1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
7 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
8 way similar to a tracing garbage collector
9 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29#Tracing_garbage_collectors),
10 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
11 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
12 Valgrind tool (memcheck --leak-check) to detect the memory leaks in
13 user-space applications.
15 Please check DEBUG_KMEMLEAK dependencies in lib/Kconfig.debug for supported
21 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
22 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
23 number of new unreferenced objects found. To display the details of all
24 the possible memory leaks:
26 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
27 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
29 To trigger an intermediate memory scan:
31 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
33 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks:
35 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
37 New leaks will then come up upon reading /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
40 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
41 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
42 objects to be reported as orphan.
44 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
45 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file. The following parameters are supported:
47 off - disable kmemleak (irreversible)
48 stack=on - enable the task stacks scanning (default)
49 stack=off - disable the tasks stacks scanning
50 scan=on - start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
51 scan=off - stop the automatic memory scanning thread
52 scan=<secs> - set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
53 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
54 scan - trigger a memory scan
55 clear - clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
56 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey
57 dump=<addr> - dump information about the object found at <addr>
59 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing "kmemleak=off" on
60 the kernel command line.
62 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
63 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
64 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE option.
69 The memory allocations via kmalloc, vmalloc, kmem_cache_alloc and
70 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
71 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a prio search tree.
72 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
73 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
75 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
76 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
77 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
78 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
79 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
82 The scanning algorithm steps:
84 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
86 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
87 the values against the addresses stored in the prio search tree. If
88 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
90 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
91 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
93 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
94 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
96 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
97 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
98 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
99 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
100 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
102 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
103 ---------------------------------------
105 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
106 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
107 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
108 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
109 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
110 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
111 specific sections of code.
113 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do:
115 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
116 ... test your kernel or modules ...
117 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
119 Then as usual to get your report with:
121 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
126 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
128 kmemleak_init - initialize kmemleak
129 kmemleak_alloc - notify of a memory block allocation
130 kmemleak_free - notify of a memory block freeing
131 kmemleak_not_leak - mark an object as not a leak
132 kmemleak_ignore - do not scan or report an object as leak
133 kmemleak_scan_area - add scan areas inside a memory block
134 kmemleak_no_scan - do not scan a memory block
135 kmemleak_erase - erase an old value in a pointer variable
136 kmemleak_alloc_recursive - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
137 kmemleak_free_recursive - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
139 Dealing with false positives/negatives
140 --------------------------------------
142 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
143 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
144 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
145 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
146 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
147 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
149 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
150 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
151 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
152 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
155 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
156 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
157 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
158 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
160 Limitations and Drawbacks
161 -------------------------
163 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
164 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
165 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
166 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
167 most important requirement.
169 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
170 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
171 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
172 will eventually become visible.
174 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
175 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
176 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
177 the false negative cases described above.
179 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
180 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
181 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
182 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
184 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.