4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Linus Torvalds
8 * This file contains the default values for the operation of the
9 * Linux VM subsystem. Fine-tuning documentation can be found in
10 * Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.
12 * Swap aging added 23.2.95, Stephen Tweedie.
13 * Buffermem limits added 12.3.98, Rik van Riel.
17 #include <linux/sched.h>
18 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
19 #include <linux/swap.h>
20 #include <linux/mman.h>
21 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
22 #include <linux/pagevec.h>
23 #include <linux/init.h>
24 #include <linux/export.h>
25 #include <linux/mm_inline.h>
26 #include <linux/percpu_counter.h>
27 #include <linux/percpu.h>
28 #include <linux/cpu.h>
29 #include <linux/notifier.h>
30 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
31 #include <linux/memcontrol.h>
32 #include <linux/gfp.h>
36 /* How many pages do we try to swap or page in/out together? */
39 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec
[NR_LRU_LISTS
], lru_add_pvecs
);
40 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec
, lru_rotate_pvecs
);
41 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec
, lru_deactivate_pvecs
);
44 * This path almost never happens for VM activity - pages are normally
45 * freed via pagevecs. But it gets used by networking.
47 static void __page_cache_release(struct page
*page
)
50 struct zone
*zone
= page_zone(page
);
51 struct lruvec
*lruvec
;
54 spin_lock_irqsave(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
55 lruvec
= mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page
, zone
);
56 VM_BUG_ON(!PageLRU(page
));
58 del_page_from_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, page_off_lru(page
));
59 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
63 static void __put_single_page(struct page
*page
)
65 __page_cache_release(page
);
66 free_hot_cold_page(page
, 0);
69 static void __put_compound_page(struct page
*page
)
71 compound_page_dtor
*dtor
;
73 __page_cache_release(page
);
74 dtor
= get_compound_page_dtor(page
);
78 static void put_compound_page(struct page
*page
)
80 if (unlikely(PageTail(page
))) {
81 /* __split_huge_page_refcount can run under us */
82 struct page
*page_head
= compound_trans_head(page
);
84 if (likely(page
!= page_head
&&
85 get_page_unless_zero(page_head
))) {
89 * THP can not break up slab pages so avoid taking
90 * compound_lock(). Slab performs non-atomic bit ops
91 * on page->flags for better performance. In particular
92 * slab_unlock() in slub used to be a hot path. It is
93 * still hot on arches that do not support
94 * this_cpu_cmpxchg_double().
96 if (PageSlab(page_head
)) {
98 if (put_page_testzero(page_head
))
101 atomic_dec(&page
->_mapcount
);
107 * page_head wasn't a dangling pointer but it
108 * may not be a head page anymore by the time
109 * we obtain the lock. That is ok as long as it
110 * can't be freed from under us.
112 flags
= compound_lock_irqsave(page_head
);
113 if (unlikely(!PageTail(page
))) {
114 /* __split_huge_page_refcount run before us */
115 compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head
, flags
);
117 if (put_page_testzero(page_head
))
118 __put_single_page(page_head
);
120 if (put_page_testzero(page
))
121 __put_single_page(page
);
124 VM_BUG_ON(page_head
!= page
->first_page
);
126 * We can release the refcount taken by
127 * get_page_unless_zero() now that
128 * __split_huge_page_refcount() is blocked on
131 if (put_page_testzero(page_head
))
133 /* __split_huge_page_refcount will wait now */
134 VM_BUG_ON(page_mapcount(page
) <= 0);
135 atomic_dec(&page
->_mapcount
);
136 VM_BUG_ON(atomic_read(&page_head
->_count
) <= 0);
137 VM_BUG_ON(atomic_read(&page
->_count
) != 0);
138 compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head
, flags
);
141 if (put_page_testzero(page_head
)) {
142 if (PageHead(page_head
))
143 __put_compound_page(page_head
);
145 __put_single_page(page_head
);
148 /* page_head is a dangling pointer */
149 VM_BUG_ON(PageTail(page
));
152 } else if (put_page_testzero(page
)) {
154 __put_compound_page(page
);
156 __put_single_page(page
);
160 void put_page(struct page
*page
)
162 if (unlikely(PageCompound(page
)))
163 put_compound_page(page
);
164 else if (put_page_testzero(page
))
165 __put_single_page(page
);
167 EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_page
);
170 * This function is exported but must not be called by anything other
171 * than get_page(). It implements the slow path of get_page().
173 bool __get_page_tail(struct page
*page
)
176 * This takes care of get_page() if run on a tail page
177 * returned by one of the get_user_pages/follow_page variants.
178 * get_user_pages/follow_page itself doesn't need the compound
179 * lock because it runs __get_page_tail_foll() under the
180 * proper PT lock that already serializes against
185 struct page
*page_head
= compound_trans_head(page
);
187 if (likely(page
!= page_head
&& get_page_unless_zero(page_head
))) {
189 /* Ref to put_compound_page() comment. */
190 if (PageSlab(page_head
)) {
191 if (likely(PageTail(page
))) {
192 __get_page_tail_foll(page
, false);
201 * page_head wasn't a dangling pointer but it
202 * may not be a head page anymore by the time
203 * we obtain the lock. That is ok as long as it
204 * can't be freed from under us.
206 flags
= compound_lock_irqsave(page_head
);
207 /* here __split_huge_page_refcount won't run anymore */
208 if (likely(PageTail(page
))) {
209 __get_page_tail_foll(page
, false);
212 compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head
, flags
);
218 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__get_page_tail
);
221 * put_pages_list() - release a list of pages
222 * @pages: list of pages threaded on page->lru
224 * Release a list of pages which are strung together on page.lru. Currently
225 * used by read_cache_pages() and related error recovery code.
227 void put_pages_list(struct list_head
*pages
)
229 while (!list_empty(pages
)) {
232 victim
= list_entry(pages
->prev
, struct page
, lru
);
233 list_del(&victim
->lru
);
234 page_cache_release(victim
);
237 EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_pages_list
);
239 static void pagevec_lru_move_fn(struct pagevec
*pvec
,
240 void (*move_fn
)(struct page
*page
, struct lruvec
*lruvec
, void *arg
),
244 struct zone
*zone
= NULL
;
245 struct lruvec
*lruvec
;
246 unsigned long flags
= 0;
248 for (i
= 0; i
< pagevec_count(pvec
); i
++) {
249 struct page
*page
= pvec
->pages
[i
];
250 struct zone
*pagezone
= page_zone(page
);
252 if (pagezone
!= zone
) {
254 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
256 spin_lock_irqsave(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
259 lruvec
= mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page
, zone
);
260 (*move_fn
)(page
, lruvec
, arg
);
263 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
264 release_pages(pvec
->pages
, pvec
->nr
, pvec
->cold
);
265 pagevec_reinit(pvec
);
268 static void pagevec_move_tail_fn(struct page
*page
, struct lruvec
*lruvec
,
273 if (PageLRU(page
) && !PageActive(page
) && !PageUnevictable(page
)) {
274 enum lru_list lru
= page_lru_base_type(page
);
275 list_move_tail(&page
->lru
, &lruvec
->lists
[lru
]);
281 * pagevec_move_tail() must be called with IRQ disabled.
282 * Otherwise this may cause nasty races.
284 static void pagevec_move_tail(struct pagevec
*pvec
)
288 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, pagevec_move_tail_fn
, &pgmoved
);
289 __count_vm_events(PGROTATED
, pgmoved
);
293 * Writeback is about to end against a page which has been marked for immediate
294 * reclaim. If it still appears to be reclaimable, move it to the tail of the
297 void rotate_reclaimable_page(struct page
*page
)
299 if (!PageLocked(page
) && !PageDirty(page
) && !PageActive(page
) &&
300 !PageUnevictable(page
) && PageLRU(page
)) {
301 struct pagevec
*pvec
;
304 page_cache_get(page
);
305 local_irq_save(flags
);
306 pvec
= &__get_cpu_var(lru_rotate_pvecs
);
307 if (!pagevec_add(pvec
, page
))
308 pagevec_move_tail(pvec
);
309 local_irq_restore(flags
);
313 static void update_page_reclaim_stat(struct lruvec
*lruvec
,
314 int file
, int rotated
)
316 struct zone_reclaim_stat
*reclaim_stat
= &lruvec
->reclaim_stat
;
318 reclaim_stat
->recent_scanned
[file
]++;
320 reclaim_stat
->recent_rotated
[file
]++;
323 static void __activate_page(struct page
*page
, struct lruvec
*lruvec
,
326 if (PageLRU(page
) && !PageActive(page
) && !PageUnevictable(page
)) {
327 int file
= page_is_file_cache(page
);
328 int lru
= page_lru_base_type(page
);
330 del_page_from_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, lru
);
333 add_page_to_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, lru
);
335 __count_vm_event(PGACTIVATE
);
336 update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec
, file
, 1);
341 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec
, activate_page_pvecs
);
343 static void activate_page_drain(int cpu
)
345 struct pagevec
*pvec
= &per_cpu(activate_page_pvecs
, cpu
);
347 if (pagevec_count(pvec
))
348 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, __activate_page
, NULL
);
351 void activate_page(struct page
*page
)
353 if (PageLRU(page
) && !PageActive(page
) && !PageUnevictable(page
)) {
354 struct pagevec
*pvec
= &get_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs
);
356 page_cache_get(page
);
357 if (!pagevec_add(pvec
, page
))
358 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, __activate_page
, NULL
);
359 put_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs
);
364 static inline void activate_page_drain(int cpu
)
368 void activate_page(struct page
*page
)
370 struct zone
*zone
= page_zone(page
);
372 spin_lock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
373 __activate_page(page
, mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page
, zone
), NULL
);
374 spin_unlock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
379 * Mark a page as having seen activity.
381 * inactive,unreferenced -> inactive,referenced
382 * inactive,referenced -> active,unreferenced
383 * active,unreferenced -> active,referenced
385 void mark_page_accessed(struct page
*page
)
387 if (!PageActive(page
) && !PageUnevictable(page
) &&
388 PageReferenced(page
) && PageLRU(page
)) {
390 ClearPageReferenced(page
);
391 } else if (!PageReferenced(page
)) {
392 SetPageReferenced(page
);
395 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_page_accessed
);
397 void __lru_cache_add(struct page
*page
, enum lru_list lru
)
399 struct pagevec
*pvec
= &get_cpu_var(lru_add_pvecs
)[lru
];
401 page_cache_get(page
);
402 if (!pagevec_add(pvec
, page
))
403 __pagevec_lru_add(pvec
, lru
);
404 put_cpu_var(lru_add_pvecs
);
406 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__lru_cache_add
);
409 * lru_cache_add_lru - add a page to a page list
410 * @page: the page to be added to the LRU.
411 * @lru: the LRU list to which the page is added.
413 void lru_cache_add_lru(struct page
*page
, enum lru_list lru
)
415 if (PageActive(page
)) {
416 VM_BUG_ON(PageUnevictable(page
));
417 ClearPageActive(page
);
418 } else if (PageUnevictable(page
)) {
419 VM_BUG_ON(PageActive(page
));
420 ClearPageUnevictable(page
);
423 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page
) || PageActive(page
) || PageUnevictable(page
));
424 __lru_cache_add(page
, lru
);
428 * add_page_to_unevictable_list - add a page to the unevictable list
429 * @page: the page to be added to the unevictable list
431 * Add page directly to its zone's unevictable list. To avoid races with
432 * tasks that might be making the page evictable, through eg. munlock,
433 * munmap or exit, while it's not on the lru, we want to add the page
434 * while it's locked or otherwise "invisible" to other tasks. This is
435 * difficult to do when using the pagevec cache, so bypass that.
437 void add_page_to_unevictable_list(struct page
*page
)
439 struct zone
*zone
= page_zone(page
);
440 struct lruvec
*lruvec
;
442 spin_lock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
443 lruvec
= mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page
, zone
);
444 SetPageUnevictable(page
);
446 add_page_to_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, LRU_UNEVICTABLE
);
447 spin_unlock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
451 * If the page can not be invalidated, it is moved to the
452 * inactive list to speed up its reclaim. It is moved to the
453 * head of the list, rather than the tail, to give the flusher
454 * threads some time to write it out, as this is much more
455 * effective than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
457 * If the page isn't page_mapped and dirty/writeback, the page
458 * could reclaim asap using PG_reclaim.
460 * 1. active, mapped page -> none
461 * 2. active, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
462 * 3. inactive, mapped page -> none
463 * 4. inactive, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
464 * 5. inactive, clean -> inactive, tail
467 * In 4, why it moves inactive's head, the VM expects the page would
468 * be write it out by flusher threads as this is much more effective
469 * than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
471 static void lru_deactivate_fn(struct page
*page
, struct lruvec
*lruvec
,
480 if (PageUnevictable(page
))
483 /* Some processes are using the page */
484 if (page_mapped(page
))
487 active
= PageActive(page
);
488 file
= page_is_file_cache(page
);
489 lru
= page_lru_base_type(page
);
491 del_page_from_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, lru
+ active
);
492 ClearPageActive(page
);
493 ClearPageReferenced(page
);
494 add_page_to_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, lru
);
496 if (PageWriteback(page
) || PageDirty(page
)) {
498 * PG_reclaim could be raced with end_page_writeback
499 * It can make readahead confusing. But race window
500 * is _really_ small and it's non-critical problem.
502 SetPageReclaim(page
);
505 * The page's writeback ends up during pagevec
506 * We moves tha page into tail of inactive.
508 list_move_tail(&page
->lru
, &lruvec
->lists
[lru
]);
509 __count_vm_event(PGROTATED
);
513 __count_vm_event(PGDEACTIVATE
);
514 update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec
, file
, 0);
518 * Drain pages out of the cpu's pagevecs.
519 * Either "cpu" is the current CPU, and preemption has already been
520 * disabled; or "cpu" is being hot-unplugged, and is already dead.
522 void lru_add_drain_cpu(int cpu
)
524 struct pagevec
*pvecs
= per_cpu(lru_add_pvecs
, cpu
);
525 struct pagevec
*pvec
;
529 pvec
= &pvecs
[lru
- LRU_BASE
];
530 if (pagevec_count(pvec
))
531 __pagevec_lru_add(pvec
, lru
);
534 pvec
= &per_cpu(lru_rotate_pvecs
, cpu
);
535 if (pagevec_count(pvec
)) {
538 /* No harm done if a racing interrupt already did this */
539 local_irq_save(flags
);
540 pagevec_move_tail(pvec
);
541 local_irq_restore(flags
);
544 pvec
= &per_cpu(lru_deactivate_pvecs
, cpu
);
545 if (pagevec_count(pvec
))
546 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, lru_deactivate_fn
, NULL
);
548 activate_page_drain(cpu
);
552 * deactivate_page - forcefully deactivate a page
553 * @page: page to deactivate
555 * This function hints the VM that @page is a good reclaim candidate,
556 * for example if its invalidation fails due to the page being dirty
557 * or under writeback.
559 void deactivate_page(struct page
*page
)
562 * In a workload with many unevictable page such as mprotect, unevictable
563 * page deactivation for accelerating reclaim is pointless.
565 if (PageUnevictable(page
))
568 if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page
))) {
569 struct pagevec
*pvec
= &get_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs
);
571 if (!pagevec_add(pvec
, page
))
572 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, lru_deactivate_fn
, NULL
);
573 put_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs
);
577 void lru_add_drain(void)
579 lru_add_drain_cpu(get_cpu());
583 static void lru_add_drain_per_cpu(struct work_struct
*dummy
)
589 * Returns 0 for success
591 int lru_add_drain_all(void)
593 return schedule_on_each_cpu(lru_add_drain_per_cpu
);
597 * Batched page_cache_release(). Decrement the reference count on all the
598 * passed pages. If it fell to zero then remove the page from the LRU and
601 * Avoid taking zone->lru_lock if possible, but if it is taken, retain it
602 * for the remainder of the operation.
604 * The locking in this function is against shrink_inactive_list(): we recheck
605 * the page count inside the lock to see whether shrink_inactive_list()
606 * grabbed the page via the LRU. If it did, give up: shrink_inactive_list()
609 void release_pages(struct page
**pages
, int nr
, int cold
)
612 LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free
);
613 struct zone
*zone
= NULL
;
614 struct lruvec
*lruvec
;
615 unsigned long uninitialized_var(flags
);
617 for (i
= 0; i
< nr
; i
++) {
618 struct page
*page
= pages
[i
];
620 if (unlikely(PageCompound(page
))) {
622 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
625 put_compound_page(page
);
629 if (!put_page_testzero(page
))
633 struct zone
*pagezone
= page_zone(page
);
635 if (pagezone
!= zone
) {
637 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
,
640 spin_lock_irqsave(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
643 lruvec
= mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page
, zone
);
644 VM_BUG_ON(!PageLRU(page
));
645 __ClearPageLRU(page
);
646 del_page_from_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, page_off_lru(page
));
649 list_add(&page
->lru
, &pages_to_free
);
652 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lru_lock
, flags
);
654 free_hot_cold_page_list(&pages_to_free
, cold
);
656 EXPORT_SYMBOL(release_pages
);
659 * The pages which we're about to release may be in the deferred lru-addition
660 * queues. That would prevent them from really being freed right now. That's
661 * OK from a correctness point of view but is inefficient - those pages may be
662 * cache-warm and we want to give them back to the page allocator ASAP.
664 * So __pagevec_release() will drain those queues here. __pagevec_lru_add()
665 * and __pagevec_lru_add_active() call release_pages() directly to avoid
668 void __pagevec_release(struct pagevec
*pvec
)
671 release_pages(pvec
->pages
, pagevec_count(pvec
), pvec
->cold
);
672 pagevec_reinit(pvec
);
674 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_release
);
676 #ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
677 /* used by __split_huge_page_refcount() */
678 void lru_add_page_tail(struct page
*page
, struct page
*page_tail
,
679 struct lruvec
*lruvec
)
681 int uninitialized_var(active
);
685 VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(page
));
686 VM_BUG_ON(PageCompound(page_tail
));
687 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page_tail
));
688 VM_BUG_ON(NR_CPUS
!= 1 &&
689 !spin_is_locked(&lruvec_zone(lruvec
)->lru_lock
));
691 SetPageLRU(page_tail
);
693 if (page_evictable(page_tail
, NULL
)) {
694 if (PageActive(page
)) {
695 SetPageActive(page_tail
);
697 lru
= LRU_ACTIVE_ANON
;
700 lru
= LRU_INACTIVE_ANON
;
703 SetPageUnevictable(page_tail
);
704 lru
= LRU_UNEVICTABLE
;
707 if (likely(PageLRU(page
)))
708 list_add_tail(&page_tail
->lru
, &page
->lru
);
710 struct list_head
*list_head
;
712 * Head page has not yet been counted, as an hpage,
713 * so we must account for each subpage individually.
715 * Use the standard add function to put page_tail on the list,
716 * but then correct its position so they all end up in order.
718 add_page_to_lru_list(page_tail
, lruvec
, lru
);
719 list_head
= page_tail
->lru
.prev
;
720 list_move_tail(&page_tail
->lru
, list_head
);
723 if (!PageUnevictable(page
))
724 update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec
, file
, active
);
726 #endif /* CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE */
728 static void __pagevec_lru_add_fn(struct page
*page
, struct lruvec
*lruvec
,
731 enum lru_list lru
= (enum lru_list
)arg
;
732 int file
= is_file_lru(lru
);
733 int active
= is_active_lru(lru
);
735 VM_BUG_ON(PageActive(page
));
736 VM_BUG_ON(PageUnevictable(page
));
737 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page
));
742 add_page_to_lru_list(page
, lruvec
, lru
);
743 update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec
, file
, active
);
747 * Add the passed pages to the LRU, then drop the caller's refcount
748 * on them. Reinitialises the caller's pagevec.
750 void __pagevec_lru_add(struct pagevec
*pvec
, enum lru_list lru
)
752 VM_BUG_ON(is_unevictable_lru(lru
));
754 pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec
, __pagevec_lru_add_fn
, (void *)lru
);
756 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_lru_add
);
759 * pagevec_lookup - gang pagecache lookup
760 * @pvec: Where the resulting pages are placed
761 * @mapping: The address_space to search
762 * @start: The starting page index
763 * @nr_pages: The maximum number of pages
765 * pagevec_lookup() will search for and return a group of up to @nr_pages pages
766 * in the mapping. The pages are placed in @pvec. pagevec_lookup() takes a
767 * reference against the pages in @pvec.
769 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous pages with ascending
770 * indexes. There may be holes in the indices due to not-present pages.
772 * pagevec_lookup() returns the number of pages which were found.
774 unsigned pagevec_lookup(struct pagevec
*pvec
, struct address_space
*mapping
,
775 pgoff_t start
, unsigned nr_pages
)
777 pvec
->nr
= find_get_pages(mapping
, start
, nr_pages
, pvec
->pages
);
778 return pagevec_count(pvec
);
780 EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup
);
782 unsigned pagevec_lookup_tag(struct pagevec
*pvec
, struct address_space
*mapping
,
783 pgoff_t
*index
, int tag
, unsigned nr_pages
)
785 pvec
->nr
= find_get_pages_tag(mapping
, index
, tag
,
786 nr_pages
, pvec
->pages
);
787 return pagevec_count(pvec
);
789 EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup_tag
);
792 * Perform any setup for the swap system
794 void __init
swap_setup(void)
796 unsigned long megs
= totalram_pages
>> (20 - PAGE_SHIFT
);
799 bdi_init(swapper_space
.backing_dev_info
);
802 /* Use a smaller cluster for small-memory machines */
808 * Right now other parts of the system means that we
809 * _really_ don't want to cluster much more