1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{rhythms-headword.ly}
16 This section discusses rhythms, rests, durations, beaming and bars.
21 * Displaying rhythms::
24 * Special rhythmic concerns::
29 @subsection Writing rhythms
39 @unnumberedsubsubsec Durations
41 @cindex durations, of notes
42 @cindex note durations
48 Durations are designated by numbers and dots.
49 Durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
50 quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note),
51 and a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
52 note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the
53 @code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands.
54 Durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
55 are possible, but only as beamed notes.
57 @c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams
58 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
65 Here are the same durations with automatic beaming turned off.
67 @c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing,
68 @c but it's ok here. -gp
69 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
76 A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
77 @code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
78 notation. For details, see @ref{Ancient notation}.
80 If the duration is omitted, it is set to the previously
81 entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter
84 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
93 To obtain dotted note lengths, place a dot (@code{.}) after the
94 duration. Double-dotted notes are specified by appending two
97 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
98 a4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8.
101 Some durations cannot be represented with just binary durations
102 and dots; they can be represented only by tying two or more
103 notes together. For details, see @ref{Ties}.
105 For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
106 ways of aligning lyrics to notes, see @ref{Vocal music}.
108 Optionally, notes can be spaced strictly proportionately to their
109 duration. For details of this and other settings which control
110 proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}.
114 @funindex \dotsNeutral
116 Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
117 polyphonic situations. Predefined commands are available to
118 force a particular direction manually, for details
119 see @ref{Direction and placement}.
135 @rglos{Duration names notes and rests}.
138 @ref{Automatic beams},
140 @ref{Writing rhythms},
143 @ref{Ancient notation},
144 @ref{Proportional notation}.
151 @rinternals{DotColumn}.
156 @c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
157 There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
158 longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited:
159 rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole) may be printed.
163 @unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets
169 Tuplets are made from a music expression by multiplying all the
170 durations with a fraction:
173 \times @var{fraction} @{ @var{music} @}
177 The duration of @var{music} will be multiplied by the
178 fraction. The fraction's denominator will be printed over or
179 under the notes, optionally with a bracket. The most common
180 tuplet is the triplet in which 3 notes have the duration of 2, so
181 the notes are 2/3 of their written length.
183 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
184 a2 \times 2/3 { b4 b b }
185 c4 c \times 2/3 { b4 a g }
189 @funindex \tupletDown
190 @funindex \tupletNeutral
192 The automatic placement of the tuplet bracket above or below the
193 notes may be overridden manually with predefined commands, for
194 details see @ref{Direction and placement}.
196 Tuplets may be nested:
198 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
200 c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 { e[ f g] } } f4 |
203 Modifying nested tuplets which begin at the same musical moment
204 must be done with @code{\tweak}.
206 To modify the duration of notes without printing a tuplet bracket,
207 see @ref{Scaling durations}.
213 @code{\tupletNeutral}.
218 @cindex tuplet formatting
219 @cindex triplet formatting
221 @funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
222 @funindex tupletSpannerDuration
224 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
225 {entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--times-command.ly}
227 @funindex TupletNumber
229 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
230 {changing-the-tuplet-number.ly}
232 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
233 {permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets.ly}
242 Learning Manual: @rlearning{Tweaking methods}.
245 @ref{Time administration},
246 @ref{Scaling durations},
247 @ref{The tweak command},
248 @ref{Polymetric notation}.
254 @rinternals{TupletBracket},
255 @rinternals{TupletNumber},
256 @rinternals{TimeScaledMusic}.
259 @cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
260 When the first note on a staff is a grace note followed by a
261 tuplet the grace note must be placed before the @code{\times}
262 command to avoid errors. Anywhere else, grace notes may be
263 placed within tuplet brackets.
266 @node Scaling durations
267 @unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
269 @cindex scaling durations
270 @cindex durations, scaling
272 You can alter the duration of single notes, rests or chords by a
273 fraction @code{N/M} by appending @code{*N/M} (or @code{*N} if
274 @code{M} is 1) to the duration.
275 This will not affect the appearance of the notes or rests
276 produced, but the altered duration will be used in calculating the
277 position within the measure and setting the duration in the MIDI
278 output. Multiplying factors may be combined such as @code{*L*M/N}.
280 In the following example, the first three notes take up exactly
281 two beats, but no triplet bracket is printed.
283 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
285 % Alter durations to triplets
286 a4*2/3 gis4*2/3 a4*2/3
289 % Double the duration of chord
291 % Duration of quarter, appears like sixteenth
295 The duration of skip or spacing notes may also be modified by
296 a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
299 @cindex compressing music
300 @funindex \scaleDurations
302 Longer stretches of music may be compressed by a fraction in the
303 same way, as if every note, chord or rest had the fraction as a
304 multiplier. This leaves the appearance of the music unchanged but
305 the internal duration of the notes will be multiplied by the
306 fraction @emph{num}/@emph{den}. The spaces around the dot are
307 required. Here is an example showing how music can be compressed
310 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
314 % Scale music by *2/3
315 \scaleDurations #'(2 . 3) {
319 \scaleDurations #'(2 . 1) {
325 One application of this command is in polymetric
326 notation, see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
333 @ref{Invisible rests},
334 @ref{Polymetric notation}.
341 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
346 A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie
347 in effect extends the duration of a note.
349 @warning{Ties should not be confused with @emph{slurs}, which
350 indicate articulation, or @emph{phrasing slurs}, which indicate
351 musical phrasing. A tie is just a way of extending a note
352 duration, similar to the augmentation dot.}
354 A tie is entered using the tilde symbol @code{~}
356 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
362 Ties are used either when the note crosses a bar line, or when
363 dots cannot be used to denote the rhythm. Ties should also be
364 used when note values cross larger subdivisions of the measure:
366 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
373 If you need to tie many notes across bar lines, it may be
374 easier to use automatic note splitting, see @ref{Automatic note
375 splitting}. This mechanism automatically splits long notes, and
376 ties them across bar lines.
378 @cindex ties and chords
379 @cindex chords and ties
381 When a tie is applied to a chord, all note heads whose pitches
382 match are connected. When no note heads match, no ties will be
383 created. Chords may be partially tied by placing the tie inside
386 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
388 <c~ e g~ b> <c e g b>
392 @cindex repeating ties
393 @cindex ties, repeating
394 @cindex volta brackets and ties
395 @cindex ties and volta brackets
397 When a second alternative of a repeat starts with a tied note, you
398 have to specify the repeated tie as follows:
400 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
401 \repeat volta 2 { c g <c e>2 ~ }
403 % First alternative: following note is tied normally
405 % Second alternative: following note has a repeated tie
406 { <c e>2\repeatTie d4 c } }
409 @cindex laissez vibrer
410 @cindex ties, laissez vibrer
411 @funindex \laissezVibrer
413 @notation{L.v.} ties (@notation{laissez vibrer}) indicate that
414 notes must not be damped at the end. It is used in notation for
415 piano, harp and other string and percussion instruments. They can
416 be entered as follows:
418 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
419 <c f g>1\laissezVibrer
422 @cindex ties, placement
425 @funindex \tieNeutral
427 The vertical placement of ties may be controlled, see
428 Predefined commands, or for details, see
429 @ref{Direction and placement}.
431 @cindex ties, appearance
436 Solid, dotted or dashed ties may be specified, see Predefined
452 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
453 {using-ties-with-arpeggios.ly}
455 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
456 {engraving-ties-manually.ly}
463 @rglos{laissez vibrer}.
465 Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic note splitting}.
471 @rinternals{LaissezVibrerTie},
472 @rinternals{LaissezVibrerTieColumn},
473 @rinternals{TieColumn},
479 Switching staves when a tie is active will not produce a slanted
482 Changing clefs or octavations during a tie is not really
483 well-defined. In these cases, a slur may be preferable.
490 @subsection Writing rests
492 Rests are entered as part of the music in music expressions.
497 * Full measure rests::
501 @unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
503 @cindex rest, entering durations
514 Rests are entered like notes with the note name @code{r}.
515 Durations longer than a whole rest use the predefined
518 @c \time 16/1 is used to avoid spurious bar lines
519 @c and long tracts of empty measures
520 @lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim]
522 % These two lines are just to prettify this example
524 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
525 % Print a maxima rest, equal to four breves
527 % Print a longa rest, equal to two breves
531 r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128
535 @cindex rest, multi-measure
536 @cindex rest, whole-measure
538 Whole measure rests, centered in the middle of the measure, must be
539 entered as multi-measure rests. They can be used for a single
540 measure as well as many measures and are discussed in @ref{Full
543 @cindex rest, specifying vertical position
545 To explicitly specify a rest's vertical position, write a note
546 followed by @code{\rest}. A rest of the duration of the note will
547 be placed at the staff position where the note would appear. This
548 allows for precise manual formatting of polyphonic music, since the
549 automatic rest collision formatter will not move these rests.
551 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
557 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
564 @ref{Full measure rests}.
575 @c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
576 There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
577 longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
578 are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
581 @node Invisible rests
582 @unnumberedsubsubsec Invisible rests
585 @cindex invisible rest
586 @cindex rest, invisible
591 An invisible rest (also called a @q{spacer rest}) can be entered
592 like a note with the note name@tie{}@code{s}:
594 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
601 Spacer rests are available only in note mode and chord mode. In
602 other situations, for example, when entering lyrics, @code{\skip}
603 is used to skip a musical moment. @code{\skip} requires an
606 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
619 A spacer rest implicitly causes @code{Staff} and @code{Voice}
620 contexts to be created if none exist, just like notes and rests
623 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
627 @code{\skip} simply skips musical time; it creates no output of
630 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
631 % This is valid input, but does nothing
632 \skip 1 \skip1 \skip 1
640 Internals Reference: @rinternals{SkipMusic}
643 @node Full measure rests
644 @unnumberedsubsubsec Full measure rests
646 @cindex multi-measure rests
647 @cindex full-measure rests
648 @cindex rest, multi-measure
649 @cindex rest, full-measure
650 @cindex whole rest for a full measure
653 Rests for one or more full measures are entered like notes with
654 the note name uppercase @code{R}:
656 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
657 % Rest measures contracted to single measure
658 \compressFullBarRests
665 The duration of full-measure rests is identical to the duration notation
666 used for notes. The duration in a multi-measure rest must always be an
667 integral number of measure-lengths, so augmentation
668 dots or fractions must often be used:
670 @lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
671 \compressFullBarRests
677 R1*13/8 | R1*13/8*12 |
682 A full-measure rest is printed as either a whole
683 or breve rest, centered in the measure, depending on the time
686 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
694 @funindex \expandFullBarRests
695 @funindex \compressFullBarRests
696 @cindex multi-measure rest, expanding
697 @cindex multi-measure rest, contracting
699 By default a multi-measure rest is expanded in the printed score
700 to show all the rest measures explicitly.
701 Alternatively, a mult-measure rest can be shown as a single measure
702 containing a multi-measure rest symbol, with the number of measures of rest
703 printed above the measure:
705 @lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
707 \time 3/4 r2. | R2.*2 |
710 % Rest measures contracted to single measure
711 \compressFullBarRests
713 % Rest measures expanded
720 @cindex text on multi-measure rest
721 @cindex multi-measure rest, attaching text
722 @cindex script on multi-measure rest
723 @cindex multi-measure rest, script
724 @cindex fermata on multi-measure rest
725 @cindex multi-measure rest, attaching fermata
727 Markups can be added to multi-measure rests.
728 The predefined command @code{\fermataMarkup}
729 is provided for adding fermatas.
731 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
732 \compressFullBarRests
734 R2.*10^\markup { \italic "ad lib." }
739 Markups attached to a multi-measure rest are
740 objects of type @code{MultiMeasureRestText}, not
741 @code{TextScript}. Overrides must be directed to the correct
742 object, or they will be ignored. See the following example.
745 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
746 % This fails, as the wrong object name is specified
747 \override TextScript #'padding = #5
749 % This is correct and works
750 \override MultiMeasureRestText #'padding = #5
754 When a multi-measure rest immediately follows a @code{\partial}
755 setting, resulting bar-check warnings may not be displayed.
758 @code{\textLengthOn},
759 @code{\textLengthOff},
760 @code{\fermataMarkup},
761 @code{\compressFullBarRests},
762 @code{\expandFullBarRests}.
768 @cindex kirchenpausen
770 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
771 {changing-form-of-multi--measure-rests.ly}
773 @cindex multi-measure rests, positioning
774 @cindex positioning multi-measure rests
776 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
777 {positioning-multi--measure-rests.ly}
779 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
780 {multi--measure-rest-markup.ly}
785 @rglos{multi-measure rest}.
790 @ref{Formatting text},
797 @rinternals{MultiMeasureRest},
798 @rinternals{MultiMeasureRestNumber},
799 @rinternals{MultiMeasureRestText}.
804 If an attempt is made to use fingerings (e.g.,
805 @code{R1*10-4}) to put numbers over multi-measure rests, the
806 fingering numeral (4) may collide with the bar counter
809 @cindex condensing rests
810 @cindex rest, condensing ordinary
812 There is no way to automatically condense multiple ordinary rests
813 into a single multi-measure rest.
815 @cindex rest, collisions of
817 Multi-measure rests do not take part in rest collisions.
819 @node Displaying rhythms
820 @subsection Displaying rhythms
826 * Polymetric notation::
827 * Automatic note splitting::
828 * Showing melody rhythms::
832 @unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature
834 @cindex time signature
838 The time signature is set as follows:
840 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
845 @cindex Time signature, visibility of
847 Time signatures are printed at the beginning of a piece
848 and whenever the time signature changes. If a change takes place
849 at the end of a line a warning time signature sign is printed
850 there. This default behavior may be changed, see
851 @ref{Visibility of objects}.
853 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
863 @funindex \numericTimeSignature
864 @funindex \defaultTimeSignature
865 @cindex time signature style
867 The time signature symbol that is used in 2/2 and 4/4 time can be
868 changed to a numeric style:
870 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
874 % Change to numeric style
875 \numericTimeSignature
878 % Revert to default style
879 \defaultTimeSignature
885 Mensural time signatures are covered in
886 @ref{Mensural time signatures}.
890 @code{\numericTimeSignature},
891 @code{\defaultTimeSignature}.
895 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
896 {changing-the-time-signature-without-affecting-the-beaming.ly}
898 @cindex compound time signatures
899 @cindex time signature, compound
901 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
902 {compound-time-signatures.ly}
908 @rglos{time signature}
911 @ref{Mensural time signatures},
912 @ref{Time administration}.
918 @rinternals{TimeSignature},
919 @rinternals{Timing_translator}.
923 @unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats
927 @cindex partial measure
928 @cindex measure, partial
929 @cindex pickup measure
930 @cindex measure, change length
931 @cindex measurePosition
934 Partial or pick-up measures, such as an anacrusis or upbeat, are
935 entered using the @code{\partial} command, with the syntax
938 \partial @var{duration}
941 where @code{duration} is the rhythmic length of the interval
942 before the start of the first complete measure:
944 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
949 The partial measure can be any duration less than a full measure:
951 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
952 \partial 8*3 c8 d e |
956 Internally, this is translated into
959 \set Timing.measurePosition = -@var{duration}
962 The property @code{measurePosition} contains a rational number
963 indicating how much of the measure has passed at this point. Note
964 that this is set to a negative number by the @code{\partial}
965 command: i.e., @code{\partial 4} is internally translated to
966 @code{-4}, meaning @qq{there is a quarter note left in the measure.}
980 @rinternals{Timing_translator}.
984 The @code{\partial} command is intended to be used only at the
985 beginning of a piece. If you use it after the beginning, some
986 odd warnings may occur.
988 @node Unmetered music
989 @unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
992 @funindex \cadenzaOff
993 @cindex bar lines, turning off
994 @cindex bar numbering, turning off
996 @cindex unmetered music
998 Bar lines and bar numbers are calculated automatically. For
999 unmetered music (some cadenzas, for example), this is not desirable.
1000 To turn off automatic calculation of bar lines and bar numbers,
1001 use the command @code{\cadenzaOn}, and use @code{\cadenzaOff}
1002 to turn them on again.
1004 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
1013 Bar numbering is resumed at the end of the cadenza as if the
1014 cadenza were not there:
1016 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
1017 % Show all bar numbers
1018 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #all-visible
1038 @c ref{Controlling visibility of objects}.
1045 LilyPond will insert line breaks and page breaks only at a
1046 bar line. Unless the unmetered music ends before the end of the
1047 staff line, you will need to insert invisible bar lines with
1054 to indicate where breaks can occur.
1057 @node Polymetric notation
1058 @unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation
1060 @c This section necessarily uses \set
1061 @c This is acceptable -td
1063 @cindex double time signatures
1064 @cindex signatures, polymetric
1065 @cindex polymetric signatures
1066 @cindex meter, polymetric
1068 Polymetric notation is supported, either explicitly or by modifying
1069 the visible time signature symbol and scaling the note durations.
1071 @strong{@i{Staves with different time signatures, equal measure lengths}}
1073 This notation can be created by setting a common time signature
1074 for each staff but replacing the symbol manually by setting
1075 @code{timeSignatureFraction} to the desired fraction and scaling
1076 the printed durations in each staff to the common time
1077 signature; see @ref{Time signature}. The scaling is done with
1078 @code{\scaleDurations}, which is used in a similar way to
1079 @code{\times}, but does not create a tuplet bracket; see
1080 @ref{Scaling durations}.
1082 In this example, music with the time signatures of 3/4, 9/8, and
1083 10/8 are used in parallel. In the second staff, shown durations
1084 are multiplied by 2/3, as 2/3 * 9/8 = 3/4, and in the third
1085 staff, shown durations are multiplied by 3/5, as 3/5 * 10/8 = 3/4.
1086 It will often be necessary to insert beams manually, as the
1087 duration scaling affects the autobeaming rules.
1089 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
1098 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = #'(9 . 8)
1099 \scaleDurations #'(2 . 3)
1100 \repeat unfold 6 { c8[ c c] }
1104 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = #'(10 . 8)
1105 \scaleDurations #'(3 . 5) {
1106 \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c c] }
1107 \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c] } |
1108 c4. c4. \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] } c4
1114 @strong{@i{Staves with different time signatures, unequal bar lengths}}
1116 Each staff can be given its own independent time signature by
1117 moving the @code{Timing_translator} and the
1118 @code{Default_bar_line_engraver} to the @code{Staff} context.
1120 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
1124 \remove "Timing_translator"
1125 \remove "Default_bar_line_engraver"
1129 \consists "Timing_translator"
1130 \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver"
1134 % Now each staff has its own time signature.
1160 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1161 {compound-time-signatures.ly}
1168 @rglos{polymetric time signature},
1172 @ref{Time signature},
1173 @ref{Scaling durations}.
1178 Internals Reference:
1179 @rinternals{TimeSignature},
1180 @rinternals{Timing_translator},
1181 @rinternals{Default_bar_line_engraver},
1186 When using different time signatures in parallel, notes
1187 at the same moment will be be placed at the same horizontal
1188 location. However, the bar lines in the different staves
1189 will cause the note spacing to be less regular in each of the
1190 individual staves than would be normal without the different
1193 @node Automatic note splitting
1194 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting
1196 @cindex notes, splitting
1197 @cindex splitting notes
1199 Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
1200 to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
1201 @code{Note_heads_engraver} with the
1202 @code{Completion_heads_engraver}. In the following
1203 example, notes crossing the bar lines are split and tied.
1205 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
1207 \remove "Note_heads_engraver"
1208 \consists "Completion_heads_engraver"
1211 { c2. c8 d4 e f g a b c8 c2 b4 a g16 f4 e d c8. c2 }
1214 This engraver splits all running notes at the bar line, and
1215 inserts ties. One of its uses is to debug complex scores: if the
1216 measures are not entirely filled, then the ties show exactly how
1217 much each measure is off.
1221 Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}
1224 @rlearning{Engravers explained},
1225 @rlearning{Adding and removing engravers}.
1230 Internals Reference:
1231 @rinternals{Note_heads_engraver},
1232 @rinternals{Completion_heads_engraver},
1233 @rinternals{Forbid_line_break_engraver}.
1238 Not all durations (especially those containing tuplets) can be
1239 represented exactly with normal notes and dots, but the
1240 @code{Completion_heads_engraver} will not insert tuplets.
1242 The @code{Completion_heads_engraver} only affects notes; it does not
1246 @node Showing melody rhythms
1247 @unnumberedsubsubsec Showing melody rhythms
1249 Sometimes you might want to show only the rhythm of a melody. This
1250 can be done with the rhythmic staff. All pitches of notes on such a
1251 staff are squashed, and the staff itself has a single line
1253 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1255 \new RhythmicStaff {
1256 \new Voice = "myRhythm" {
1264 \lyricsto "myRhythm" {
1272 Guitar chord charts often show the strumming rhythms. This can
1273 be done with the @code{Pitch_squash_engraver} and
1274 @code{\improvisationOn}.
1277 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
1286 \consists Pitch_squash_engraver
1298 @code{\improvisationOn},
1299 @code{\improvisationOff}.
1303 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1304 {guitar-strum-rhythms.ly}
1311 Internals Reference:
1312 @rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
1313 @rinternals{Pitch_squash_engraver}.
1320 * Setting automatic beam behavior::
1325 @node Automatic beams
1326 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams
1328 By default, beams are inserted automatically:
1330 @cindex beams, manual
1331 @cindex manual beams
1333 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1335 \time 6/8 c c c c8. c16 c8
1338 If these automatic decisions are not satisfactory, beaming can be
1339 entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. It is also possible
1340 to define beaming patterns that differ from the defaults. The
1341 default beaming rules for most common time signatures are defined
1342 in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. If there are no beaming rules
1343 defined for a particular beam's duration in the time signature being
1344 used, its beaming is controlled by the values of three context
1345 properties, @code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and
1346 @code{beatGrouping}. Both the beaming rules and the context
1347 properties can be overridden, see @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
1352 @warning{If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then automatic
1353 beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff} and the beams
1354 indicated manually.}
1358 Automatic beaming may be turned off and on with
1359 @code{\autoBeamOff} and @code{\autoBeamOn} commands:
1361 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1362 c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. c16 c8
1370 @code{\autoBeamOff},
1379 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1380 {beams-across-line-breaks.ly}
1382 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1383 {changing-beam-knee-gap.ly}
1389 @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
1392 @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}.
1397 Internals Reference: @rinternals{Beam}.
1402 Automatically kneed cross-staff beams cannot be used together with
1403 hidden staves. See @ref{Hiding staves}.
1405 Beams can collide with note heads and accidentals in other voices
1408 @node Setting automatic beam behavior
1409 @unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
1411 @funindex autoBeaming
1412 @funindex autoBeamSettings
1413 @funindex (end * * * *)
1414 @funindex (begin * * * *)
1416 @cindex automatic beams, tuning
1417 @cindex tuning automatic beaming
1418 @cindex automatic beam generation
1420 @cindex lyrics and beaming
1423 The placement of automatic beams is determined by the rules
1424 described in @ref{Automatic beams}. There are two mutually
1425 exclusive ways in which these rules may be modified. The
1426 first, modifying the grouping of beats, applies to uncommon time
1427 signatures, i.e. those for which there are no predefined rules
1428 defining the beam end points. The second method, modifying the
1429 specification of the beam end points, can be used for any time
1430 signature. This second method @strong{must} be used for those time
1431 signatures and beam durations combinations for which beam ending
1432 rules are pre-defined, unless these have all been reverted. There
1433 are predefined rules for time signatures of 3/2, 3/4, 4/4, 2/4,
1434 4/8, 4/16, 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8.
1436 @i{@strong{Modifying the grouping of beats}}
1438 If there are no beam-ending rules defined for the beam duration of a
1439 particular beam in the time signature in use, its beaming is
1440 controlled by three context properties:
1441 @code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and @code{beatGrouping}.
1442 These properties may be set in the @code{Score}, @code{Staff} or
1443 @code{Voice} contexts to delimit their scope.
1445 These determine the beaming as follows:
1447 Beams may begin anywhere (unless a beam is already active). Beams
1448 end at a time determined by the values of @code{beatGrouping} and
1449 @code{beatLength}, as follows:
1453 @item If @code{beatGrouping} and @code{beatLength} are consistent
1454 with @code{measureLength}, @code{beatGrouping} is used to determine
1455 the end points of beams.
1457 @item If @code{beatGrouping} and @code{beatLength} are inconsistent
1458 with @code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} is used to determine
1459 the end points of beams.
1463 @warning{These three properties become effective for a particular
1464 beam @strong{only} if there are no beam-ending rules predefined for
1465 that beam's duration in the time signature in use, or if these
1466 beam-ending rules have all been reverted.}
1468 By default the @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are
1469 derived from the time signature set by the @code{\time} command.
1470 The @code{measureLength} is set to be exactly the same length as
1471 the measure length given by the time signature, and the
1472 @code{beatLength} is set to be the same as one over the denominator
1473 of the time signature.
1475 The default value of @code{beatGrouping} is taken from a table in
1476 @file{scm/@/music@/-functions@/.scm}. To find this, see
1477 @rlearning{Other sources of information}. It defines the beat
1478 grouping for 5/8, 6/8, 8/8, 9/8 and 12/8 time signatures.
1480 Both @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are @i{moments},
1481 units of musical duration. A quantity of type @i{moment} is
1482 created by the scheme function @code{ly:make-moment}. For more
1483 information about this function, see @ref{Time administration}.
1485 @code{beatGrouping} is a list of integers giving the number of
1486 beats in each group.
1490 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1493 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1494 {specifying-context-with-beatgrouping.ly}
1496 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1497 {using-beatlength-and-beatgrouping.ly}
1499 @funindex subdivideBeams
1501 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1502 {sub-dividing-beams.ly}
1504 @cindex measure groupings
1505 @cindex beats, grouping
1506 @cindex grouping beats
1507 @cindex measure sub-grouping
1509 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1510 {conducting-signs,-measure-grouping-signs.ly}
1513 @strong{@i{Modifying the beam end points}}
1515 In common time signatures, automatic beams can start on any note
1516 but can end at only a few positions within the measure, namely at
1517 durations specified by the properties in @code{autoBeamSettings}.
1518 These properties consist of a list of rules defining where beams can
1519 end. The default @code{autoBeamSettings} rules are defined in
1520 @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. To find this, see
1521 @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
1523 This method @strong{must} be used for the time signatures for which
1524 beam-ending rules are defined by default, unless these have all
1525 been reverted. It is also particularly suitable for many other time
1526 signatures if the time signature of the measures changes frequently,
1527 or if the beaming should be different for different beam durations.
1529 In order to add a rule to the list, use
1532 #(override-auto-beam-setting
1534 beam-numerator beam-denominator
1535 time-signature-numerator time-signature-denominator)
1536 moment-numerator moment-denominator [context])
1544 @item @code{beam-limit} is the type of automatic beam limit
1545 defined. This can be either @code{begin} or @code{end} but
1546 only @code{end} is effective.
1548 @item @code{beam-numerator/beam-denominator} is the beam duration
1549 to which the rule is to apply. A beam is considered to have
1550 the duration of its shortest note. Set @code{beam-numerator}
1551 and @code{beam-denominator} to @code{'*'} to have this rule apply
1552 to beams of any duration.
1554 @item @code{time-signature-numerator/time-signature-denominator}
1555 specifies the time signature to which this rule should apply.
1556 If @code{time-signature-numerator} and
1557 @code{time-signature-denominator} are set to @code{'*'} this rule
1558 will apply in any time signature.
1560 @item @code{monent-numerator/moment-denominator} is the position
1561 in the bar at which the beam should end.
1563 @item @code{context} is optional, and it specifies the context at which
1564 the change should be made. The default is @code{'Voice}.
1566 @code{#(score-override-auto-beam-setting '(A B C D) E F)} is equivalent to
1567 @code{#(override-auto-beam-setting '(A B C D) E F 'Score)}.
1571 For example, if automatic beams should always end on the first quarter
1572 note, whatever the time signature or beam duration, use
1574 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1576 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 1 4)
1580 You can force the beam settings to take effect only on beams whose shortest
1581 note is a certain duration
1583 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1585 % end 1/16 beams for all time signatures at the 1/16 moment
1586 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 * *) 1 16)
1588 a32 a a a a16 a a a a a |
1589 % end 1/32 beams for all time signatures at the 1/16 moment
1590 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 32 * *) 1 16)
1591 a32 a a a a16 a a a a a |
1594 You can force the beam settings to take effect only in certain time
1597 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1599 % end beams of all durations in 5/8 time signature at the 2/8 moment
1600 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 8) 2 8)
1608 When multiple voices are used the @code{Staff} context must be
1609 specified if the beaming is to be applied to all voices in the
1612 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1615 % Context not specified - does not work correctly
1616 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 3 8)
1617 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 4 8)
1618 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 5 8)
1619 << {a8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ {f4. f8 f f f} >>
1621 % Works correctly with context specified
1622 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 3 8 'Staff)
1623 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 4 8 'Staff)
1624 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 5 8 'Staff)
1625 << {a8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ {f4. f8 f f f} >>
1628 @warning{If any unexpected beam behavior occurs, check the default
1629 automatic beam settings in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm} for
1630 possible interference, because the beam endings defined there will
1631 still apply in addition to your own.}
1633 Any unwanted or conflicting default endings must be reverted for
1634 your time signature(s). Existing auto-beam rules are removed by
1638 #(revert-auto-beam-setting
1640 beam-numerator beam-denominator
1641 time-signature-numerator time-signature-denominator)
1642 moment-numerator moment-denominator [context])
1646 @code{beam-limit}, @code{beam-numerator}, @code{beam-denominator},
1647 @code{time-signature-numerator}, @code{time-signature-denominator},
1648 @code{moment-numerator}, @code{moment-denominator} and @code{context}
1649 are the same as above.
1651 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1653 a16 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
1654 % undo a rule ending 1/16 beams in 4/4 time at 1/4 moment
1655 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 4 4) 1 4)
1656 a16 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
1659 The rule in a @code{revert-auto-beam-setting} statement must exactly
1660 match the original rule. That is, no wildcard expansion is taken into
1663 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1665 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 1 4) 1 8)
1667 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 * *) 1 8) % this won't revert it!
1669 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 1 4) 1 8) % this will
1675 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1676 {beam-grouping-in-7-8-time.ly}
1678 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1679 {reverting-default-beam-endings.ly}
1681 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1682 {beam-endings-in-score-context.ly}
1687 @funindex \autoBeamOff
1688 @code{\autoBeamOff},
1689 @funindex \autoBeamOn
1695 If a score ends while an automatic beam has not been ended and is
1696 still accepting notes, this last beam will not be typeset at all.
1697 The same holds for polyphonic voices, entered with @code{<<
1698 @dots{} \\ @dots{} >>}. If a polyphonic voice ends while an
1699 automatic beam is still accepting notes, it is not typeset.
1708 @unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
1710 @cindex beams, manual
1714 In some cases it may be necessary to override the automatic
1715 beaming algorithm. For example, the autobeamer will not put beams
1716 over rests or bar lines, and in choral scores the beaming is
1717 often set to follow the meter of the lyrics rather than the
1718 notes. Such beams can be specified manually by
1719 marking the begin and end point with @code{[} and @code{]}
1721 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1723 r4 r8[ g' a r8] r8 g[ | a] r8
1728 Individual notes may be marked with @code{\noBeam} to prevent them
1731 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1732 \time 2/4 c8 c\noBeam c c
1735 @funindex stemLeftBeamCount
1736 @funindex stemRightBeamCount
1738 Even more strict manual control with the beams can be achieved by
1739 setting the properties @code{stemLeftBeamCount} and
1740 @code{stemRightBeamCount}. They specify the number of beams to
1741 draw on the left and right side, respectively, of the next note.
1742 If either property is set, its value will be used only once, and
1743 then it is erased. In this example, the last @code{f} is printed
1744 with only one beam on the left side, i.e., the eighth-note beam of
1745 the group as a whole.
1747 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
1750 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2
1751 \set stemRightBeamCount = #1
1753 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1
1760 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
1761 {flat-flags-and-beam-nibs.ly}
1763 @node Feathered beams
1764 @unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams
1766 @cindex beams, feathered
1767 @funindex \featherDurations
1769 Feathered beams are used to indicate that a small group of notes
1770 should be played at an increasing (or decreasing) tempo, without
1771 changing the overall tempo of the piece. The extent of the
1772 feathered beam must be indicated manually using @code{[} and
1773 @code{]}, and the beam feathering is turned on by specifying a
1774 direction to the @code{Beam} property @code{grow-direction}.
1776 If the placement of the notes and the sound in the MIDI output
1777 is to reflect the ritardando or accelerando indicated by the
1778 feathered beam the notes must be grouped as a
1779 music expression delimited by braces and preceded by a
1780 @code{featheredDurations} command which specifies the ratio
1781 between the durations of the first and last notes in the group.
1784 show the extent of the beam and the braces show
1785 which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally
1786 these would delimit the same group of notes, but this is not
1787 required: the two commands are independent.
1789 In the following example the eight 16th notes occupy exactly the
1790 same time as a half note, but the first note is one half as long
1791 as the last one, with the intermediate notes gradually
1792 lengthening. The first four 32nd notes gradually speed up, while
1793 the last four 32nd notes are at a constant tempo.
1795 @lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote]
1796 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #LEFT
1797 \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2 1)
1798 { c16[ c c c c c c c] }
1799 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #RIGHT
1800 \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2 3)
1802 % revert to non-feathered beams
1803 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #'()
1808 The spacing in the printed output represents the
1809 note durations only approximately, but the MIDI output is exact.
1813 The @code{\featherDurations} command only works with very short
1814 music snippets, and when numbers in the fraction are small.
1830 * Bar and bar number checks::
1835 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
1839 @cindex measure lines
1842 Bar lines delimit measures, and are also used to indicate
1843 repeats. Normally, simple bar lines are automatically inserted
1844 into the printed output at places based on the current time
1847 The simple bar lines inserted automatically can be changed to
1848 other types with the @code{\bar} command. For example, a closing
1849 double bar line is usually placed at the end of a piece:
1851 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1855 It is not invalid if the final note in a measure does not
1856 end on the automatically entered bar line: the note is assumed
1857 to carry over into the next measure. But if a long sequence
1858 of such carry-over measures appears the music can appear compressed
1859 or even flowing off the page. This is because automatic line
1860 breaks happen only at the end of complete measures, i.e., where
1861 all notes end before the end of a measure.
1863 @warning{An incorrect duration can cause line breaks to be
1864 inhibited, leading to a line of highly compressed music or
1865 music which flows off the page.}
1868 @cindex bar lines, invisible
1869 @cindex measure lines, invisible
1871 Line breaks are also permitted at manually inserted bar lines
1872 even within incomplete measures. To allow a line break without
1873 printing a bar line, use
1880 This will insert an invisible bar line and allow (but not
1881 force) a line break to occur at this point. The bar number
1882 counter is not increased. To force a line break see
1883 @ref{Line breaking}.
1885 This and other special bar lines may be inserted manually at any
1886 point. When they coincide with the end of a measure they replace
1887 the simple bar line which would have been inserted there
1888 automatically. When they do not coincide
1889 with the end of a measure the specified bar line is inserted at that
1890 point in the printed output. Such insertions do not affect
1891 the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic bar lines.
1893 The simple bar line and five types of double bar line are available
1894 for manual insertion:
1896 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1897 f1 \bar "|" g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|.|" d \bar "|." e
1901 together with dotted and dashed bar lines:
1903 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1904 f1 \bar ":" g \bar "dashed" a
1908 and five types of repeat bar line:
1910 @lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
1911 f1 \bar "|:" g \bar ":|:" a \bar ":|.|:" b \bar ":|.:" c \bar ":|" d
1916 Although the bar line types signifying repeats may be inserted
1917 manually they do not in themselves cause LilyPond to recognize
1918 a repeated section. Such repeated sections are better entered
1919 using the various repeat commands (see @ref{Repeats}), which
1920 automatically print the appropriate bar lines.
1922 In addition, you can specify @code{"||:"}, which is equivalent to
1923 @code{"|:"} except at line breaks, where it gives a double bar
1924 line at the end of the line and a start repeat at the beginning of
1927 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
1928 \override Score.RehearsalMark #'padding = #3
1936 In scores with many staves, a @code{\bar} command in one staff is
1937 automatically applied to all staves. The resulting bar lines are
1938 connected between different staves of a @code{StaffGroup},
1939 @code{PianoStaff}, or @code{GrandStaff}.
1941 @lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
1949 \new Staff { \clef bass c4 g e g }
1951 \new Staff { \clef bass c2 c2 }
1959 @funindex defaultBarType
1961 The command @code{\bar }@var{bartype} is a shortcut for
1962 @code{\set Timing.whichBar = }@var{bartype}. A bar line is
1963 created whenever the @code{whichBar} property is
1966 The default bar type used for automatically inserted bar lines is
1967 @code{"|"}. This may be changed at any time
1968 with @code{\set Timing.defaultBarType = }@var{bartype}.
1973 @ref{Line breaking},
1975 @ref{Grouping staves}.
1980 Internals Reference: @rinternals{BarLine} (created at
1981 @rinternals{Staff} level), @rinternals{SpanBar} (across
1982 staves), @rinternals{Timing_translator} (for Timing
1987 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers
1990 @cindex measure numbers
1991 @funindex currentBarNumber
1993 Bar numbers are typeset by default at the start of every line except
1994 the first line. The number itself is stored in the
1995 @code{currentBarNumber} property, which is normally updated
1996 automatically for every measure. It may also be set manually:
1998 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment,relative=1]
2001 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #50
2008 @funindex barNumberVisibility
2009 @cindex bar numbers, regular spacing
2011 Bar numbers can be typeset at regular intervals instead of just at
2012 the beginning of every line. To do this the default behavior
2013 must be overridden to permit bar numbers to be printed at places
2014 other than the start of a line. This is controlled by the
2015 @code{break-visibility} property of @code{BarNumber}. This takes
2016 three values which may be set to @code{#t} or @code{#f} to specify
2017 whether the corresponding bar number is visible or not. The order
2018 of the three values is @code{end of line visible}, @code{middle of
2019 line visible}, @code{beginning of line visible}. In the following
2020 example bar numbers are printed at all possible places:
2022 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
2023 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#t #t #t)
2024 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
2025 \bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
2031 @c All the rest of these examples will be added to LSR
2032 @c and moved into the Snippets. -gp
2035 and here the bar numbers are printed every two measures
2036 except at the end of the line:
2038 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
2039 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#f #t #t)
2040 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
2041 \bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
2042 % Print a bar number every second measure
2043 \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
2049 @cindex measure number, format
2050 @cindex bar number, format
2052 The size of the bar number may be changed. This is illustrated
2053 in the following example, which also shows how to enclose bar
2054 numbers in boxes and circles, and shows an alternative way
2055 of specifying @code{#(#f #t #t)} for @code{break-visibility}.
2057 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
2058 % Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere
2059 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility
2060 = #end-of-line-invisible
2062 % Increase the size of the bar number by 2
2063 \override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
2064 \repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
2066 % Draw a box round the following bar number(s)
2067 \override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
2068 = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
2069 \repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
2071 % Draw a circle round the following bar number(s)
2072 \override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
2073 = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
2074 \repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|."
2077 @cindex bar number alignment
2079 Bar numbers by default are left-aligned to their parent object.
2080 This is usually the left edge of a line or, if numbers are printed
2081 within a line, the left bar line of the measure. The numbers may also
2082 be positioned directly on the bar line or right-aligned to the
2085 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
2086 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #111
2087 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#t #t #t)
2088 % Increase the size of the bar number by 2
2089 \override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
2090 % Print a bar number every second measure
2091 \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
2093 % Center-align bar numbers
2094 \override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #0
2096 % Right-align bar numbers
2097 \override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #-1
2101 Bar numbers can be removed entirely by removing the
2102 @code{Bar_number_engraver} from the @code{Score} context.
2104 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
2108 \remove "Bar_number_engraver"
2123 Internals Reference: @rinternals{BarNumber}.
2128 Bar numbers may collide with the top of the
2129 @rinternals{StaffGroup} bracket, if there is one. To solve
2130 this, the @code{padding} property of @rinternals{BarNumber} can
2131 be used to position the number correctly.
2133 Bar numbers may only be printed at bar lines; to print a bar
2134 number at the beginning of a piece, an empty bar line must be
2135 inserted there, and a value other than @code{1} must be placed
2136 in @code{currentBarNumber}:
2138 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
2139 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #50
2148 @node Bar and bar number checks
2149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
2152 @funindex barCheckSynchronize
2155 Bar checks help detect errors in the entered durations.
2156 A bar check may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|},
2157 at any place where a bar line is expected to fall.
2158 If bar check lines are encountered at other places,
2159 a list of warnings is printed in the log file,
2160 showing the line numbers and lines
2161 in which the bar checks failed. In the next
2162 example, the second bar check will signal an error.
2165 \time 3/4 c2 e4 | g2 |
2168 Bar checks can also be used in lyrics, for example
2173 Twin -- kle | Twin -- kle |
2177 An incorrect duration can result in a completely garbled score,
2178 especially if the score is polyphonic, so a good place to start
2179 correcting input is by scanning for failed bar checks and
2180 incorrect durations.
2182 If successive bar checks are off by the same musical interval,
2183 only the first warning message is displayed. This allows the
2184 warning to focus on the source of the timing error.
2188 @funindex pipeSymbol
2190 It is also possible to redefine the action taken when a bar check
2191 or pipe symbol, @code{|}, is encountered in the input, so that
2192 it does something other than a bar check. This is done by
2193 assigning a music expression to @code{pipeSymbol}.
2194 In the following example @code{|} is set to insert a double bar
2195 line wherever it appears in the input, rather than checking
2198 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
2199 pipeSymbol = \bar "||"
2208 When copying large pieces of music, it can be helpful to check
2209 that the LilyPond bar number corresponds to the original that you
2210 are entering from. This can be checked with
2211 @code{\barNumberCheck}, for example,
2214 \barNumberCheck #123
2218 will print a warning if the @code{currentBarNumber} is not 123
2219 when it is processed.
2227 @node Rehearsal marks
2228 @unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks
2230 @cindex rehearsal marks
2231 @cindex mark, rehearsal
2234 To print a rehearsal mark, use the @code{\mark} command
2236 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2245 The letter@tie{}@q{I} is skipped in accordance with engraving
2246 traditions. If you wish to include the letter @q{I}, then use
2249 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-alphabet
2252 The mark is incremented automatically if you use @code{\mark
2253 \default}, but you can also use an integer argument to set the
2254 mark manually. The value to use is stored in the property
2255 @code{rehearsalMark}.
2257 @cindex rehearsal mark format
2258 @cindex rehearsal mark style
2259 @cindex style, rehearsal mark
2260 @cindex format, rehearsal mark
2261 @cindex mark, rehearsal, style
2262 @cindex mark, rehearsal, format
2264 The style is defined by the property @code{markFormatter}. It is
2265 a function taking the current mark (an integer) and the current
2266 context as argument. It should return a markup object. In the
2267 following example, @code{markFormatter} is set to a pre-defined
2268 procedure. After a few measures, it is set to a procedure that
2269 produces a boxed number.
2271 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2272 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-numbers
2275 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-numbers
2277 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-numbers
2279 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-letters
2283 The file @file{scm/@/translation@/-functions@/.scm} contains the
2284 definitions of @code{format-mark-numbers} (the default format),
2285 @code{format-mark-box-numbers}, @code{format-mark-letters} and
2286 @code{format-mark-box-letters}. These can be used as inspiration
2287 for other formatting functions.
2289 You may use @code{format-mark-barnumbers},
2290 @code{format-mark-box-barnumbers}, and
2291 @code{format-mark-circle-barnumbers} to get bar numbers instead of
2292 incremented numbers or letters.
2294 Other styles of rehearsal mark can be specified manually
2301 @code{Score.markFormatter} does not affect marks specified in this
2302 manner. However, it is possible to apply a @code{\markup} to the
2306 \mark \markup@{ \box A1 @}
2313 Music glyphs (such as the segno sign) may be printed inside a
2316 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
2317 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.segno" }
2318 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.coda" }
2319 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.ufermata" }
2324 See @ref{The Feta font}, for a list of symbols which may be
2325 printed with @code{\musicglyph}.
2327 For common tweaks to the positioning of rehearsal marks, see
2328 @ref{Formatting text}.
2333 @ref{The Feta font},
2334 @ref{Formatting text}.
2337 @file{scm/@/translation@/-functions@/.scm} contains
2338 the definition of @code{format-mark-numbers} and
2339 @code{format-mark-letters}. They can be used as inspiration for
2340 other formatting functions.
2345 Internals Reference: @rinternals{RehearsalMark}.
2347 @node Special rhythmic concerns
2348 @subsection Special rhythmic concerns
2353 * Aligning to cadenzas::
2354 * Time administration::
2358 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
2363 @cindex appoggiatura
2364 @cindex acciaccatura
2366 Grace notes are ornaments that are written out. Grace notes
2367 are printed in a smaller font and take up no logical time
2370 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
2372 \grace { c16[ d16] } c2
2375 Lilypond also supports two special types of grace notes, the
2376 @emph{acciaccatura}--an unmeasured grace note indicated by a slurred
2377 small note with a slashed stem--and the @emph{appoggiatura}, which
2378 takes a fixed fraction of the main note and appears in small print
2381 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
2385 \acciaccatura { g16[ f] } e4
2388 The placement of grace notes is synchronized between different
2389 staves. In the following example, there are two sixteenth grace
2390 notes for every eighth grace note
2392 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
2393 << \new Staff { e2 \grace { c16[ d e f] } e2 }
2394 \new Staff { c2 \grace { g8[ b] } c2 } >>
2397 @funindex \afterGrace
2399 @cindex grace notes, following
2401 If you want to end a note with a grace, use the @code{\afterGrace}
2402 command. It takes two arguments: the main note, and the grace
2403 notes following the main note.
2405 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2406 c1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1
2409 This will put the grace notes after a space lasting 3/4 of the
2410 length of the main note. The default fraction 3/4 can be changed by
2411 setting @code{afterGraceFraction}. The following example shows
2412 the results from setting the space at the default, at 15/16, and
2413 finally at 1/2 of the main note.
2415 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2418 c1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1
2421 #(define afterGraceFraction (cons 15 16))
2422 c1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1
2425 #(define afterGraceFraction (cons 1 2))
2426 c1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1
2431 The space between the main note and the grace note may also be
2432 specified using spacers. The following example places the grace
2433 note after a space lasting 7/8 of the main note.
2435 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2438 { s2 s4. \grace { c16[ d] } } >>
2443 A @code{\grace} music expression will introduce special
2444 typesetting settings, for example, to produce smaller type, and
2445 set directions. Hence, when introducing layout tweaks to
2446 override the special settings, they should be placed inside
2447 the grace expression. The overrides should also be reverted
2448 inside the grace expression. Here, the grace note's default stem
2449 direction is overriden and then reverted.
2451 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2463 @cindex stem, with slash
2468 The slash through the stem found in @emph{acciaccatura}s can be applied
2469 in other situations:
2471 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2473 \override Stem #'stroke-style = #"grace"
2478 The layout of grace expressions can be changed throughout the
2479 music using the function @code{add-grace-property}. The following
2480 example undefines the @code{Stem} direction for this grace, so
2481 that stems do not always point up.
2483 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
2486 #(add-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction ly:stem::calc-direction)
2487 #(remove-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction)
2489 \acciaccatura { f16 } g4
2490 \grace { d16[ e] } f4
2491 \appoggiatura { a,32[ b c d] } e2
2497 Another option is to change the variables @code{startGraceMusic},
2498 @code{stopGraceMusic}, @code{startAcciaccaturaMusic},
2499 @code{stopAcciaccaturaMusic}, @code{startAppoggiaturaMusic},
2500 @code{stopAppoggiaturaMusic}. The default values of these can be
2501 seen in the file @code{ly/@/grace@/-init@/.ly}. By redefining
2502 them other effects may be obtained.
2504 Grace notes may be forced to align with regular notes
2507 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
2510 \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t
2513 \afterGrace c4 { c16[ c8 c16] }
2517 c16 c c c c c c c c4 r
2527 @rglos{grace notes},
2528 @rglos{acciaccatura},
2529 @rglos{appoggiatura}.
2531 Installed Files: @file{ly/@/grace@/-init@/.ly}.
2533 Snippets: @rlsr{Rhythms}.
2535 Internals Reference: @rinternals{GraceMusic}.
2540 A multi-note beamed @i{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
2541 and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
2544 @c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
2546 Grace note synchronization can also lead to surprises. Staff
2547 notation, such as key signatures, bar lines, etc., are also
2548 synchronized. Take care when you mix staves with grace notes and
2549 staves without, for example,
2551 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
2552 << \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
2553 \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" d2. } >>
2557 This can be remedied by inserting grace skips of the corresponding
2558 durations in the other staves. For the above example
2560 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
2561 << \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
2562 \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" \grace s16 d2. } >>
2565 Grace sections should only be used within sequential music
2566 expressions. Nesting or juxtaposing grace sections is not
2567 supported, and might produce crashes or other errors.
2569 @node Aligning to cadenzas
2570 @unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas
2573 @cindex cadenza, aligning to
2574 @cindex aligning to cadenza
2576 In an orchestral context, cadenzas present a special problem: when
2577 constructing a score that includes a measured cadenza or other solo
2578 passage, all other instruments should skip just as many notes as the
2579 length of the cadenza, otherwise they will start too soon or too late.
2581 One solution to this problem is to use the functions
2582 @code{mmrest-of-length} and @code{skip-of-length}. These Scheme
2583 functions take a defined piece of music as an argument and generate a
2584 multi-measure rest or @code{\skip} exactly as long as the piece.
2586 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
2587 MyCadenza = \relative c' {
2598 #(ly:export (mmrest-of-length MyCadenza))
2600 #(ly:export (skip-of-length MyCadenza))
2615 @node Time administration
2616 @unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration
2618 @cindex time administration
2619 @cindex timing (within the score)
2620 @cindex music, unmetered
2621 @cindex unmetered music
2623 @funindex currentBarNumber
2624 @funindex measurePosition
2625 @funindex measureLength
2627 Time is administered by the @code{Timing_translator}, which by
2628 default is to be found in the @code{Score} context. An alias,
2629 @code{Timing}, is added to the context in which the
2630 @code{Timing_translator} is placed.
2632 The following properties of @code{Timing} are used
2633 to keep track of timing within the score.
2636 @cindex measure number
2639 @item currentBarNumber
2640 The current measure number. For an example showing the
2641 use of this property see @ref{Bar numbers}.
2644 The length of the measures in the current time signature. For a
2645 4/4 time this is@tie{}1, and for 6/8 it is 3/4. Its value
2646 determines when bar lines are inserted and how automatic beams
2647 should be generated.
2649 @item measurePosition
2650 The point within the measure where we currently are. This
2651 quantity is reset by subtracting @code{measureLength} whenever
2652 @code{measureLength} is reached or exceeded. When that happens,
2653 @code{currentBarNumber} is incremented.
2656 If set to true, the above variables are updated for every time
2657 step. When set to false, the engraver stays in the current
2658 measure indefinitely.
2662 Timing can be changed by setting any of these variables
2663 explicitly. In the next example, the default 4/4 time
2664 signature is printed, but @code{measureLength} is set to 5/4.
2665 At 4/8 through the third measure, the @code{measurePosition} is
2666 advanced by 1/8 to 5/8, shortening that bar by 1/8.
2667 The next bar line then falls at 9/8 rather than 5/4.
2669 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
2670 \set Score.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 5 4)
2674 \set Score.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment 5 8)
2680 As the example illustrates, @code{ly:make-moment n m} constructs a
2681 duration of n/m of a whole note. For example,
2682 @code{ly:make-moment 1 8} is an eighth note duration and
2683 @code{ly:make-moment 7 16} is the duration of seven sixteenths
2689 This manual: @ref{Bar numbers}, @ref{Unmetered music}
2694 Internals Reference: @rinternals{Timing_translator},