2 * menu.c - the menu idle governor
4 * Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Adam Belay <abelay@novell.com>
5 * Copyright (C) 2009 Intel Corporation
7 * Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
9 * This code is licenced under the GPL version 2 as described
10 * in the COPYING file that acompanies the Linux Kernel.
13 #include <linux/kernel.h>
14 #include <linux/cpuidle.h>
15 #include <linux/pm_qos.h>
16 #include <linux/time.h>
17 #include <linux/ktime.h>
18 #include <linux/hrtimer.h>
19 #include <linux/tick.h>
20 #include <linux/sched.h>
21 #include <linux/math64.h>
22 #include <linux/module.h>
26 #define RESOLUTION 1024
28 #define MAX_INTERESTING 50000
29 #define STDDEV_THRESH 400
33 * Concepts and ideas behind the menu governor
35 * For the menu governor, there are 3 decision factors for picking a C
37 * 1) Energy break even point
38 * 2) Performance impact
39 * 3) Latency tolerance (from pmqos infrastructure)
40 * These these three factors are treated independently.
42 * Energy break even point
43 * -----------------------
44 * C state entry and exit have an energy cost, and a certain amount of time in
45 * the C state is required to actually break even on this cost. CPUIDLE
46 * provides us this duration in the "target_residency" field. So all that we
47 * need is a good prediction of how long we'll be idle. Like the traditional
48 * menu governor, we start with the actual known "next timer event" time.
50 * Since there are other source of wakeups (interrupts for example) than
51 * the next timer event, this estimation is rather optimistic. To get a
52 * more realistic estimate, a correction factor is applied to the estimate,
53 * that is based on historic behavior. For example, if in the past the actual
54 * duration always was 50% of the next timer tick, the correction factor will
57 * menu uses a running average for this correction factor, however it uses a
58 * set of factors, not just a single factor. This stems from the realization
59 * that the ratio is dependent on the order of magnitude of the expected
60 * duration; if we expect 500 milliseconds of idle time the likelihood of
61 * getting an interrupt very early is much higher than if we expect 50 micro
62 * seconds of idle time. A second independent factor that has big impact on
63 * the actual factor is if there is (disk) IO outstanding or not.
64 * (as a special twist, we consider every sleep longer than 50 milliseconds
65 * as perfect; there are no power gains for sleeping longer than this)
67 * For these two reasons we keep an array of 12 independent factors, that gets
68 * indexed based on the magnitude of the expected duration as well as the
69 * "is IO outstanding" property.
71 * Repeatable-interval-detector
72 * ----------------------------
73 * There are some cases where "next timer" is a completely unusable predictor:
74 * Those cases where the interval is fixed, for example due to hardware
75 * interrupt mitigation, but also due to fixed transfer rate devices such as
77 * For this, we use a different predictor: We track the duration of the last 8
78 * intervals and if the stand deviation of these 8 intervals is below a
79 * threshold value, we use the average of these intervals as prediction.
81 * Limiting Performance Impact
82 * ---------------------------
83 * C states, especially those with large exit latencies, can have a real
84 * noticeable impact on workloads, which is not acceptable for most sysadmins,
85 * and in addition, less performance has a power price of its own.
87 * As a general rule of thumb, menu assumes that the following heuristic
89 * The busier the system, the less impact of C states is acceptable
91 * This rule-of-thumb is implemented using a performance-multiplier:
92 * If the exit latency times the performance multiplier is longer than
93 * the predicted duration, the C state is not considered a candidate
94 * for selection due to a too high performance impact. So the higher
95 * this multiplier is, the longer we need to be idle to pick a deep C
96 * state, and thus the less likely a busy CPU will hit such a deep
99 * Two factors are used in determing this multiplier:
100 * a value of 10 is added for each point of "per cpu load average" we have.
101 * a value of 5 points is added for each process that is waiting for
103 * (these values are experimentally determined)
105 * The load average factor gives a longer term (few seconds) input to the
106 * decision, while the iowait value gives a cpu local instantanious input.
107 * The iowait factor may look low, but realize that this is also already
108 * represented in the system load average.
116 unsigned int expected_us
;
118 unsigned int exit_us
;
120 u64 correction_factor
[BUCKETS
];
121 u32 intervals
[INTERVALS
];
126 #define LOAD_INT(x) ((x) >> FSHIFT)
127 #define LOAD_FRAC(x) LOAD_INT(((x) & (FIXED_1-1)) * 100)
129 static int get_loadavg(void)
131 unsigned long this = this_cpu_load();
134 return LOAD_INT(this) * 10 + LOAD_FRAC(this) / 10;
137 static inline int which_bucket(unsigned int duration
)
142 * We keep two groups of stats; one with no
143 * IO pending, one without.
144 * This allows us to calculate
147 if (nr_iowait_cpu(smp_processor_id()))
156 if (duration
< 10000)
158 if (duration
< 100000)
164 * Return a multiplier for the exit latency that is intended
165 * to take performance requirements into account.
166 * The more performance critical we estimate the system
167 * to be, the higher this multiplier, and thus the higher
168 * the barrier to go to an expensive C state.
170 static inline int performance_multiplier(void)
174 /* for higher loadavg, we are more reluctant */
176 mult
+= 2 * get_loadavg();
178 /* for IO wait tasks (per cpu!) we add 5x each */
179 mult
+= 10 * nr_iowait_cpu(smp_processor_id());
184 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct menu_device
, menu_devices
);
186 static void menu_update(struct cpuidle_driver
*drv
, struct cpuidle_device
*dev
);
188 /* This implements DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST but avoids 64 bit division */
189 static u64
div_round64(u64 dividend
, u32 divisor
)
191 return div_u64(dividend
+ (divisor
/ 2), divisor
);
195 * Try detecting repeating patterns by keeping track of the last 8
196 * intervals, and checking if the standard deviation of that set
197 * of points is below a threshold. If it is... then use the
198 * average of these 8 points as the estimated value.
200 static void get_typical_interval(struct menu_device
*data
)
202 int i
= 0, divisor
= 0;
203 uint64_t max
= 0, avg
= 0, stddev
= 0;
204 int64_t thresh
= LLONG_MAX
; /* Discard outliers above this value. */
208 /* first calculate average and standard deviation of the past */
209 max
= avg
= divisor
= stddev
= 0;
210 for (i
= 0; i
< INTERVALS
; i
++) {
211 int64_t value
= data
->intervals
[i
];
212 if (value
<= thresh
) {
219 do_div(avg
, divisor
);
221 for (i
= 0; i
< INTERVALS
; i
++) {
222 int64_t value
= data
->intervals
[i
];
223 if (value
<= thresh
) {
224 int64_t diff
= value
- avg
;
225 stddev
+= diff
* diff
;
228 do_div(stddev
, divisor
);
229 stddev
= int_sqrt(stddev
);
231 * If we have outliers to the upside in our distribution, discard
232 * those by setting the threshold to exclude these outliers, then
233 * calculate the average and standard deviation again. Once we get
234 * down to the bottom 3/4 of our samples, stop excluding samples.
236 * This can deal with workloads that have long pauses interspersed
237 * with sporadic activity with a bunch of short pauses.
239 * The typical interval is obtained when standard deviation is small
240 * or standard deviation is small compared to the average interval.
242 if (((avg
> stddev
* 6) && (divisor
* 4 >= INTERVALS
* 3))
244 data
->predicted_us
= avg
;
247 } else if ((divisor
* 4) > INTERVALS
* 3) {
248 /* Exclude the max interval */
255 * menu_select - selects the next idle state to enter
256 * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data
259 static int menu_select(struct cpuidle_driver
*drv
, struct cpuidle_device
*dev
)
261 struct menu_device
*data
= &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices
);
262 int latency_req
= pm_qos_request(PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY
);
267 if (data
->needs_update
) {
268 menu_update(drv
, dev
);
269 data
->needs_update
= 0;
272 data
->last_state_idx
= 0;
275 /* Special case when user has set very strict latency requirement */
276 if (unlikely(latency_req
== 0))
279 /* determine the expected residency time, round up */
280 t
= ktime_to_timespec(tick_nohz_get_sleep_length());
282 t
.tv_sec
* USEC_PER_SEC
+ t
.tv_nsec
/ NSEC_PER_USEC
;
285 data
->bucket
= which_bucket(data
->expected_us
);
287 multiplier
= performance_multiplier();
290 * if the correction factor is 0 (eg first time init or cpu hotplug
291 * etc), we actually want to start out with a unity factor.
293 if (data
->correction_factor
[data
->bucket
] == 0)
294 data
->correction_factor
[data
->bucket
] = RESOLUTION
* DECAY
;
296 /* Make sure to round up for half microseconds */
297 data
->predicted_us
= div_round64(data
->expected_us
* data
->correction_factor
[data
->bucket
],
300 get_typical_interval(data
);
303 * We want to default to C1 (hlt), not to busy polling
304 * unless the timer is happening really really soon.
306 if (data
->expected_us
> 5 &&
307 !drv
->states
[CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START
].disabled
&&
308 dev
->states_usage
[CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START
].disable
== 0)
309 data
->last_state_idx
= CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START
;
312 * Find the idle state with the lowest power while satisfying
315 for (i
= CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START
; i
< drv
->state_count
; i
++) {
316 struct cpuidle_state
*s
= &drv
->states
[i
];
317 struct cpuidle_state_usage
*su
= &dev
->states_usage
[i
];
319 if (s
->disabled
|| su
->disable
)
321 if (s
->target_residency
> data
->predicted_us
)
323 if (s
->exit_latency
> latency_req
)
325 if (s
->exit_latency
* multiplier
> data
->predicted_us
)
328 data
->last_state_idx
= i
;
329 data
->exit_us
= s
->exit_latency
;
332 return data
->last_state_idx
;
336 * menu_reflect - records that data structures need update
338 * @index: the index of actual entered state
340 * NOTE: it's important to be fast here because this operation will add to
341 * the overall exit latency.
343 static void menu_reflect(struct cpuidle_device
*dev
, int index
)
345 struct menu_device
*data
= &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices
);
346 data
->last_state_idx
= index
;
348 data
->needs_update
= 1;
352 * menu_update - attempts to guess what happened after entry
353 * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data
356 static void menu_update(struct cpuidle_driver
*drv
, struct cpuidle_device
*dev
)
358 struct menu_device
*data
= &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices
);
359 int last_idx
= data
->last_state_idx
;
360 unsigned int last_idle_us
= cpuidle_get_last_residency(dev
);
361 struct cpuidle_state
*target
= &drv
->states
[last_idx
];
362 unsigned int measured_us
;
366 * Ugh, this idle state doesn't support residency measurements, so we
367 * are basically lost in the dark. As a compromise, assume we slept
368 * for the whole expected time.
370 if (unlikely(!(target
->flags
& CPUIDLE_FLAG_TIME_VALID
)))
371 last_idle_us
= data
->expected_us
;
374 measured_us
= last_idle_us
;
377 * We correct for the exit latency; we are assuming here that the
378 * exit latency happens after the event that we're interested in.
380 if (measured_us
> data
->exit_us
)
381 measured_us
-= data
->exit_us
;
384 /* update our correction ratio */
386 new_factor
= data
->correction_factor
[data
->bucket
]
387 * (DECAY
- 1) / DECAY
;
389 if (data
->expected_us
> 0 && measured_us
< MAX_INTERESTING
)
390 new_factor
+= RESOLUTION
* measured_us
/ data
->expected_us
;
393 * we were idle so long that we count it as a perfect
396 new_factor
+= RESOLUTION
;
399 * We don't want 0 as factor; we always want at least
400 * a tiny bit of estimated time.
405 data
->correction_factor
[data
->bucket
] = new_factor
;
407 /* update the repeating-pattern data */
408 data
->intervals
[data
->interval_ptr
++] = last_idle_us
;
409 if (data
->interval_ptr
>= INTERVALS
)
410 data
->interval_ptr
= 0;
414 * menu_enable_device - scans a CPU's states and does setup
415 * @drv: cpuidle driver
418 static int menu_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver
*drv
,
419 struct cpuidle_device
*dev
)
421 struct menu_device
*data
= &per_cpu(menu_devices
, dev
->cpu
);
423 memset(data
, 0, sizeof(struct menu_device
));
428 static struct cpuidle_governor menu_governor
= {
431 .enable
= menu_enable_device
,
432 .select
= menu_select
,
433 .reflect
= menu_reflect
,
434 .owner
= THIS_MODULE
,
438 * init_menu - initializes the governor
440 static int __init
init_menu(void)
442 return cpuidle_register_governor(&menu_governor
);
446 * exit_menu - exits the governor
448 static void __exit
exit_menu(void)
450 cpuidle_unregister_governor(&menu_governor
);
453 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
454 module_init(init_menu
);
455 module_exit(exit_menu
);