1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 # ==========================================================================
4 # ==========================================================================
11 # Init all relevant variables used in kbuild files so
12 # 1) they have correct type
13 # 2) they do not inherit any value from the environment
34 # Read auto.conf if it exists, otherwise ignore
35 -include include/config/auto.conf
37 include scripts/Kbuild.include
39 # For backward compatibility check that these variables do not change
40 save-cflags := $(CFLAGS)
42 # The filename Kbuild has precedence over Makefile
43 kbuild-dir := $(if $(filter /%,$(src)),$(src),$(srctree)/$(src))
44 kbuild-file := $(if $(wildcard $(kbuild-dir)/Kbuild),$(kbuild-dir)/Kbuild,$(kbuild-dir)/Makefile)
45 include $(kbuild-file)
47 # If the save-* variables changed error out
48 ifeq ($(KBUILD_NOPEDANTIC),)
49 ifneq ("$(save-cflags)","$(CFLAGS)")
50 $(error CFLAGS was changed in "$(kbuild-file)". Fix it to use ccflags-y)
54 include scripts/Makefile.lib
57 ifneq ($(hostprogs-y),$(host-progs))
58 $(warning kbuild: $(obj)/Makefile - Usage of host-progs is deprecated. Please replace with hostprogs-y!)
59 hostprogs-y += $(host-progs)
63 # Do not include host rules unless needed
64 ifneq ($(hostprogs-y)$(hostprogs-m)$(hostlibs-y)$(hostlibs-m)$(hostcxxlibs-y)$(hostcxxlibs-m),)
65 include scripts/Makefile.host
69 $(warning kbuild: Makefile.build is included improperly)
72 # ===========================================================================
74 ifneq ($(strip $(lib-y) $(lib-m) $(lib-)),)
75 lib-target := $(obj)/lib.a
76 real-obj-y += $(obj)/lib-ksyms.o
79 ifneq ($(strip $(real-obj-y) $(need-builtin)),)
80 builtin-target := $(obj)/built-in.a
83 modorder-target := $(obj)/modules.order
85 # We keep a list of all modules in $(MODVERDIR)
87 __build: $(if $(KBUILD_BUILTIN),$(builtin-target) $(lib-target) $(extra-y)) \
88 $(if $(KBUILD_MODULES),$(obj-m) $(modorder-target)) \
89 $(subdir-ym) $(always)
92 # Linus' kernel sanity checking tool
93 ifneq ($(KBUILD_CHECKSRC),0)
94 ifeq ($(KBUILD_CHECKSRC),2)
95 quiet_cmd_force_checksrc = CHECK $<
96 cmd_force_checksrc = $(CHECK) $(CHECKFLAGS) $(c_flags) $< ;
98 quiet_cmd_checksrc = CHECK $<
99 cmd_checksrc = $(CHECK) $(CHECKFLAGS) $(c_flags) $< ;
103 ifneq ($(KBUILD_ENABLE_EXTRA_GCC_CHECKS),)
104 cmd_checkdoc = $(srctree)/scripts/kernel-doc -none $< ;
107 # Do section mismatch analysis for each module/built-in.a
108 ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SECTION_MISMATCH
109 cmd_secanalysis = ; scripts/mod/modpost $@
112 # Compile C sources (.c)
113 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
115 # Default is built-in, unless we know otherwise
117 $(if $(part-of-module), \
118 $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE) $(CFLAGS_MODULE), \
119 $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL) $(CFLAGS_KERNEL))
120 quiet_modtag := $(empty) $(empty)
122 $(real-obj-m) : part-of-module := y
123 $(real-obj-m:.o=.i) : part-of-module := y
124 $(real-obj-m:.o=.s) : part-of-module := y
125 $(real-obj-m:.o=.lst): part-of-module := y
127 $(real-obj-m) : quiet_modtag := [M]
128 $(real-obj-m:.o=.i) : quiet_modtag := [M]
129 $(real-obj-m:.o=.s) : quiet_modtag := [M]
130 $(real-obj-m:.o=.lst): quiet_modtag := [M]
132 $(obj-m) : quiet_modtag := [M]
134 quiet_cmd_cc_s_c = CC $(quiet_modtag) $@
135 cmd_cc_s_c = $(CC) $(c_flags) $(DISABLE_LTO) -fverbose-asm -S -o $@ $<
137 $(obj)/%.s: $(src)/%.c FORCE
138 $(call if_changed_dep,cc_s_c)
140 quiet_cmd_cpp_i_c = CPP $(quiet_modtag) $@
141 cmd_cpp_i_c = $(CPP) $(c_flags) -o $@ $<
143 $(obj)/%.i: $(src)/%.c FORCE
144 $(call if_changed_dep,cpp_i_c)
146 # These mirror gensymtypes_S and co below, keep them in synch.
147 cmd_gensymtypes_c = \
148 $(CPP) -D__GENKSYMS__ $(c_flags) $< | \
149 $(GENKSYMS) $(if $(1), -T $(2)) \
150 $(patsubst y,-s _,$(CONFIG_HAVE_UNDERSCORE_SYMBOL_PREFIX)) \
151 $(patsubst y,-R,$(CONFIG_MODULE_REL_CRCS)) \
152 $(if $(KBUILD_PRESERVE),-p) \
153 -r $(firstword $(wildcard $(2:.symtypes=.symref) /dev/null))
155 quiet_cmd_cc_symtypes_c = SYM $(quiet_modtag) $@
156 cmd_cc_symtypes_c = \
158 $(call cmd_gensymtypes_c,true,$@) >/dev/null; \
159 test -s $@ || rm -f $@
161 $(obj)/%.symtypes : $(src)/%.c FORCE
162 $(call cmd,cc_symtypes_c)
165 # Generate .ll files from .c
166 quiet_cmd_cc_ll_c = CC $(quiet_modtag) $@
167 cmd_cc_ll_c = $(CC) $(c_flags) -emit-llvm -S -o $@ $<
169 $(obj)/%.ll: $(src)/%.c FORCE
170 $(call if_changed_dep,cc_ll_c)
173 # The C file is compiled and updated dependency information is generated.
174 # (See cmd_cc_o_c + relevant part of rule_cc_o_c)
176 quiet_cmd_cc_o_c = CC $(quiet_modtag) $@
178 ifndef CONFIG_MODVERSIONS
179 cmd_cc_o_c = $(CC) $(c_flags) -c -o $@ $<
182 # When module versioning is enabled the following steps are executed:
183 # o compile a .tmp_<file>.o from <file>.c
184 # o if .tmp_<file>.o doesn't contain a __ksymtab version, i.e. does
185 # not export symbols, we just rename .tmp_<file>.o to <file>.o and
187 # o otherwise, we calculate symbol versions using the good old
188 # genksyms on the preprocessed source and postprocess them in a way
189 # that they are usable as a linker script
190 # o generate <file>.o from .tmp_<file>.o using the linker to
191 # replace the unresolved symbols __crc_exported_symbol with
192 # the actual value of the checksum generated by genksyms
194 cmd_cc_o_c = $(CC) $(c_flags) -c -o $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $<
196 cmd_modversions_c = \
197 if $(OBJDUMP) -h $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) | grep -q __ksymtab; then \
198 $(call cmd_gensymtypes_c,$(KBUILD_SYMTYPES),$(@:.o=.symtypes)) \
199 > $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
201 $(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -r -o $@ $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) \
202 -T $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
203 rm -f $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
205 mv -f $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $@; \
209 ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
210 ifdef BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
211 ifeq ("$(origin RECORDMCOUNT_WARN)", "command line")
212 RECORDMCOUNT_FLAGS = -w
214 # Due to recursion, we must skip empty.o.
215 # The empty.o file is created in the make process in order to determine
216 # the target endianness and word size. It is made before all other C
217 # files, including recordmcount.
218 sub_cmd_record_mcount = \
219 if [ $(@) != "scripts/mod/empty.o" ]; then \
220 $(objtree)/scripts/recordmcount $(RECORDMCOUNT_FLAGS) "$(@)"; \
222 recordmcount_source := $(srctree)/scripts/recordmcount.c \
223 $(srctree)/scripts/recordmcount.h
225 sub_cmd_record_mcount = set -e ; perl $(srctree)/scripts/recordmcount.pl "$(ARCH)" \
226 "$(if $(CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN),big,little)" \
227 "$(if $(CONFIG_64BIT),64,32)" \
228 "$(OBJDUMP)" "$(OBJCOPY)" "$(CC) $(KBUILD_CFLAGS)" \
229 "$(LD)" "$(NM)" "$(RM)" "$(MV)" \
230 "$(if $(part-of-module),1,0)" "$(@)";
231 recordmcount_source := $(srctree)/scripts/recordmcount.pl
232 endif # BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
233 cmd_record_mcount = \
234 if [ "$(findstring $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE),$(_c_flags))" = \
235 "$(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)" ]; then \
236 $(sub_cmd_record_mcount) \
238 endif # CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
240 ifdef CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION
241 ifneq ($(SKIP_STACK_VALIDATION),1)
243 __objtool_obj := $(objtree)/tools/objtool/objtool
245 objtool_args = $(if $(CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC),orc generate,check)
247 objtool_args += $(if $(part-of-module), --module,)
249 ifndef CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER
250 objtool_args += --no-fp
252 ifdef CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL
253 objtool_args += --no-unreachable
255 objtool_args += $(call cc-ifversion, -lt, 0405, --no-unreachable)
257 ifdef CONFIG_RETPOLINE
258 ifneq ($(RETPOLINE_CFLAGS),)
259 objtool_args += --retpoline
264 ifdef CONFIG_MODVERSIONS
265 objtool_o = $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F)
270 # 'OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD := y': skip objtool checking for a directory
271 # 'OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD_foo.o := 'y': skip objtool checking for a file
272 # 'OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD_foo.o := 'n': override directory skip for a file
273 cmd_objtool = $(if $(patsubst y%,, \
274 $(OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD_$(basetarget).o)$(OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD)n), \
275 $(__objtool_obj) $(objtool_args) "$(objtool_o)";)
276 objtool_obj = $(if $(patsubst y%,, \
277 $(OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD_$(basetarget).o)$(OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD)n), \
280 endif # SKIP_STACK_VALIDATION
281 endif # CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION
283 # Rebuild all objects when objtool changes, or is enabled/disabled.
284 objtool_dep = $(objtool_obj) \
285 $(wildcard include/config/orc/unwinder.h \
286 include/config/stack/validation.h)
289 $(call echo-cmd,checksrc) $(cmd_checksrc) \
290 $(call cmd_and_fixdep,cc_o_c) \
292 $(call echo-cmd,objtool) $(cmd_objtool) \
293 $(cmd_modversions_c) \
294 $(call echo-cmd,record_mcount) $(cmd_record_mcount)
298 $(call cmd_and_fixdep,as_o_S) \
299 $(call echo-cmd,objtool) $(cmd_objtool) \
303 # List module undefined symbols (or empty line if not enabled)
304 ifdef CONFIG_TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS
305 cmd_undef_syms = $(NM) $@ | sed -n 's/^ *U //p' | xargs echo
307 cmd_undef_syms = echo
310 # Built-in and composite module parts
311 $(obj)/%.o: $(src)/%.c $(recordmcount_source) $(objtool_dep) FORCE
312 $(call cmd,force_checksrc)
313 $(call if_changed_rule,cc_o_c)
315 # Single-part modules are special since we need to mark them in $(MODVERDIR)
317 $(single-used-m): $(obj)/%.o: $(src)/%.c $(recordmcount_source) $(objtool_dep) FORCE
318 $(call cmd,force_checksrc)
319 $(call if_changed_rule,cc_o_c)
320 @{ echo $(@:.o=.ko); echo $@; \
321 $(cmd_undef_syms); } > $(MODVERDIR)/$(@F:.o=.mod)
323 quiet_cmd_cc_lst_c = MKLST $@
324 cmd_cc_lst_c = $(CC) $(c_flags) -g -c -o $*.o $< && \
325 $(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/makelst $*.o \
326 System.map $(OBJDUMP) > $@
328 $(obj)/%.lst: $(src)/%.c FORCE
329 $(call if_changed_dep,cc_lst_c)
331 # Compile assembler sources (.S)
332 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
334 modkern_aflags := $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL) $(AFLAGS_KERNEL)
336 $(real-obj-m) : modkern_aflags := $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE) $(AFLAGS_MODULE)
337 $(real-obj-m:.o=.s): modkern_aflags := $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE) $(AFLAGS_MODULE)
339 # .S file exports must have their C prototypes defined in asm/asm-prototypes.h
340 # or a file that it includes, in order to get versioned symbols. We build a
341 # dummy C file that includes asm-prototypes and the EXPORT_SYMBOL lines from
342 # the .S file (with trailing ';'), and run genksyms on that, to extract vers.
344 # This is convoluted. The .S file must first be preprocessed to run guards and
345 # expand names, then the resulting exports must be constructed into plain
346 # EXPORT_SYMBOL(symbol); to build our dummy C file, and that gets preprocessed
347 # to make the genksyms input.
349 # These mirror gensymtypes_c and co above, keep them in synch.
350 cmd_gensymtypes_S = \
351 (echo "\#include <linux/kernel.h>" ; \
352 echo "\#include <asm/asm-prototypes.h>" ; \
353 $(CPP) $(a_flags) $< | \
354 grep "\<___EXPORT_SYMBOL\>" | \
355 sed 's/.*___EXPORT_SYMBOL[[:space:]]*\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*\)[[:space:]]*,.*/EXPORT_SYMBOL(\1);/' ) | \
356 $(CPP) -D__GENKSYMS__ $(c_flags) -xc - | \
357 $(GENKSYMS) $(if $(1), -T $(2)) \
358 $(patsubst y,-s _,$(CONFIG_HAVE_UNDERSCORE_SYMBOL_PREFIX)) \
359 $(patsubst y,-R,$(CONFIG_MODULE_REL_CRCS)) \
360 $(if $(KBUILD_PRESERVE),-p) \
361 -r $(firstword $(wildcard $(2:.symtypes=.symref) /dev/null))
363 quiet_cmd_cc_symtypes_S = SYM $(quiet_modtag) $@
364 cmd_cc_symtypes_S = \
366 $(call cmd_gensymtypes_S,true,$@) >/dev/null; \
367 test -s $@ || rm -f $@
369 $(obj)/%.symtypes : $(src)/%.S FORCE
370 $(call cmd,cc_symtypes_S)
373 quiet_cmd_cpp_s_S = CPP $(quiet_modtag) $@
374 cmd_cpp_s_S = $(CPP) $(a_flags) -o $@ $<
376 $(obj)/%.s: $(src)/%.S FORCE
377 $(call if_changed_dep,cpp_s_S)
379 quiet_cmd_as_o_S = AS $(quiet_modtag) $@
381 ifndef CONFIG_MODVERSIONS
382 cmd_as_o_S = $(CC) $(a_flags) -c -o $@ $<
386 ASM_PROTOTYPES := $(wildcard $(srctree)/arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/asm/asm-prototypes.h)
388 ifeq ($(ASM_PROTOTYPES),)
389 cmd_as_o_S = $(CC) $(a_flags) -c -o $@ $<
393 # versioning matches the C process described above, with difference that
394 # we parse asm-prototypes.h C header to get function definitions.
396 cmd_as_o_S = $(CC) $(a_flags) -c -o $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $<
398 cmd_modversions_S = \
399 if $(OBJDUMP) -h $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) | grep -q __ksymtab; then \
400 $(call cmd_gensymtypes_S,$(KBUILD_SYMTYPES),$(@:.o=.symtypes)) \
401 > $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
403 $(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -r -o $@ $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) \
404 -T $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
405 rm -f $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver); \
407 mv -f $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F) $@; \
412 $(obj)/%.o: $(src)/%.S $(objtool_dep) FORCE
413 $(call if_changed_rule,as_o_S)
415 targets += $(filter-out $(subdir-obj-y), $(real-obj-y)) $(real-obj-m) $(lib-y)
416 targets += $(extra-y) $(MAKECMDGOALS) $(always)
418 # Linker scripts preprocessor (.lds.S -> .lds)
419 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
420 quiet_cmd_cpp_lds_S = LDS $@
421 cmd_cpp_lds_S = $(CPP) $(cpp_flags) -P -U$(ARCH) \
422 -D__ASSEMBLY__ -DLINKER_SCRIPT -o $@ $<
424 $(obj)/%.lds: $(src)/%.lds.S FORCE
425 $(call if_changed_dep,cpp_lds_S)
428 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
429 quiet_cmd_asn1_compiler = ASN.1 $@
430 cmd_asn1_compiler = $(objtree)/scripts/asn1_compiler $< \
431 $(subst .h,.c,$@) $(subst .c,.h,$@)
433 $(obj)/%.asn1.c $(obj)/%.asn1.h: $(src)/%.asn1 $(objtree)/scripts/asn1_compiler
434 $(call cmd,asn1_compiler)
436 # Build the compiled-in targets
437 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
439 # To build objects in subdirs, we need to descend into the directories
440 $(sort $(subdir-obj-y)): $(subdir-ym) ;
443 # Rule to compile a set of .o files into one .o file
447 # built-in.a archives are made with no symbol table or index which
448 # makes them small and fast, but unable to be used by the linker.
449 # scripts/link-vmlinux.sh builds an aggregate built-in.a with a symbol
451 quiet_cmd_ar_builtin = AR $@
452 cmd_ar_builtin = rm -f $@; \
453 $(AR) rcSTP$(KBUILD_ARFLAGS) $@ $(filter $(real-obj-y), $^)
455 $(builtin-target): $(real-obj-y) FORCE
456 $(call if_changed,ar_builtin)
458 targets += $(builtin-target)
459 endif # builtin-target
462 # Rule to create modules.order file
464 # Create commands to either record .ko file or cat modules.order from
467 $(foreach m, $(modorder), \
468 $(if $(filter %/modules.order, $m), \
469 cat $m;, echo kernel/$m;))
471 $(modorder-target): $(subdir-ym) FORCE
472 $(Q)(cat /dev/null; $(modorder-cmds)) > $@
475 # Rule to compile a set of .o files into one .a file
478 quiet_cmd_link_l_target = AR $@
480 # lib target archives do get a symbol table and index
481 cmd_link_l_target = rm -f $@; $(AR) rcsTP$(KBUILD_ARFLAGS) $@ $(lib-y)
483 $(lib-target): $(lib-y) FORCE
484 $(call if_changed,link_l_target)
486 targets += $(lib-target)
488 dummy-object = $(obj)/.lib_exports.o
489 ksyms-lds = $(dot-target).lds
490 ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_UNDERSCORE_SYMBOL_PREFIX
491 ref_prefix = EXTERN(_
496 quiet_cmd_export_list = EXPORTS $@
497 cmd_export_list = $(OBJDUMP) -h $< | \
498 sed -ne '/___ksymtab/s/.*+\([^ ]*\).*/$(ref_prefix)\1)/p' >$(ksyms-lds);\
499 rm -f $(dummy-object);\
500 echo | $(CC) $(a_flags) -c -o $(dummy-object) -x assembler -;\
501 $(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@ -T $(ksyms-lds) $(dummy-object);\
502 rm $(dummy-object) $(ksyms-lds)
504 $(obj)/lib-ksyms.o: $(lib-target) FORCE
505 $(call if_changed,export_list)
507 targets += $(obj)/lib-ksyms.o
512 # Rule to link composite objects
514 # Composite objects are specified in kbuild makefile as follows:
515 # <composite-object>-objs := <list of .o files>
517 # <composite-object>-y := <list of .o files>
519 # <composite-object>-m := <list of .o files>
520 # The -m syntax only works if <composite object> is a module
522 $(filter $(addprefix $(obj)/, \
523 $($(subst $(obj)/,,$(@:.o=-objs))) \
524 $($(subst $(obj)/,,$(@:.o=-y))) \
525 $($(subst $(obj)/,,$(@:.o=-m)))), $^)
527 quiet_cmd_link_multi-m = LD [M] $@
528 cmd_link_multi-m = $(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@ $(link_multi_deps) $(cmd_secanalysis)
530 $(multi-used-m): FORCE
531 $(call if_changed,link_multi-m)
532 @{ echo $(@:.o=.ko); echo $(link_multi_deps); \
533 $(cmd_undef_syms); } > $(MODVERDIR)/$(@F:.o=.mod)
534 $(call multi_depend, $(multi-used-m), .o, -objs -y -m)
536 targets += $(multi-used-m)
537 targets := $(filter-out $(PHONY), $(targets))
539 # Add intermediate targets:
540 # When building objects with specific suffix patterns, add intermediate
541 # targets that the final targets are derived from.
542 intermediate_targets = $(foreach sfx, $(2), \
543 $(patsubst %$(strip $(1)),%$(sfx), \
544 $(filter %$(strip $(1)), $(targets))))
545 # %.asn1.o <- %.asn1.[ch] <- %.asn1
546 # %.dtb.o <- %.dtb.S <- %.dtb <- %.dts
547 # %.lex.o <- %.lex.c <- %.l
548 # %.tab.o <- %.tab.[ch] <- %.y
549 targets += $(call intermediate_targets, .asn1.o, .asn1.c .asn1.h) \
550 $(call intermediate_targets, .dtb.o, .dtb.S .dtb) \
551 $(call intermediate_targets, .lex.o, .lex.c) \
552 $(call intermediate_targets, .tab.o, .tab.c .tab.h)
555 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
557 PHONY += $(subdir-ym)
559 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$@ need-builtin=$(if $(findstring $@,$(subdir-obj-y)),1)
561 # Add FORCE to the prequisites of a target to force it to be always rebuilt.
562 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
568 # Read all saved command lines and dependencies for the $(targets) we
569 # may be building above, using $(if_changed{,_dep}). As an
570 # optimization, we don't need to read them if the target does not
571 # exist, we will rebuild anyway in that case.
573 cmd_files := $(wildcard $(foreach f,$(sort $(targets)),$(dir $(f)).$(notdir $(f)).cmd))
575 ifneq ($(cmd_files),)
579 ifneq ($(KBUILD_SRC),)
580 # Create directories for object files if they do not exist
581 obj-dirs := $(sort $(obj) $(patsubst %/,%, $(dir $(targets))))
582 # If cmd_files exist, their directories apparently exist. Skip mkdir.
583 exist-dirs := $(sort $(patsubst %/,%, $(dir $(cmd_files))))
584 obj-dirs := $(strip $(filter-out $(exist-dirs), $(obj-dirs)))
586 $(shell mkdir -p $(obj-dirs))
590 # Some files contained in $(targets) are intermediate artifacts.
591 # We never want them to be removed automatically.
592 .SECONDARY: $(targets)
594 # Declare the contents of the .PHONY variable as phony. We keep that
595 # information in a variable se we can use it in if_changed and friends.