1 Wait/Wound Deadlock-Proof Mutex Design
2 ======================================
4 Please read mutex-design.txt first, as it applies to wait/wound mutexes too.
6 Motivation for WW-Mutexes
7 -------------------------
9 GPU's do operations that commonly involve many buffers. Those buffers
10 can be shared across contexts/processes, exist in different memory
11 domains (for example VRAM vs system memory), and so on. And with
12 PRIME / dmabuf, they can even be shared across devices. So there are
13 a handful of situations where the driver needs to wait for buffers to
14 become ready. If you think about this in terms of waiting on a buffer
15 mutex for it to become available, this presents a problem because
16 there is no way to guarantee that buffers appear in a execbuf/batch in
17 the same order in all contexts. That is directly under control of
18 userspace, and a result of the sequence of GL calls that an application
19 makes. Which results in the potential for deadlock. The problem gets
20 more complex when you consider that the kernel may need to migrate the
21 buffer(s) into VRAM before the GPU operates on the buffer(s), which
22 may in turn require evicting some other buffers (and you don't want to
23 evict other buffers which are already queued up to the GPU), but for a
24 simplified understanding of the problem you can ignore this.
26 The algorithm that the TTM graphics subsystem came up with for dealing with
27 this problem is quite simple. For each group of buffers (execbuf) that need
28 to be locked, the caller would be assigned a unique reservation id/ticket,
29 from a global counter. In case of deadlock while locking all the buffers
30 associated with a execbuf, the one with the lowest reservation ticket (i.e.
31 the oldest task) wins, and the one with the higher reservation id (i.e. the
32 younger task) unlocks all of the buffers that it has already locked, and then
35 In the RDBMS literature this deadlock handling approach is called wait/wound:
36 The older tasks waits until it can acquire the contended lock. The younger tasks
37 needs to back off and drop all the locks it is currently holding, i.e. the
38 younger task is wounded.
43 Compared to normal mutexes two additional concepts/objects show up in the lock
44 interface for w/w mutexes:
46 Acquire context: To ensure eventual forward progress it is important the a task
47 trying to acquire locks doesn't grab a new reservation id, but keeps the one it
48 acquired when starting the lock acquisition. This ticket is stored in the
49 acquire context. Furthermore the acquire context keeps track of debugging state
50 to catch w/w mutex interface abuse.
52 W/w class: In contrast to normal mutexes the lock class needs to be explicit for
53 w/w mutexes, since it is required to initialize the acquire context.
55 Furthermore there are three different class of w/w lock acquire functions:
57 * Normal lock acquisition with a context, using ww_mutex_lock.
59 * Slowpath lock acquisition on the contending lock, used by the wounded task
60 after having dropped all already acquired locks. These functions have the
63 From a simple semantics point-of-view the _slow functions are not strictly
64 required, since simply calling the normal ww_mutex_lock functions on the
65 contending lock (after having dropped all other already acquired locks) will
66 work correctly. After all if no other ww mutex has been acquired yet there's
67 no deadlock potential and hence the ww_mutex_lock call will block and not
68 prematurely return -EDEADLK. The advantage of the _slow functions is in
70 - ww_mutex_lock has a __must_check int return type, whereas ww_mutex_lock_slow
71 has a void return type. Note that since ww mutex code needs loops/retries
72 anyway the __must_check doesn't result in spurious warnings, even though the
73 very first lock operation can never fail.
74 - When full debugging is enabled ww_mutex_lock_slow checks that all acquired
75 ww mutex have been released (preventing deadlocks) and makes sure that we
76 block on the contending lock (preventing spinning through the -EDEADLK
77 slowpath until the contended lock can be acquired).
79 * Functions to only acquire a single w/w mutex, which results in the exact same
80 semantics as a normal mutex. This is done by calling ww_mutex_lock with a NULL
83 Again this is not strictly required. But often you only want to acquire a
84 single lock in which case it's pointless to set up an acquire context (and so
85 better to avoid grabbing a deadlock avoidance ticket).
87 Of course, all the usual variants for handling wake-ups due to signals are also
93 Three different ways to acquire locks within the same w/w class. Common
94 definitions for methods #1 and #2:
96 static DEFINE_WW_CLASS(ww_class);
104 struct list_head head;
108 Method 1, using a list in execbuf->buffers that's not allowed to be reordered.
109 This is useful if a list of required objects is already tracked somewhere.
110 Furthermore the lock helper can use propagate the -EALREADY return code back to
111 the caller as a signal that an object is twice on the list. This is useful if
112 the list is constructed from userspace input and the ABI requires userspace to
113 not have duplicate entries (e.g. for a gpu commandbuffer submission ioctl).
115 int lock_objs(struct list_head *list, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
117 struct obj *res_obj = NULL;
118 struct obj_entry *contended_entry = NULL;
119 struct obj_entry *entry;
121 ww_acquire_init(ctx, &ww_class);
124 list_for_each_entry (entry, list, head) {
125 if (entry->obj == res_obj) {
129 ret = ww_mutex_lock(&entry->obj->lock, ctx);
131 contended_entry = entry;
136 ww_acquire_done(ctx);
140 list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse (entry, list, head)
141 ww_mutex_unlock(&entry->obj->lock);
144 ww_mutex_unlock(&res_obj->lock);
146 if (ret == -EDEADLK) {
147 /* we lost out in a seqno race, lock and retry.. */
148 ww_mutex_lock_slow(&contended_entry->obj->lock, ctx);
149 res_obj = contended_entry->obj;
152 ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
157 Method 2, using a list in execbuf->buffers that can be reordered. Same semantics
158 of duplicate entry detection using -EALREADY as method 1 above. But the
159 list-reordering allows for a bit more idiomatic code.
161 int lock_objs(struct list_head *list, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
163 struct obj_entry *entry, *entry2;
165 ww_acquire_init(ctx, &ww_class);
167 list_for_each_entry (entry, list, head) {
168 ret = ww_mutex_lock(&entry->obj->lock, ctx);
172 list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse (entry2, list, head)
173 ww_mutex_unlock(&entry2->obj->lock);
175 if (ret != -EDEADLK) {
176 ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
180 /* we lost out in a seqno race, lock and retry.. */
181 ww_mutex_lock_slow(&entry->obj->lock, ctx);
184 * Move buf to head of the list, this will point
185 * buf->next to the first unlocked entry,
186 * restarting the for loop.
188 list_del(&entry->head);
189 list_add(&entry->head, list);
193 ww_acquire_done(ctx);
197 Unlocking works the same way for both methods #1 and #2:
199 void unlock_objs(struct list_head *list, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
201 struct obj_entry *entry;
203 list_for_each_entry (entry, list, head)
204 ww_mutex_unlock(&entry->obj->lock);
206 ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
209 Method 3 is useful if the list of objects is constructed ad-hoc and not upfront,
210 e.g. when adjusting edges in a graph where each node has its own ww_mutex lock,
211 and edges can only be changed when holding the locks of all involved nodes. w/w
212 mutexes are a natural fit for such a case for two reasons:
213 - They can handle lock-acquisition in any order which allows us to start walking
214 a graph from a starting point and then iteratively discovering new edges and
215 locking down the nodes those edges connect to.
216 - Due to the -EALREADY return code signalling that a given objects is already
217 held there's no need for additional book-keeping to break cycles in the graph
218 or keep track off which looks are already held (when using more than one node
219 as a starting point).
221 Note that this approach differs in two important ways from the above methods:
222 - Since the list of objects is dynamically constructed (and might very well be
223 different when retrying due to hitting the -EDEADLK wound condition) there's
224 no need to keep any object on a persistent list when it's not locked. We can
225 therefore move the list_head into the object itself.
226 - On the other hand the dynamic object list construction also means that the -EALREADY return
227 code can't be propagated.
229 Note also that methods #1 and #2 and method #3 can be combined, e.g. to first lock a
230 list of starting nodes (passed in from userspace) using one of the above
231 methods. And then lock any additional objects affected by the operations using
232 method #3 below. The backoff/retry procedure will be a bit more involved, since
233 when the dynamic locking step hits -EDEADLK we also need to unlock all the
234 objects acquired with the fixed list. But the w/w mutex debug checks will catch
235 any interface misuse for these cases.
237 Also, method 3 can't fail the lock acquisition step since it doesn't return
238 -EALREADY. Of course this would be different when using the _interruptible
239 variants, but that's outside of the scope of these examples here.
242 struct ww_mutex ww_mutex;
243 struct list_head locked_list;
246 static DEFINE_WW_CLASS(ww_class);
248 void __unlock_objs(struct list_head *list)
250 struct obj *entry, *temp;
252 list_for_each_entry_safe (entry, temp, list, locked_list) {
253 /* need to do that before unlocking, since only the current lock holder is
254 allowed to use object */
255 list_del(&entry->locked_list);
256 ww_mutex_unlock(entry->ww_mutex)
260 void lock_objs(struct list_head *list, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
264 ww_acquire_init(ctx, &ww_class);
267 /* re-init loop start state */
269 /* magic code which walks over a graph and decides which objects
272 ret = ww_mutex_lock(obj->ww_mutex, ctx);
273 if (ret == -EALREADY) {
274 /* we have that one already, get to the next object */
277 if (ret == -EDEADLK) {
280 ww_mutex_lock_slow(obj, ctx);
281 list_add(&entry->locked_list, list);
285 /* locked a new object, add it to the list */
286 list_add_tail(&entry->locked_list, list);
289 ww_acquire_done(ctx);
293 void unlock_objs(struct list_head *list, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
296 ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
299 Method 4: Only lock one single objects. In that case deadlock detection and
300 prevention is obviously overkill, since with grabbing just one lock you can't
301 produce a deadlock within just one class. To simplify this case the w/w mutex
302 api can be used with a NULL context.
304 Implementation Details
305 ----------------------
308 ww_mutex currently encapsulates a struct mutex, this means no extra overhead for
309 normal mutex locks, which are far more common. As such there is only a small
310 increase in code size if wait/wound mutexes are not used.
312 In general, not much contention is expected. The locks are typically used to
313 serialize access to resources for devices. The only way to make wakeups
314 smarter would be at the cost of adding a field to struct mutex_waiter. This
315 would add overhead to all cases where normal mutexes are used, and
316 ww_mutexes are generally less performance sensitive.
319 Special care has been taken to warn for as many cases of api abuse
320 as possible. Some common api abuses will be caught with
321 CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES, but CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING is recommended.
323 Some of the errors which will be warned about:
324 - Forgetting to call ww_acquire_fini or ww_acquire_init.
325 - Attempting to lock more mutexes after ww_acquire_done.
326 - Attempting to lock the wrong mutex after -EDEADLK and
327 unlocking all mutexes.
328 - Attempting to lock the right mutex after -EDEADLK,
329 before unlocking all mutexes.
331 - Calling ww_mutex_lock_slow before -EDEADLK was returned.
333 - Unlocking mutexes with the wrong unlock function.
334 - Calling one of the ww_acquire_* twice on the same context.
335 - Using a different ww_class for the mutex than for the ww_acquire_ctx.
336 - Normal lockdep errors that can result in deadlocks.
338 Some of the lockdep errors that can result in deadlocks:
339 - Calling ww_acquire_init to initialize a second ww_acquire_ctx before
340 having called ww_acquire_fini on the first.
341 - 'normal' deadlocks that can occur.
343 FIXME: Update this section once we have the TASK_DEADLOCK task state flag magic