1 =================================
2 INTERNAL KERNEL ABI FOR FR-V ARCH
3 =================================
5 The internal FRV kernel ABI is not quite the same as the userspace ABI. A
6 number of the registers are used for special purposed, and the ABI is not
7 consistent between modules vs core, and MMU vs no-MMU.
9 This partly stems from the fact that FRV CPUs do not have a separate
10 supervisor stack pointer, and most of them do not have any scratch
11 registers, thus requiring at least one general purpose register to be
12 clobbered in such an event. Also, within the kernel core, it is possible to
13 simply jump or call directly between functions using a relative offset.
14 This cannot be extended to modules for the displacement is likely to be too
15 far. Thus in modules the address of a function to call must be calculated
16 in a register and then used, requiring two extra instructions.
18 This document has the following sections:
20 (*) System call register ABI
21 (*) CPU operating modes
22 (*) Internal kernel-mode register ABI
23 (*) Internal debug-mode register ABI
24 (*) Virtual interrupt handling
27 ========================
28 SYSTEM CALL REGISTER ABI
29 ========================
31 When a system call is made, the following registers are effective:
34 =============== ======================= =======================
35 GR7 System call number Preserved
36 GR8 Syscall arg #1 Return value
37 GR9-GR13 Syscall arg #2-6 Preserved
44 The FR-V CPU has three basic operating modes. In order of increasing
49 Basic userspace running mode.
53 Normal kernel mode. There are many additional control registers
54 available that may be accessed in this mode, in addition to all the
55 stuff available to user mode. This has two submodes:
57 (a) Exceptions enabled (PSR.T == 1).
59 Exceptions will invoke the appropriate normal kernel mode
60 handler. On entry to the handler, the PSR.T bit will be cleared.
62 (b) Exceptions disabled (PSR.T == 0).
64 No exceptions or interrupts may happen. Any mandatory exceptions
65 will cause the CPU to halt unless the CPU is told to jump into
70 No exceptions may happen in this mode. Memory protection and
71 management exceptions will be flagged for later consideration, but
72 the exception handler won't be invoked. Debugging traps such as
73 hardware breakpoints and watchpoints will be ignored. This mode is
74 entered only by debugging events obtained from the other two modes.
76 All kernel mode registers may be accessed, plus a few extra debugging
80 =================================
81 INTERNAL KERNEL-MODE REGISTER ABI
82 =================================
84 There are a number of permanent register assignments that are set up by
85 entry.S in the exception prologue. Note that there is a complete set of
86 exception prologues for each of user->kernel transition and kernel->kernel
87 transition. There are also user->debug and kernel->debug mode transition
92 =============== ======= ==============================================
93 GR1 Supervisor stack pointer
94 GR15 Current thread info pointer
95 GR16 GP-Rel base register for small data
96 GR28 Current exception frame pointer (__frame)
97 GR29 Current task pointer (current)
98 GR30 Destroyed by kernel mode entry
99 GR31 NOMMU Destroyed by debug mode entry
100 GR31 MMU Destroyed by TLB miss kernel mode entry
101 CCR.ICC2 Virtual interrupt disablement tracking
102 CCCR.CC3 Cleared by exception prologue
103 (atomic op emulation)
104 SCR0 MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
105 SCR1 MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
106 SCR2 MMU Save for EAR0 (destroyed by icache insns
108 SCR3 MMU Save for GR31 during debug exceptions
109 DAMR/IAMR NOMMU Fixed memory protection layout.
110 DAMR/IAMR MMU See mmu-layout.txt.
113 Certain registers are also used or modified across function calls:
116 =============== =============================== ======================
118 GR2 Function call frame pointer
119 GR3 Special Preserved
121 GR8 Function call arg #1 Return value
123 GR9 Function call arg #2 Return value MSW
125 GR10-GR13 Function call arg #3-#6 Clobbered
127 GR15-GR16 Special Preserved
128 GR17-GR27 - Preserved
129 GR28-GR31 Special Only accessed
131 LR Return address after CALL Clobbered
132 CCR/CCCR - Mostly Clobbered
135 ================================
136 INTERNAL DEBUG-MODE REGISTER ABI
137 ================================
139 This is the same as the kernel-mode register ABI for functions calls. The
140 difference is that in debug-mode there's a different stack and a different
141 exception frame. Almost all the global registers from kernel-mode
142 (including the stack pointer) may be changed.
145 =============== ======= ==============================================
146 GR1 Debug stack pointer
147 GR16 GP-Rel base register for small data
148 GR31 Current debug exception frame pointer
150 SCR3 MMU Saved value of GR31
153 Note that debug mode is able to interfere with the kernel's emulated atomic
154 ops, so it must be exceedingly careful not to do any that would interact
155 with the main kernel in this regard. Hence the debug mode code (gdbstub) is
156 almost completely self-contained. The only external code used is the
157 sprintf family of functions.
159 Furthermore, break.S is so complicated because single-step mode does not
160 switch off on entry to an exception. That means unless manually disabled,
161 single-stepping will blithely go on stepping into things like interrupts.
162 See gdbstub.txt for more information.
165 ==========================
166 VIRTUAL INTERRUPT HANDLING
167 ==========================
169 Because accesses to the PSR is so slow, and to disable interrupts we have
170 to access it twice (once to read and once to write), we don't actually
171 disable interrupts at all if we don't have to. What we do instead is use
172 the ICC2 condition code flags to note virtual disablement, such that if we
173 then do take an interrupt, we note the flag, really disable interrupts, set
174 another flag and resume execution at the point the interrupt happened.
175 Setting condition flags as a side effect of an arithmetic or logical
176 instruction is really fast. This use of the ICC2 only occurs within the
177 kernel - it does not affect userspace.
179 The flags we use are:
181 (*) CCR.ICC2.Z [Zero flag]
183 Set to virtually disable interrupts, clear when interrupts are
184 virtually enabled. Can be modified by logical instructions without
185 affecting the Carry flag.
187 (*) CCR.ICC2.C [Carry flag]
189 Clear to indicate hardware interrupts are really disabled, set otherwise.
192 What happens is this:
194 (1) Normal kernel-mode operation.
196 ICC2.Z is 0, ICC2.C is 1.
198 (2) An interrupt occurs. The exception prologue examines ICC2.Z and
199 determines that nothing needs doing. This is done simply with an
200 unlikely BEQ instruction.
202 (3) The interrupts are disabled (local_irq_disable)
206 (4) If interrupts were then re-enabled (local_irq_enable):
208 ICC2.Z would be set to 0.
210 A TIHI #2 instruction (trap #2 if condition HI - Z==0 && C==0) would
211 be used to trap if interrupts were now virtually enabled, but
212 physically disabled - which they're not, so the trap isn't taken. The
213 kernel would then be back to state (1).
215 (5) An interrupt occurs. The exception prologue examines ICC2.Z and
216 determines that the interrupt shouldn't actually have happened. It
217 jumps aside, and there disabled interrupts by setting PSR.PIL to 14
218 and then it clears ICC2.C.
220 (6) If interrupts were then saved and disabled again (local_irq_save):
222 ICC2.Z would be shifted into the save variable and masked off
225 ICC2.Z would then be set to 1 (thus unchanged), and ICC2.C would be
228 (7) If interrupts were then restored from state (6) (local_irq_restore):
230 ICC2.Z would be set to indicate the result of XOR'ing the saved
231 value (ie: 1) with 1, which gives a result of 0 - thus leaving
234 ICC2.C would remain unaffected (ie: 0).
236 A TIHI #2 instruction would be used to again assay the current state,
237 but this would do nothing as Z==1.
239 (8) If interrupts were then enabled (local_irq_enable):
241 ICC2.Z would be cleared. ICC2.C would be left unaffected. Both
242 flags would now be 0.
244 A TIHI #2 instruction again issued to assay the current state would
245 then trap as both Z==0 [interrupts virtually enabled] and C==0
246 [interrupts really disabled] would then be true.
248 (9) The trap #2 handler would simply enable hardware interrupts
249 (set PSR.PIL to 0), set ICC2.C to 1 and return.
251 (10) Immediately upon returning, the pending interrupt would be taken.
253 (11) The interrupt handler would take the path of actually processing the
254 interrupt (ICC2.Z is clear, BEQ fails as per step (2)).
256 (12) The interrupt handler would then set ICC2.C to 1 since hardware
257 interrupts are definitely enabled - or else the kernel wouldn't be here.
259 (13) On return from the interrupt handler, things would be back to state (1).
261 This trap (#2) is only available in kernel mode. In user mode it will