1 .. Copyright 2010 Nicolas Palix <npalix@diku.dk>
2 .. Copyright 2010 Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
3 .. Copyright 2010 Gilles Muller <Gilles.Muller@lip6.fr>
10 Coccinelle is a tool for pattern matching and text transformation that has
11 many uses in kernel development, including the application of complex,
12 tree-wide patches and detection of problematic programming patterns.
17 The semantic patches included in the kernel use features and options
18 which are provided by Coccinelle version 1.0.0-rc11 and above.
19 Using earlier versions will fail as the option names used by
20 the Coccinelle files and coccicheck have been updated.
22 Coccinelle is available through the package manager
23 of many distributions, e.g. :
33 You can get the latest version released from the Coccinelle homepage at
34 http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/
36 Once you have it, run the following command::
41 as a regular user, and install it with::
45 Supplemental documentation
46 ---------------------------
48 For supplemental documentation refer to the wiki:
50 https://bottest.wiki.kernel.org/coccicheck
52 The wiki documentation always refers to the linux-next version of the script.
54 Using Coccinelle on the Linux kernel
55 ------------------------------------
57 A Coccinelle-specific target is defined in the top level
58 Makefile. This target is named ``coccicheck`` and calls the ``coccicheck``
59 front-end in the ``scripts`` directory.
61 Four basic modes are defined: ``patch``, ``report``, ``context``, and
62 ``org``. The mode to use is specified by setting the MODE variable with
65 - ``patch`` proposes a fix, when possible.
67 - ``report`` generates a list in the following format:
68 file:line:column-column: message
70 - ``context`` highlights lines of interest and their context in a
71 diff-like style.Lines of interest are indicated with ``-``.
73 - ``org`` generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
75 Note that not all semantic patches implement all modes. For easy use
76 of Coccinelle, the default mode is "report".
78 Two other modes provide some common combinations of these modes.
80 - ``chain`` tries the previous modes in the order above until one succeeds.
82 - ``rep+ctxt`` runs successively the report mode and the context mode.
83 It should be used with the C option (described later)
84 which checks the code on a file basis.
89 To make a report for every semantic patch, run the following command::
91 make coccicheck MODE=report
93 To produce patches, run::
95 make coccicheck MODE=patch
98 The coccicheck target applies every semantic patch available in the
99 sub-directories of ``scripts/coccinelle`` to the entire Linux kernel.
101 For each semantic patch, a commit message is proposed. It gives a
102 description of the problem being checked by the semantic patch, and
103 includes a reference to Coccinelle.
105 As any static code analyzer, Coccinelle produces false
106 positives. Thus, reports must be carefully checked, and patches
109 To enable verbose messages set the V= variable, for example::
111 make coccicheck MODE=report V=1
113 Coccinelle parallelization
114 ---------------------------
116 By default, coccicheck tries to run as parallel as possible. To change
117 the parallelism, set the J= variable. For example, to run across 4 CPUs::
119 make coccicheck MODE=report J=4
121 As of Coccinelle 1.0.2 Coccinelle uses Ocaml parmap for parallelization,
122 if support for this is detected you will benefit from parmap parallelization.
124 When parmap is enabled coccicheck will enable dynamic load balancing by using
125 ``--chunksize 1`` argument, this ensures we keep feeding threads with work
126 one by one, so that we avoid the situation where most work gets done by only
127 a few threads. With dynamic load balancing, if a thread finishes early we keep
128 feeding it more work.
130 When parmap is enabled, if an error occurs in Coccinelle, this error
131 value is propagated back, the return value of the ``make coccicheck``
132 captures this return value.
134 Using Coccinelle with a single semantic patch
135 ---------------------------------------------
137 The optional make variable COCCI can be used to check a single
138 semantic patch. In that case, the variable must be initialized with
139 the name of the semantic patch to apply.
143 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=patch
147 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=report
150 Controlling Which Files are Processed by Coccinelle
151 ---------------------------------------------------
153 By default the entire kernel source tree is checked.
155 To apply Coccinelle to a specific directory, ``M=`` can be used.
156 For example, to check drivers/net/wireless/ one may write::
158 make coccicheck M=drivers/net/wireless/
160 To apply Coccinelle on a file basis, instead of a directory basis, the
161 following command may be used::
163 make C=1 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
165 To check only newly edited code, use the value 2 for the C flag, i.e.::
167 make C=2 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
169 In these modes, which works on a file basis, there is no information
170 about semantic patches displayed, and no commit message proposed.
172 This runs every semantic patch in scripts/coccinelle by default. The
173 COCCI variable may additionally be used to only apply a single
174 semantic patch as shown in the previous section.
176 The "report" mode is the default. You can select another one with the
177 MODE variable explained above.
179 Debugging Coccinelle SmPL patches
180 ---------------------------------
182 Using coccicheck is best as it provides in the spatch command line
183 include options matching the options used when we compile the kernel.
184 You can learn what these options are by using V=1, you could then
185 manually run Coccinelle with debug options added.
187 Alternatively you can debug running Coccinelle against SmPL patches
188 by asking for stderr to be redirected to stderr, by default stderr
189 is redirected to /dev/null, if you'd like to capture stderr you
190 can specify the ``DEBUG_FILE="file.txt"`` option to coccicheck. For
194 make coccicheck COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/free/kfree.cocci MODE=report DEBUG_FILE=cocci.err
197 You can use SPFLAGS to add debugging flags, for instance you may want to
198 add both --profile --show-trying to SPFLAGS when debugging. For instance
199 you may want to use::
202 export COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
203 make coccicheck DEBUG_FILE="err.log" MODE=report SPFLAGS="--profile --show-trying" M=./drivers/mfd/arizona-irq.c
205 err.log will now have the profiling information, while stdout will
206 provide some progress information as Coccinelle moves forward with
209 DEBUG_FILE support is only supported when using coccinelle >= 1.0.2.
214 Coccinelle supports reading .cocciconfig for default Coccinelle options that
215 should be used every time spatch is spawned, the order of precedence for
216 variables for .cocciconfig is as follows:
218 - Your current user's home directory is processed first
219 - Your directory from which spatch is called is processed next
220 - The directory provided with the --dir option is processed last, if used
222 Since coccicheck runs through make, it naturally runs from the kernel
223 proper dir, as such the second rule above would be implied for picking up a
224 .cocciconfig when using ``make coccicheck``.
226 ``make coccicheck`` also supports using M= targets.If you do not supply
227 any M= target, it is assumed you want to target the entire kernel.
228 The kernel coccicheck script has::
230 if [ "$KBUILD_EXTMOD" = "" ] ; then
231 OPTIONS="--dir $srctree $COCCIINCLUDE"
233 OPTIONS="--dir $KBUILD_EXTMOD $COCCIINCLUDE"
236 KBUILD_EXTMOD is set when an explicit target with M= is used. For both cases
237 the spatch --dir argument is used, as such third rule applies when whether M=
238 is used or not, and when M= is used the target directory can have its own
239 .cocciconfig file. When M= is not passed as an argument to coccicheck the
240 target directory is the same as the directory from where spatch was called.
242 If not using the kernel's coccicheck target, keep the above precedence
243 order logic of .cocciconfig reading. If using the kernel's coccicheck target,
244 override any of the kernel's .coccicheck's settings using SPFLAGS.
246 We help Coccinelle when used against Linux with a set of sensible defaults
247 options for Linux with our own Linux .cocciconfig. This hints to coccinelle
248 git can be used for ``git grep`` queries over coccigrep. A timeout of 200
249 seconds should suffice for now.
251 The options picked up by coccinelle when reading a .cocciconfig do not appear
252 as arguments to spatch processes running on your system, to confirm what
253 options will be used by Coccinelle run::
255 spatch --print-options-only
257 You can override with your own preferred index option by using SPFLAGS. Take
258 note that when there are conflicting options Coccinelle takes precedence for
259 the last options passed. Using .cocciconfig is possible to use idutils, however
260 given the order of precedence followed by Coccinelle, since the kernel now
261 carries its own .cocciconfig, you will need to use SPFLAGS to use idutils if
262 desired. See below section "Additional flags" for more details on how to use
268 Additional flags can be passed to spatch through the SPFLAGS
269 variable. This works as Coccinelle respects the last flags
270 given to it when options are in conflict. ::
272 make SPFLAGS=--use-glimpse coccicheck
274 Coccinelle supports idutils as well but requires coccinelle >= 1.0.6.
275 When no ID file is specified coccinelle assumes your ID database file
276 is in the file .id-utils.index on the top level of the kernel, coccinelle
277 carries a script scripts/idutils_index.sh which creates the database with::
279 mkid -i C --output .id-utils.index
281 If you have another database filename you can also just symlink with this
284 make SPFLAGS=--use-idutils coccicheck
286 Alternatively you can specify the database filename explicitly, for
289 make SPFLAGS="--use-idutils /full-path/to/ID" coccicheck
291 See ``spatch --help`` to learn more about spatch options.
293 Note that the ``--use-glimpse`` and ``--use-idutils`` options
294 require external tools for indexing the code. None of them is
295 thus active by default. However, by indexing the code with
296 one of these tools, and according to the cocci file used,
297 spatch could proceed the entire code base more quickly.
299 SmPL patch specific options
300 ---------------------------
302 SmPL patches can have their own requirements for options passed
303 to Coccinelle. SmPL patch specific options can be provided by
304 providing them at the top of the SmPL patch, for instance::
306 // Options: --no-includes --include-headers
308 SmPL patch Coccinelle requirements
309 ----------------------------------
311 As Coccinelle features get added some more advanced SmPL patches
312 may require newer versions of Coccinelle. If an SmPL patch requires
313 at least a version of Coccinelle, this can be specified as follows,
314 as an example if requiring at least Coccinelle >= 1.0.5::
318 Proposing new semantic patches
319 -------------------------------
321 New semantic patches can be proposed and submitted by kernel
322 developers. For sake of clarity, they should be organized in the
323 sub-directories of ``scripts/coccinelle/``.
326 Detailed description of the ``report`` mode
327 -------------------------------------------
329 ``report`` generates a list in the following format::
331 file:line:column-column: message
338 make coccicheck MODE=report COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
340 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
343 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
348 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
350 @script:python depends on report@
355 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
356 coccilib.report.print_report(p[0], msg)
359 This SmPL excerpt generates entries on the standard output, as
362 /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c:188:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
363 /home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c:619:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with auth
364 /home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c:227:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
367 Detailed description of the ``patch`` mode
368 ------------------------------------------
370 When the ``patch`` mode is available, it proposes a fix for each problem
378 make coccicheck MODE=patch COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
380 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
383 @ depends on !context && patch && !org && !report @
387 - ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
391 This SmPL excerpt generates patch hunks on the standard output, as
394 diff -u -p a/crypto/ctr.c b/crypto/ctr.c
395 --- a/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
396 +++ b/crypto/ctr.c 2010-06-03 23:44:49.000000000 +0200
397 @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
398 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
399 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
401 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
402 + return ERR_CAST(alg);
404 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
407 Detailed description of the ``context`` mode
408 --------------------------------------------
410 ``context`` highlights lines of interest and their context
411 in a diff-like style.
413 **NOTE**: The diff-like output generated is NOT an applicable patch. The
414 intent of the ``context`` mode is to highlight the important lines
415 (annotated with minus, ``-``) and gives some surrounding context
416 lines around. This output can be used with the diff mode of
417 Emacs to review the code.
424 make coccicheck MODE=context COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
426 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
429 @ depends on context && !patch && !org && !report@
433 * ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
436 This SmPL excerpt generates diff hunks on the standard output, as
439 diff -u -p /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c /tmp/nothing
440 --- /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
442 @@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
443 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
444 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
446 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
448 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
451 Detailed description of the ``org`` mode
452 ----------------------------------------
454 ``org`` generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
461 make coccicheck MODE=org COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
463 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
466 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
471 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
473 @script:python depends on org@
478 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
479 msg_safe=msg.replace("[","@(").replace("]",")")
480 coccilib.org.print_todo(p[0], msg_safe)
483 This SmPL excerpt generates Org entries on the standard output, as
486 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=188::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]
487 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=619::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with auth]]
488 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=227::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]