1 Register Usage for Linux/PA-RISC
3 [ an asterisk is used for planned usage which is currently unimplemented ]
5 General Registers as specified by ABI
9 CR 0 (Recovery Counter) used for ptrace
10 CR 1-CR 7(undefined) unused
11 CR 8 (Protection ID) per-process value*
12 CR 9, 12, 13 (PIDS) unused
13 CR10 (CCR) lazy FPU saving*
14 CR11 as specified by ABI (SAR)
15 CR14 (interruption vector) initialized to fault_vector
16 CR15 (EIEM) initialized to all ones*
17 CR16 (Interval Timer) read for cycle count/write starts Interval Tmr
18 CR17-CR22 interruption parameters
19 CR19 Interrupt Instruction Register
20 CR20 Interrupt Space Register
21 CR21 Interrupt Offset Register
23 CR23 (EIRR) read for pending interrupts/write clears bits
24 CR24 (TR 0) Kernel Space Page Directory Pointer
25 CR25 (TR 1) User Space Page Directory Pointer
27 CR27 (TR 3) Thread descriptor pointer
30 CR30 (TR 6) current / 0
31 CR31 (TR 7) Temporary register, used in various places
33 Space Registers (kernel mode)
35 SR0 temporary space register
37 SR1 temporary space register
38 SR2 kernel should not clobber this
39 SR3 used for userspace accesses (current process)
41 Space Registers (user mode)
43 SR0 temporary space register
44 SR1 temporary space register
45 SR2 holds space of linux gateway page
46 SR3 holds user address space value while in kernel
47 SR4-SR7 Defines short address space for user/kernel
52 W (64-bit addresses) 0
54 S (Secure Interval Timer) 0
55 T (Taken Branch Trap) 0
56 H (Higher-privilege trap) 0
57 L (Lower-privilege trap) 0
58 N (Nullify next instruction) used by C code
59 X (Data memory break disable) 0
60 B (Taken Branch) used by C code
61 C (code address translation) 1, 0 while executing real-mode code
62 V (divide step correction) used by C code
63 M (HPMC mask) 0, 1 while executing HPMC handler*
64 C/B (carry/borrow bits) used by C code
65 O (ordered references) 1*
66 F (performance monitor) 0
67 R (Recovery Counter trap) 0
68 Q (collect interruption state) 1 (0 in code directly preceding an rfi)
69 P (Protection Identifiers) 1*
70 D (Data address translation) 1, 0 while executing real-mode code
71 I (external interrupt mask) used by cli()/sti() macros
77 Shadow Registers used by interruption handler code
80 =========================================================================
82 The PA-RISC architecture defines 7 registers as "shadow registers".
83 Those are used in RETURN FROM INTERRUPTION AND RESTORE instruction to reduce
84 the state save and restore time by eliminating the need for general register
85 (GR) saves and restores in interruption handlers.
86 Shadow registers are the GRs 1, 8, 9, 16, 17, 24, and 25.
88 =========================================================================
89 Register usage notes, originally from John Marvin, with some additional
90 notes from Randolph Chung.
92 For the general registers:
94 r1,r2,r19-r26,r28,r29 & r31 can be used without saving them first. And of
95 course, you need to save them if you care about them, before calling
96 another procedure. Some of the above registers do have special meanings
97 that you should be aware of:
99 r1: The addil instruction is hardwired to place its result in r1,
100 so if you use that instruction be aware of that.
102 r2: This is the return pointer. In general you don't want to
103 use this, since you need the pointer to get back to your
104 caller. However, it is grouped with this set of registers
105 since the caller can't rely on the value being the same
106 when you return, i.e. you can copy r2 to another register
107 and return through that register after trashing r2, and
108 that should not cause a problem for the calling routine.
110 r19-r22: these are generally regarded as temporary registers.
111 Note that in 64 bit they are arg7-arg4.
113 r23-r26: these are arg3-arg0, i.e. you can use them if you
114 don't care about the values that were passed in anymore.
116 r28,r29: are ret0 and ret1. They are what you pass return values
117 in. r28 is the primary return. When returning small structures
118 r29 may also be used to pass data back to the caller.
122 r31: the ble instruction puts the return pointer in here.
125 r3-r18,r27,r30 need to be saved and restored. r3-r18 are just
126 general purpose registers. r27 is the data pointer, and is
127 used to make references to global variables easier. r30 is