4 There are a couple of reasons for building more complex i2c topologies
5 than a straight-forward i2c bus with one adapter and one or more devices.
7 1. A mux may be needed on the bus to prevent address collisions.
9 2. The bus may be accessible from some external bus master, and arbitration
10 may be needed to determine if it is ok to access the bus.
12 3. A device (particularly RF tuners) may want to avoid the digital noise
13 from the i2c bus, at least most of the time, and sits behind a gate
14 that has to be operated before the device can be accessed.
18 These constructs are represented as i2c adapter trees by Linux, where
19 each adapter has a parent adapter (except the root adapter) and zero or
20 more child adapters. The root adapter is the actual adapter that issues
21 i2c transfers, and all adapters with a parent are part of an "i2c-mux"
22 object (quoted, since it can also be an arbitrator or a gate).
24 Depending of the particular mux driver, something happens when there is
25 an i2c transfer on one of its child adapters. The mux driver can
26 obviously operate a mux, but it can also do arbitration with an external
27 bus master or open a gate. The mux driver has two operations for this,
28 select and deselect. select is called before the transfer and (the
29 optional) deselect is called after the transfer.
35 There are two variants of locking available to i2c muxes, they can be
36 mux-locked or parent-locked muxes. As is evident from below, it can be
37 useful to know if a mux is mux-locked or if it is parent-locked. The
38 following list was correct at the time of writing:
41 i2c-arb-gpio-challenge Parent-locked
42 i2c-mux-gpio Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
43 all involved gpio pins are controlled by the
44 same i2c root adapter that they mux.
45 i2c-mux-pca9541 Parent-locked
46 i2c-mux-pca954x Parent-locked
47 i2c-mux-pinctrl Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
48 all involved pinctrl devices are controlled
49 by the same i2c root adapter that they mux.
50 i2c-mux-reg Parent-locked
53 imu/inv_mpu6050/ Mux-locked
56 dvb-frontends/m88ds3103 Parent-locked
57 dvb-frontends/rtl2830 Parent-locked
58 dvb-frontends/rtl2832 Mux-locked
59 dvb-frontends/si2168 Mux-locked
60 usb/cx231xx/ Parent-locked
66 Mux-locked muxes does not lock the entire parent adapter during the
67 full select-transfer-deselect transaction, only the muxes on the parent
68 adapter are locked. Mux-locked muxes are mostly interesting if the
69 select and/or deselect operations must use i2c transfers to complete
70 their tasks. Since the parent adapter is not fully locked during the
71 full transaction, unrelated i2c transfers may interleave the different
72 stages of the transaction. This has the benefit that the mux driver
73 may be easier and cleaner to implement, but it has some caveats.
75 ML1. If you build a topology with a mux-locked mux being the parent
76 of a parent-locked mux, this might break the expectation from the
77 parent-locked mux that the root adapter is locked during the
80 ML2. It is not safe to build arbitrary topologies with two (or more)
81 mux-locked muxes that are not siblings, when there are address
82 collisions between the devices on the child adapters of these
85 I.e. the select-transfer-deselect transaction targeting e.g. device
86 address 0x42 behind mux-one may be interleaved with a similar
87 operation targeting device address 0x42 behind mux-two. The
88 intension with such a topology would in this hypothetical example
89 be that mux-one and mux-two should not be selected simultaneously,
90 but mux-locked muxes do not guarantee that in all topologies.
92 ML3. A mux-locked mux cannot be used by a driver for auto-closing
93 gates/muxes, i.e. something that closes automatically after a given
94 number (one, in most cases) of i2c transfers. Unrelated i2c transfers
95 may creep in and close prematurely.
97 ML4. If any non-i2c operation in the mux driver changes the i2c mux state,
98 the driver has to lock the root adapter during that operation.
99 Otherwise garbage may appear on the bus as seen from devices
100 behind the mux, when an unrelated i2c transfer is in flight during
101 the non-i2c mux-changing operation.
107 .----------. .--------.
108 .--------. | mux- |-----| dev D1 |
109 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
110 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
111 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
112 | .--------. '--------'
116 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
118 1. Someone issues an i2c-transfer to D1.
119 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
120 3. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
121 4. M1 (presumably) does some i2c-transfers as part of its select.
122 These transfers are normal i2c-transfers that locks the parent
124 5. M1 feeds the i2c-transfer from step 1 to its parent adapter as a
125 normal i2c-transfer that locks the parent adapter.
126 6. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
127 7. Same rules as in step 4, but for ->deselect.
128 8. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
130 This means that accesses to D2 are lockout out for the full duration
131 of the entire operation. But accesses to D3 are possibly interleaved
138 Parent-locked muxes lock the parent adapter during the full select-
139 transfer-deselect transaction. The implication is that the mux driver
140 has to ensure that any and all i2c transfers through that parent
141 adapter during the transaction are unlocked i2c transfers (using e.g.
142 __i2c_transfer), or a deadlock will follow. There are a couple of
145 PL1. If you build a topology with a parent-locked mux being the child
146 of another mux, this might break a possible assumption from the
147 child mux that the root adapter is unused between its select op
148 and the actual transfer (e.g. if the child mux is auto-closing
149 and the parent mux issus i2c-transfers as part of its select).
150 This is especially the case if the parent mux is mux-locked, but
151 it may also happen if the parent mux is parent-locked.
153 PL2. If select/deselect calls out to other subsystems such as gpio,
154 pinctrl, regmap or iio, it is essential that any i2c transfers
155 caused by these subsystems are unlocked. This can be convoluted to
156 accomplish, maybe even impossible if an acceptably clean solution
160 Parent-locked Example
161 ---------------------
163 .----------. .--------.
164 .--------. | parent- |-----| dev D1 |
165 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
166 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
167 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
168 | .--------. '--------'
172 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
174 1. Someone issues an i2c-transfer to D1.
175 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
176 3. M1 locks its parent adapter.
177 4. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
178 5. If M1 does any i2c-transfers (on this root adapter) as part of
179 its select, those transfers must be unlocked i2c-transfers so
180 that they do not deadlock the root adapter.
181 6. M1 feeds the i2c-transfer from step 1 to the root adapter as an
182 unlocked i2c-transfer, so that it does not deadlock the parent
184 7. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
185 8. Same rules as in step 5, but for ->deselect.
186 9. M1 unlocks its parent adapter.
187 10. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
190 This means that accesses to both D2 and D3 are locked out for the full
191 duration of the entire operation.
197 Parent-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
198 ------------------------------------------------
200 This is a useful topology, but it can be bad.
202 .----------. .----------. .--------.
203 .--------. | parent- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
204 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
205 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
206 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
207 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
208 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
209 '--------' '--------'
211 When any device is accessed, all other devices are locked out for
212 the full duration of the operation (both muxes lock their parent,
213 and specifically when M2 requests its parent to lock, M1 passes
214 the buck to the root adapter).
216 This topology is bad if M2 is an auto-closing mux and M1->select
217 issues any unlocked i2c transfers on the root adapter that may leak
218 through and be seen by the M2 adapter, thus closing M2 prematurely.
221 Mux-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
222 ------------------------------------------
224 This is a good topology.
226 .----------. .----------. .--------.
227 .--------. | mux- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
228 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
229 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
230 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
231 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
232 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
233 '--------' '--------'
235 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the
236 full duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
237 are locked). But accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
238 any point. Accesses to D3 locks out D1 and D2, but accesses to D4
239 are still possibly interleaved.
242 Mux-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
243 ---------------------------------------------
245 This is probably a bad topology.
247 .----------. .----------. .--------.
248 .--------. | mux- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
249 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
250 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
251 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
252 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
253 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
254 '--------' '--------'
256 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 and D3 are locked out
257 for the full duration of the operation (M1 locks child muxes on the
258 root adapter). But accesses to D4 are possibly interleaved at any
261 This kind of topology is generally not suitable and should probably
262 be avoided. The reason is that M2 probably assumes that there will
263 be no i2c transfers during its calls to ->select and ->deselect, and
264 if there are, any such transfers might appear on the slave side of M2
265 as partial i2c transfers, i.e. garbage or worse. This might cause
266 device lockups and/or other problems.
268 The topology is especially troublesome if M2 is an auto-closing
269 mux. In that case, any interleaved accesses to D4 might close M2
270 prematurely, as might any i2c-transfers part of M1->select.
272 But if M2 is not making the above stated assumption, and if M2 is not
273 auto-closing, the topology is fine.
276 Parent-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
277 ---------------------------------------------
279 This is a good topology.
281 .----------. .----------. .--------.
282 .--------. | parent- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
283 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
284 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
285 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
286 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
287 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
288 '--------' '--------'
290 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the full
291 duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
292 are locked). Accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
293 any point, just as is expected for mux-locked muxes.
295 When D3 or D4 are accessed, everything else is locked out. For D3
296 accesses, M1 locks the root adapter. For D4 accesses, the root
297 adapter is locked directly.
300 Two mux-locked sibling muxes
301 ----------------------------
303 This is a good topology.
306 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
307 | mux- |--' '--------'
308 .--| locked | .--------.
309 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
310 | '----------' '--------'
311 | .----------. .--------.
312 .--------. | | mux- |-----| dev D3 |
313 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
314 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
315 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
316 | .--------. '--------'
320 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2, D3 and D4 are locked out. But
321 accesses to D5 may be interleaved at any time.
324 Two parent-locked sibling muxes
325 -------------------------------
327 This is a good topology.
330 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
331 | parent- |--' '--------'
332 .--| locked | .--------.
333 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
334 | '----------' '--------'
335 | .----------. .--------.
336 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
337 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
338 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
339 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
340 | .--------. '--------'
344 When any device is accessed, accesses to all other devices are locked
348 Mux-locked and parent-locked sibling muxes
349 ------------------------------------------
351 This is a good topology.
354 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
355 | mux- |--' '--------'
356 .--| locked | .--------.
357 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
358 | '----------' '--------'
359 | .----------. .--------.
360 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
361 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
362 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
363 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
364 | .--------. '--------'
368 When D1 or D2 are accessed, accesses to D3 and D4 are locked out while
369 accesses to D5 may interleave. When D3 or D4 are accessed, accesses to
370 all other devices are locked out.