5 This is a development version of the ext4 filesystem, an advanced level
6 of the ext3 filesystem which incorporates scalability and reliability
7 enhancements for supporting large filesystems (64 bit) in keeping with
8 increasing disk capacities and state-of-the-art feature requirements.
10 Mailing list: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
13 1. Quick usage instructions:
14 ===========================
16 - Grab updated e2fsprogs from
17 ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs-interim/
18 This is a patchset on top of e2fsprogs-1.39, which can be found at
19 ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/
21 - It's still mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
23 - mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev
27 mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev -o extents
29 - The filesystem is compatible with the ext3 driver until you add a file
30 which has extents (ie: `mount -o extents', then create a file).
32 NOTE: The "extents" mount flag is temporary. It will soon go away and
33 extents will be enabled by the "-o extents" flag to mke2fs or tune2fs
35 - When comparing performance with other filesystems, remember that
36 ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most. So
37 when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, use `mount -o
38 data=writeback'. And you might as well use `mount -o nobh' too along
39 with it. Making the journal larger than the mke2fs default often helps
40 performance with metadata-intensive workloads.
45 2.1 Currently available
47 * ability to use filesystems > 16TB
48 * extent format reduces metadata overhead (RAM, IO for access, transactions)
49 * extent format more robust in face of on-disk corruption due to magics,
50 * internal redunancy in tree
52 2.1 Previously available, soon to be enabled by default by "mkefs.ext4":
54 * dir_index and resize inode will be on by default
55 * large inodes will be used by default for fast EAs, nsec timestamps, etc
57 2.2 Candidate features for future inclusion
59 There are several under discussion, whether they all make it in is
60 partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them:
62 * improved file allocation (multi-block alloc, delayed alloc; basically done)
63 * fix 32000 subdirectory limit (patch exists, needs some e2fsck work)
64 * nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time (patch exists,
65 needs some e2fsck work)
66 * inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre; prototype exists)
67 * reduced mke2fs/e2fsck time via uninitialized groups (prototype exists)
68 * journal checksumming for robustness, performance (prototype exists)
69 * persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)
71 Features like metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for
72 a bit but no patches exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term
75 The big performance win will come with mballoc and delalloc. CFS has
76 been using mballoc for a few years already with Lustre, and IBM + Bull
77 did a lot of benchmarking on it. The reason it isn't in the first set of
78 patches is partly a manageability issue, and partly because it doesn't
79 directly affect the on-disk format (outside of much better allocation)
80 so it isn't critical to get into the first round of changes. I believe
81 Alex is working on a new set of patches right now.
86 When mounting an ext4 filesystem, the following option are accepted:
89 extents ext4 will use extents to address file data. The
90 file system will no longer be mountable by ext3.
92 journal=update Update the ext4 file system's journal to the current
95 journal=inum When a journal already exists, this option is ignored.
96 Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which
97 will represent the ext4 file system's journal file.
99 journal_dev=devnum When the external journal device's major/minor numbers
100 have changed, this option allows the user to specify
101 the new journal location. The journal device is
102 identified through its new major/minor numbers encoded
105 noload Don't load the journal on mounting.
107 data=journal All data are committed into the journal prior to being
108 written into the main file system.
110 data=ordered (*) All data are forced directly out to the main file
111 system prior to its metadata being committed to the
114 data=writeback Data ordering is not preserved, data may be written
115 into the main file system after its metadata has been
116 committed to the journal.
118 commit=nrsec (*) Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata
119 every 'nrsec' seconds. The default value is 5 seconds.
120 This means that if you lose your power, you will lose
121 as much as the latest 5 seconds of work (your
122 filesystem will not be damaged though, thanks to the
123 journaling). This default value (or any low value)
124 will hurt performance, but it's good for data-safety.
125 Setting it to 0 will have the same effect as leaving
126 it at the default (5 seconds).
127 Setting it to very large values will improve
130 barrier=1 This enables/disables barriers. barrier=0 disables
131 it, barrier=1 enables it.
133 orlov (*) This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It is
136 oldalloc This disables the Orlov block allocator and enables
137 the old block allocator. Orlov should have better
138 performance - we'd like to get some feedback if it's
139 the contrary for you.
141 user_xattr Enables Extended User Attributes. Additionally, you
142 need to have extended attribute support enabled in the
143 kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_XATTR). See the
144 attr(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/ to
145 learn more about extended attributes.
147 nouser_xattr Disables Extended User Attributes.
149 acl Enables POSIX Access Control Lists support.
150 Additionally, you need to have ACL support enabled in
151 the kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL).
152 See the acl(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/
153 for more information.
155 noacl This option disables POSIX Access Control List
162 bsddf (*) Make 'df' act like BSD.
163 minixdf Make 'df' act like Minix.
165 check=none Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount.
168 debug Extra debugging information is sent to syslog.
170 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
171 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
172 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
174 grpid Give objects the same group ID as their creator.
177 nogrpid (*) New objects have the group ID of their creator.
180 resgid=n The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
182 resuid=n The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
184 sb=n Use alternate superblock at this location.
191 bh (*) ext4 associates buffer heads to data pages to
192 nobh (a) cache disk block mapping information
193 (b) link pages into transaction to provide
195 "bh" option forces use of buffer heads.
196 "nobh" option tries to avoid associating buffer
197 heads (supported only for "writeback" mode).
202 There are 3 different data modes:
205 In data=writeback mode, ext4 does not journal data at all. This mode provides
206 a similar level of journaling as that of XFS, JFS, and ReiserFS in its default
207 mode - metadata journaling. A crash+recovery can cause incorrect data to
208 appear in files which were written shortly before the crash. This mode will
209 typically provide the best ext4 performance.
212 In data=ordered mode, ext4 only officially journals metadata, but it logically
213 groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a transaction. When
214 it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the associated data blocks
215 are written first. In general, this mode performs slightly slower than
216 writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.
219 data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling. All new data is
220 written to the journal first, and then to its final location.
221 In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both data and
222 metadata into a consistent state. This mode is the slowest except when data
223 needs to be read from and written to disk at the same time where it
224 outperforms all others modes.
229 kernel source: <file:fs/ext4/>
232 programs: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
233 http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net
235 useful links: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/ext3-devel
236 http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/