4 Author: Steve Bennett <steveb@workware.net.au>
5 Date: 1 Nov 2010 09:18:40
9 The pure-Tcl oo package leverages Jim's unique strengths
10 to provide support for Object Oriented programming.
12 The oo package can be statically linked with Jim or installed
13 as a separate Tcl package and loaded with:
19 A class is declared with the 'class' proc as follows.
21 class myclass ?baseclasses? classvars
23 This declares a class named 'myclass' with the given dictionary,
24 'classvars', providing the initial state of all new objects.
25 It is important to list all class variables in 'classvars', even
26 if initialised only to the empty string, since the class makes
27 these variables available in methods and via [myclass vars].
29 A list of zero or more base classes may also be specified from
30 which methods and class variables are imported. See INHERITANCE
31 below for more details.
33 Declaring a class creates a procedure with the class name along
34 with some related procedures. For example:
36 . class Account {balance 0}
39 {Account get} {Account methods} {Account eval} Account {Account new} {Account destroy}
40 {Account vars} {Account classname} {Account classvars} {Account method}
42 Notice that apart from the main 'Account' procedure, all the remaining procedures (methods)
43 are prefixed with 'Account' and a space.
45 PREDEFINED CLASS METHODS
46 ------------------------
47 Declaring a class pre-defines a number of "class" methods. i.e. those which don't
48 require an object and simply return or manipulate properties of the class. These are:
51 Creates and returns new object, optionally overriding the default class variable values.
52 Note that the class name is an alias for 'classname new {}' and can be used as a shorthand
53 for creating new objects with default values.
55 method name arglist body::
56 Creates or redefines a method for the class with the given name, argument list and body.
59 Returns a list of the methods supported by this class, including both class methods
60 and instance methods. Also includes base class methods.
63 Returns a list of the class variables for this class (names
64 only). Also includes base class variables.
67 Returns a dictionary the class variables, including initial values, for this class.
68 Also includes base class variables.
71 Returns the classname. This can be useful as [$self classname].
73 Class methods may be invoked either via the class name or via an object of the class.
76 . class Account {balance 0}
79 classname classvars destroy eval get method methods new vars
81 <reference.<Account>.00000000000000000001>
83 classname classvars destroy eval get method methods new vars
85 PREDEFINED OBJECT METHODS
86 -------------------------
87 Declaring a class pre-defines a number of "object" methods. i.e. those which operate
91 Destroys the object. This method may be overridden, but note that it should
92 delete the object with {rename $self ""}. This method will also be called
93 if the object is reaped during garbage collection.
96 Returns the value of the given instance variable.
99 Makes any given local variables available to the body, along with
100 the instance variables, and evaluate the body in that context.
101 This can be used for one-off evaluation to avoid declaring a method.
105 The following methods are special
108 If this method exists, it is invoked (with no arguments) after an object is created
110 unknown methodname ...::
111 If an undefined method is invoked, and this method exists, it is called with the methodname
112 and the original arguments
117 An object is created with the 'new' method, or simply by using the classname shortcut.
118 If the 'new' method is used, the variables for the newly created object (instance variables)
119 may be initialised. Otherwise they are set to the default values specified when the
124 . class Account {balance 0}
127 <reference.<Account>.00000000000000000001>
128 . set b [Account new {balance 1000}]
129 <reference.<Account>.00000000000000000002>
135 If the 'constructor' method exists, it is invoked just after the object is created
139 In addition to the predefined methods, new methods may be declared, or existing
140 methods redefined with the class method, method.
142 Declaring a method is very similar to defining a proc, and the arglist
143 has identical syntax. For example:
145 . Account method show {{channel stdout}} { $channel puts "Balance of account is $balance" }
147 Balance of account is 1000
149 All instance variables are available within the method and any
150 changes to these variables are maintained by the object.
152 In addition, the $self variables is defined and refers to the current object.
153 This may be used to invoke further methods on the object. For example:
155 . Account method show {} { puts "Balance of account is [$self get balance]" }
157 Balance of account is 1000
160 * It is a bad idea to unset an instance variable.
161 * In general, you should avoid redefining any of the pre-defined methods, except for 'destroy'.
162 * When accessing the caller's scope with upvar or uplevel, note that there
163 are two frame levels between the caller and the method. Thus it is necessary
164 to use 'upvar 2' or 'uplevel 2'
168 For each base class given in a new class declaration, the methods
169 and variables of those classes are imported into the new class being
170 defined. Base classes are imported in left to right order, so that if a
171 method is defined in more than one base class, the later definition
172 is selected. This applies similarly to class variables.
174 Within a method, 'super' may be used to explicitly invoke a
175 base class method on the object. This applies only to the *last*
176 base class given. For example:
178 # Assumes the existence of classes Account and Client
179 . Account method debit {amount} { incr balance -$amount }
180 . class CreditAccount {Client Account} {type visa}
182 . CreditAccount method debit {amount} {
183 puts "Debit $type card"
186 . set a [CreditAccount]
187 <reference.<Account>.00000000000000000001>
193 In the CreditAccount debit method, the call to 'super debit' invokes
194 the method 'Account debit' since Account is the last base class listed.
196 OBJECT LIFETIME/GARBAGE COLLECTION
197 ----------------------------------
198 Objects are implemented as lambdas. That is, they are procedures with state
199 and are named as references. This means that when an object is no longer
200 reachable by any name and garbage collection runs, the object will be
201 discarded and the destructor will be invoked. Note that the garbage collector
202 can be invoked manually with 'collect' if required.
206 . Account method destroy {} { puts dying...; rename $self "" }
208 . proc a {} { set b [Account]; return "" }
215 CLASS METHODS/CLASS STATIC VARIABLES
216 ------------------------------------
217 All methods defined with 'method' operate on objects (instances).
218 If a class method is required, it is possible to simply declare one with 'proc'.
219 The method dispatcher will automatically be able to dispatch to this method.
220 Using this approach, it is also possible to add class static variables by
221 defining static variables to the proc. Although strictly these variables
222 are accessible only to that proc, not the class as a whole.
228 . proc {Account nextid} {} {{id 0}} { incr id }
235 <reference.<Account>.00000000000000000001>
238 . $a eval { $self nextid }
241 HOW METHOD DISPATCH WORKS
242 -------------------------
243 All class and object methods are name "classname methodname".
245 The class method dispatcher is named "classname". When invoked with a methodname,
246 it simply invokes the method "classname methodname".
248 The method dispatch is via a two step process. Firstly the object procedure is invoked
249 with the method name. This procedure then invokes "classname method" which sets up
250 the appropriate access to the object variables, and then invokes the method body.
256 The 'tree' package is implemented using the 'oo' package.
257 See the source code in tree.tcl and a usage example in tests/tree.test
259 Of particular note is how callbacks and recursive invocation is used in the 'walk' method.
263 A comprehensive OO example is provided in examples/ootest.tcl.
265 It can be run simply as:
267 ./jimsh examples/ootest.tcl