All SPDX license identifiers and exceptions must have a corresponding file
367 in the LICENSE subdirectories. This is required to allow tool
368 verification (e.g. checkpatch.pl) and to have the licenses ready to read
369 and extract right from the source, which is recommended by various FOSS
370 organizations, e.g. the `FSFE REUSE initiative <https://reuse.software/>`_.