1 SECure COMPuting with filters
2 =============================
7 A large number of system calls are exposed to every userland process
8 with many of them going unused for the entire lifetime of the process.
9 As system calls change and mature, bugs are found and eradicated. A
10 certain subset of userland applications benefit by having a reduced set
11 of available system calls. The resulting set reduces the total kernel
12 surface exposed to the application. System call filtering is meant for
13 use with those applications.
15 Seccomp filtering provides a means for a process to specify a filter for
16 incoming system calls. The filter is expressed as a Berkeley Packet
17 Filter (BPF) program, as with socket filters, except that the data
18 operated on is related to the system call being made: system call
19 number and the system call arguments. This allows for expressive
20 filtering of system calls using a filter program language with a long
21 history of being exposed to userland and a straightforward data set.
23 Additionally, BPF makes it impossible for users of seccomp to fall prey
24 to time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) attacks that are common in system
25 call interposition frameworks. BPF programs may not dereference
26 pointers which constrains all filters to solely evaluating the system
27 call arguments directly.
32 System call filtering isn't a sandbox. It provides a clearly defined
33 mechanism for minimizing the exposed kernel surface. It is meant to be
34 a tool for sandbox developers to use. Beyond that, policy for logical
35 behavior and information flow should be managed with a combination of
36 other system hardening techniques and, potentially, an LSM of your
37 choosing. Expressive, dynamic filters provide further options down this
38 path (avoiding pathological sizes or selecting which of the multiplexed
39 system calls in socketcall() is allowed, for instance) which could be
40 construed, incorrectly, as a more complete sandboxing solution.
45 An additional seccomp mode is added and is enabled using the same
46 prctl(2) call as the strict seccomp. If the architecture has
47 CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_SECCOMP_FILTER, then filters may be added as below:
50 Now takes an additional argument which specifies a new filter
52 The BPF program will be executed over struct seccomp_data
53 reflecting the system call number, arguments, and other
54 metadata. The BPF program must then return one of the
55 acceptable values to inform the kernel which action should be
59 prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, prog);
61 The 'prog' argument is a pointer to a struct sock_fprog which
62 will contain the filter program. If the program is invalid, the
63 call will return -1 and set errno to EINVAL.
65 If fork/clone and execve are allowed by @prog, any child
66 processes will be constrained to the same filters and system
67 call ABI as the parent.
69 Prior to use, the task must call prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1) or
70 run with CAP_SYS_ADMIN privileges in its namespace. If these are not
71 true, -EACCES will be returned. This requirement ensures that filter
72 programs cannot be applied to child processes with greater privileges
73 than the task that installed them.
75 Additionally, if prctl(2) is allowed by the attached filter,
76 additional filters may be layered on which will increase evaluation
77 time, but allow for further decreasing the attack surface during
78 execution of a process.
80 The above call returns 0 on success and non-zero on error.
84 A seccomp filter may return any of the following values. If multiple
85 filters exist, the return value for the evaluation of a given system
86 call will always use the highest precedent value. (For example,
87 SECCOMP_RET_KILL will always take precedence.)
89 In precedence order, they are:
92 Results in the task exiting immediately without executing the
93 system call. The exit status of the task (status & 0x7f) will
94 be SIGSYS, not SIGKILL.
97 Results in the kernel sending a SIGSYS signal to the triggering
98 task without executing the system call. The kernel will
99 rollback the register state to just before the system call
100 entry such that a signal handler in the task will be able to
101 inspect the ucontext_t->uc_mcontext registers and emulate
102 system call success or failure upon return from the signal
105 The SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the return value will be passed
108 SIGSYS triggered by seccomp will have a si_code of SYS_SECCOMP.
111 Results in the lower 16-bits of the return value being passed
112 to userland as the errno without executing the system call.
115 When returned, this value will cause the kernel to attempt to
116 notify a ptrace()-based tracer prior to executing the system
117 call. If there is no tracer present, -ENOSYS is returned to
118 userland and the system call is not executed.
120 A tracer will be notified if it requests PTRACE_O_TRACESECCOMP
121 using ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS). The tracer will be notified
122 of a PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP and the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of
123 the BPF program return value will be available to the tracer
124 via PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG.
127 Results in the system call being executed.
129 If multiple filters exist, the return value for the evaluation of a
130 given system call will always use the highest precedent value.
132 Precedence is only determined using the SECCOMP_RET_ACTION mask. When
133 multiple filters return values of the same precedence, only the
134 SECCOMP_RET_DATA from the most recently installed filter will be
140 The biggest pitfall to avoid during use is filtering on system call
141 number without checking the architecture value. Why? On any
142 architecture that supports multiple system call invocation conventions,
143 the system call numbers may vary based on the specific invocation. If
144 the numbers in the different calling conventions overlap, then checks in
145 the filters may be abused. Always check the arch value!
150 The samples/seccomp/ directory contains both an x86-specific example
151 and a more generic example of a higher level macro interface for BPF
156 Adding architecture support
157 -----------------------
159 See arch/Kconfig for the authoritative requirements. In general, if an
160 architecture supports both ptrace_event and seccomp, it will be able to
161 support seccomp filter with minor fixup: SIGSYS support and seccomp return
162 value checking. Then it must just add CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_SECCOMP_FILTER
163 to its arch-specific Kconfig.