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  10 <h1 align="center"> KANJIDIC</h1>
  11 <h2 align="center"> A Database of Information on the 6,355 Kanji in the JIS X 0208 Standard</h2>
  12 <i>Copyright (C) 2005 The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development</i>
  13 <i>Group, Monash University.</i>
  14 <p>
  15 <i>(NB: This document has been converted quickly from plain text to HTML. </i>
  16 <i>As a result, some of the formatting has been left as it was in the </i>
  17 <i>original document. A more elegant version may be developed later.)</i>
  18 </p>
  19 <p>
  20 <b>CONTENTS:</b>
  21 </p>
  22 <ul>
  23 <li><a href="#IREF01">INTRODUCTION</a></li>
  24 <li><a href="#IREF02">CONTENTS &amp; FORMAT</a></li>
  25 <li><a href="#IREF03">INFORMATION FIELDS</a></li>
  26 <li><a href="#IREF04">CURRENT USAGE</a></li>
  27 <li><a href="#IREF05">SUPPORT</a></li>
  28 <li><a href="#IREF06">TOO MUCH INFORMATION?</a></li>
  29 <li><a href="#IREF07">HISTORY</a></li>
  30 <li><a href="#IREF08">LICENCE STATEMENT AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE</a></li>
  31 <li><a href="#IREF09">APPENDIX A - JIS CODES</a></li>
  32 <li><a href="#IREF10">APPENDIX B - UNICODE</a></li>
  33 <li><a href="#IREF11">APPENDIX C - SKIP CODES</a></li>
  34 <li><a href="#IREF12">APPENDIX D - AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOUR CORNER CODING SYSTEM</a></li>
  35 <li><a href="#IREF13">APPENDIX E - RADICAL AND STROKE COUNTING RULES</a></li>
  36 <li><a href="#IREF14">APPENDIX F - CONDITIONS FOR USING SKIP DATA</a></li>
  37 <li><a href="#IREF15">APPENDIX G - DE ROO CODES</a></li>
  38 </ul>
  39 <p>
  40 <b><a name="IREF01">INTRODUCTION</a></b>
  41 </p>
  42 <p>
  43 The KANJIDIC file contains comprehensive information about Japanese kanji. It
  44 is a text file currently 6,355 lines long, with one line for each kanji in
  45 the two levels of the characters specified in the JIS X 0208-1990 set. (For
  46 basic information about this set, see Appendix A.)
  47 </p>
  48 <p>
  49 The file contains a mixture of ASCII characters and kana/kanji encoded using
  50 the EUC (Extended Unix Code) coding.
  51 </p>
  52 <p>
  53 Attention is drawn to the KANJIDIC LICENCE  STATEMENT  AND  COPYRIGHT  NOTICE
  54 included below in this document.
  55 </p>
  56 <p>
  57 A similar file, KANJD212, is available for the 5,801 supplementary kanji in
  58 the JIS X 0212-1990 set.
  59 </p>
  60 <p>
  61 From June 2003, the KANJIDIC file has been generated from a database
  62 developed from KANJIDIC to support the KANJIDIC2 XML-format version.
  63 The legacy KANJIDIC format file will continue to be distributed.
  64 </p>
  65 <p>
  66 <b><a name="IREF02">CONTENTS &amp; FORMAT</a></b>
  67 </p>
  68 <p>
  69 The first part of each line is of a fixed format,  indicating which character
  70 the line is for, while the rest is more free-format.
  71 </p>
  72 <p>
  73 The first two bytes are the kanji itself.  There is then a space,  the 4-byte
  74 ASCII representation of the hexadecimal coding of the two-byte JIS  encoding,
  75 and another space.
  76 </p>
  77 <p>
  78 The  rest  of  the line is composed of a combination of three kinds of fields
  79 (which may be in any order and interspersed):
  80 </p>
  81 <ol type="a">
  82 <li>information fields,  beginning with an identifying letter and ending with
  83 a  space. See below for more information about these fields.
  84 <p>
  85 </p>
  86 </li>
  87 <li>readings (with '-' to indicate prefixes/suffixes,  and '.' to indicate the
  88 portion of the reading that is okurigana).  ON-yomi  are in katakana and
  89 KUN-yomi are in
  90 hiragana. There may be several classes of reading fields, with ordinary
  91 readings first, followed by members of the other classes, if any. The current
  92 other classes, and their tagging, are:
  93 <ol type="i">
  94 <li>where the kanji has special "nanori" (i.e.  name) readings,
  95 these are preceded the marker "T1";
  96 <p>
  97 </p>
  98 </li>
  99 <li>where the kanji is a radical, and the radical name is not already
 100 a reading, the radical name is preceded the marker "T2".
 101 <p>
 102 (Other Tn classes may be created at a later date.)
 103 </p>
 104 </li>
 105 </ol>
 106 </li>
 107 <li>English meanings.  Each such field begins with an open brace '{' and ends
 108 at the next close brace '}'.
 109 </li>
 110 </ol>
 111 <b><a name="IREF03">INFORMATION FIELDS</a></b>
 112 <p>
 113 There are currently a variety of predefined fields (programs  using  KANJIDIC
 114 should not make any assumptions about the presence or absence of any of these
 115 fields, as KANJIDIC is certain to be extended in the future):
 116 </p>
 117 <ul>
 118 <li>    B&lt;num&gt; -- the radical (Bushu) number.  There is  one  per  entry.  As
 119 far  as  possible,  this is the radical number used in the Nelson
 120 "Modern
 121 Japanese-English Character Dictionary" (i.e. the Classic, not the New Nelson).  Where  the classical or
 122 historical radical number differs from this,  it  is  present as a
 123 separate C&lt;num&gt; entry.
 124 <p>
 125 </p>
 126 </li>
 127 <li>    C&lt;num&gt;  --  the  historical  or  classical radical number, as recorded
 128 in the KangXi Zidian (where this differs from the B&lt;num&gt; entry.) There
 129 will be at most one of these.
 130 <p>
 131 </p>
 132 </li>
 133 <li>    F&lt;num&gt; -- the frequency-of-use ranking.  At most one  per  line.  The
 134 2,501 most-used characters have a ranking; those characters that lack
 135 this field are not ranked.  The frequency is a number from 1 to 2,501
 136 that expresses the relative frequency of occurrence of a character in
 137 modern  Japanese.  The  data  is based on an analysis of word
 138 frequencies in the Mainichi Shimbun over 4 years by Alexandre Girardi.
 139 From this the relative frequencies have been derived. Note:
 140 <ol type="a">
 141 <li>these frequencies are biassed towards words and kanji used in newspaper
 142 articles,
 143 </li>
 144 <li>the relative frequencies for the last few hundred
 145 kanji so graded is quite imprecise.
 146 </li>
 147 </ol>
 148 (Earlier editions of the KANJIDIC file used a frequency-of-use ranking
 149 from the
 150 National Language Research Institute (Tokyo), interpreted and adapted
 151 by Jack Halpern.)
 152 <p>
 153 </p>
 154 </li>
 155 <li>    G&lt;num&gt; -- the Jouyou grade level.  At most one per line.  G1  through
 156 G6  indicate Jouyou grades 1-6.  G8 indicates general-use characters.
 157 G9 indicates Jinmeiyou  ("for  use  in  names")  characters.  If  not
 158 present, it is a kanji outside these categories.
 159 <p>
 160 </p>
 161 </li>
 162 <li>    H&lt;num&gt;  --  the  index  number  in the New Japanese-English Character
 163 Dictionary,  edited by Jack Halpern.  At most one allowed  per  line.
 164 If not preset, the character is not in Halpern.
 165 <p>
 166 </p>
 167 </li>
 168 <li>    N&lt;num&gt;  --  the  index number in the "Modern Reader's Japanese-English
 169 Character Dictionary",  edited by Andrew Nelson.  At most one  allowed
 170 per  line.  If  not  present,  the character is not in Nelson,  or is
 171 considered to be a non-standard version,  in which case it may have a
 172 cross-reference  code  in  the  form:  XNnnnn.  (Note that many kanji
 173 currently used are what Nelson described as "non-standard"  forms  or
 174 glyphs.)
 175 <p>
 176 </p>
 177 </li>
 178 <li>    V&lt;num&gt; -- the index number in The New Nelson Japanese-English
 179 Character Dictionary, edited by John Haig.
 180 <p>
 181 </p>
 182 </li>
 183 <li>D&lt;code&gt; -- the "D" codes will be progressively used for dictionary
 184 based codes.
 185 <ol type="a">
 186 <li>DBnnn - the index numbers used in "Japanese For Busy People" vols I-III,
 187 published by the AJLT. The codes are the volume.chapter.
 188 <p>
 189 </p>
 190 </li>
 191 <li>DCnnnn - the index numbers used in "The Kanji Way to Japanese Language
 192 Power" by Dale Crowley.
 193 <p>
 194 </p>
 195 </li>
 196 <li>DGnnn - the index numbers used in the "Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide".
 197 <p>
 198 </p>
 199 </li>
 200 <li>DHnnnn - the index numbers used in the 3rd edition of
 201 "A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese" edited by Ken Hensall et al.
 202 <p>
 203 </p>
 204 </li>
 205 <li>DJnnnn - the index numbers used in the "Kanji in Context" by
 206 Nishiguchi and Kono.
 207 <p>
 208 </p>
 209 </li>
 210 <li>DKnnnn - the index numbers used by Jack Halpern in his Kanji
 211 Learners Dictionary, published by Kodansha in 1999. The numbers have
 212 been provided by Mr Halpern.
 213 <p>
 214 </p>
 215 </li>
 216 <li>DOnnnn - the index numbers used in P.G. O'Neill's Essential Kanji
 217 The numbers have been provided by Glenn Rosenthal.
 218 <p>
 219 </p>
 220 </li>
 221 <li>DRnnnn - these are the codes developed by Father Joseph De Roo,
 222 and published in his book "2001 Kanji" (Bonjinsha). Fr De Roo has
 223 given his permission for these codes to be included.
 224 <p>
 225 </p>
 226 </li>
 227 <li>DSnnnn - the index numbers used in the early editions of
 228 "A Guide To Reading and Writing  Japanese" edited by Florence Sakade.
 229 <p>
 230 </p>
 231 </li>
 232 <li>DTnnn - the index numbers used in the Tuttle Kanji Cards, compiled
 233 by Alexander Kask.
 234 <p>
 235 </p>
 236 </li>
 237 </ol>
 238 <p>
 239 </p>
 240 </li>
 241 <li>    P&lt;code&gt;  --  the  SKIP  pattern  code.  The  &lt;code&gt;  is  of  the form
 242 "P&lt;num&gt;-&lt;num&gt;-&lt;num&gt;".  The  System  of  Kanji  Indexing  by  Patterns
 243 (SKIP)  is  a  scheme  for  the classification and rapid retrieval of
 244 Chinese characters on the basis of  geometrical  patterns.  Developed
 245 by  Jack  Halpern,  it  first  appeared  in  the New Japanese-English
 246 Character Dictionary (Kenkyusha, Tokyo 1990;  NTC, Chicago 1993), and
 247 is  being  used in a series of dictionaries and learning tools called
 248 KIT  (Kanji  Integrated  Tools).  SKIP  is  protected  by  copyright,
 249 copyleft  and patent laws.  The commercial utilization of SKIP in any
 250 form is strictly forbidden without the  written  permission  of  Jack
 251 Halpern,  the  copyright  holder  (jhalpern@cc.win.or.jp).  (A  brief
 252 summary of the method is in Appendix C. See Appendix E. for some of
 253 the rules applied when counting strokes in some of the radicals.)
 254 <p>
 255 </p>
 256 </li>
 257 <li>    S&lt;num&gt; -- the stroke count.  At least one  per  line.  If  more  than
 258 one,  the  first  is considered the accepted count,  while subsequent
 259 ones are common miscounts. (See Appendix E. For some of the rules
 260 applied when counting strokes in some of the radicals.)
 261 <p>
 262 </p>
 263 </li>
 264 <li>    U&lt;hexnum&gt;  --  the Unicode encoding of the kanji.  See Appendix B for
 265 further information on this code. There is exactly one per line.
 266 <p>
 267 </p>
 268 </li>
 269 <li>    I&lt;code&gt; -- the index codes in the reference books by Spahn  &amp;
 270 Hadamitzky. These codes take two forms:
 271 <ol type="i">
 272 <li>for The Kanji Dictionary (Tuttle 1996), they are in the form
 273 nxnn.n,  e.g.  3k11.2, where the kanji has 3
 274 strokes in the identifying radical, it is radical "k" in the S&amp;H
 275 classification system, there are 11 other strokes, and it is the 2nd
 276 kanji in the 3k11 sequence. I am very grateful to Mark Spahn for
 277 providing the (almost) full list of these descriptor codes for the
 278 kanji in this file. At the time of writing some 800 kanji in the
 279 file lack the SH descriptor. This is because the book used a
 280 different glyph as the primary kanji. The gaps are gradually being
 281 filled in. Where the JIS X 0208 glyph is the second kanji for a
 282 particular descriptor code, it has a "-2" appended to the code.
 283 <p>
 284 </p>
 285 </li>
 286 <li>for the Kanji &amp; Kana book (Tuttle), they are in the form
 287 INnnnn, where nnnn is the number of the  kanji referenced in
 288 that book (2nd edition.)
 289 </li>
 290 </ol>
 291 </li>
 292 <li>    Qnnnn.n -- the "Four Corner" code for that  kanji.  This  is  a  code
 293 invented by Wang Chen in 1928, it has since then been widely used for
 294 dictionaries in China and Japan. In some cases there are two of these
 295 codes, as it is can be little ambiguous, and Morohashi has some kanji
 296 coded differently from their traditional Chinese codes.  See Appendix
 297 D  for  an overview of the Four Corner System.  Christian Wittern,
 298 who passed on these codes, comments that they are in need of
 299 proof-reading and  thus  users  are  advised to be cautious using the
 300 codes for serious scholarship.
 301 <p>
 302 </p>
 303 </li>
 304 <li>    MNnnnnnnn  and  MPnn.nnnn  --  the  index  number   and   volume.page
 305 respectively of the kanji in  the 13-volume Morohashi Daikanwajiten.
 306 In the MNnnn field, a terminal `P`, e.g. MN4879P, indicates  that it
 307 is 4879' in the original. In some 500 cases, the number is terminated
 308 with an `X`, to indicate that the kanji in Morohashi has a close, but
 309 not identical, glyph to the form in the JIS X 0208 standard.
 310 <p>
 311 </p>
 312 </li>
 313 <li>    Ennnn  --  the  index number used in "A Guide To Remembering Japanese
 314 Characters" by Kenneth G.  Henshall.  There are 1945 kanji with these
 315 numbers (i.e. the Jouyou subset.)
 316 <p>
 317 </p>
 318 </li>
 319 <li>    Knnnn -- the index number in the  Gakken  Kanji  Dictionary  ("A  New
 320 Dictionary  of Kanji Usage").  Some of the numbers relate to the list
 321 at  the  back  of  the  book,  jouyou  kanji  not  contained  in  the
 322 dictionary, and various historical tables at the end.
 323 <p>
 324 </p>
 325 </li>
 326 <li>    Lnnnn -- the index number used in "Remembering The  Kanji"  by  James
 327 Heisig.
 328 <p>
 329 </p>
 330 </li>
 331 <li>Onnnn -- the index number in "Japanese Names", by P.G. O'Neill.
 332 (Weatherhill, 1972) (A warning: some of the numbers end with 'A'. This
 333 is how they appear in the book; it is not a problem with the file.)
 334 <p>
 335 </p>
 336 </li>
 337 <li>    Wxxxx -- the romanized form of the Korean reading(s) of the kanji.
 338 Most of these kanji have one Korean reading, a few have two or more.
 339 The readings are in the (Republic of Korea) Ministry of Education
 340 style of romanization.
 341 <p>
 342 </p>
 343 </li>
 344 <li>    Yxxxxx -- the "Pinyin" of each kanji, i.e.  the (Mandarin or Beijing)
 345 Chinese romanization.  About 6,000 of the kanji have these. Obviously
 346 most of the native Japanese kokuji do not have Pinyin, however at least
 347 one does as it was taken into Chinese at a later date.
 348 <p>
 349 </p>
 350 </li>
 351 <li>    Xxxxxxx -- a cross-reference code. An entry of, say, XN1234 will mean
 352 that the user is referred to the kanji with the (unique) Nelson index
 353 of  1234.  XJ0xxxx and XJ1xxxx are cross-references to the kanji with
 354 the JIS hexadecimal code of xxxx. The `0' means the reference is to a
 355 JIS X 0208 kanji, and the `1' references a JIS X 0212 kanji.
 356 <p>
 357 </p>
 358 </li>
 359 <li>    Zxxxxxx -- a mis-classification code.  It means that  this  kanji  is
 360 sometimes mis-classified as having the xxxxxx coding.  In the case of
 361 the SKIP classifications,  an extra letter code is used  to  indicate
 362 the  type  of  mis-classification.  ZPPn-n-n,  ZSPn-n-n  and ZBPn-n-n
 363 indicate mis-classification according to position,  stroke-count  and
 364 both position and stroke-count. (ZRPn-n-n codes are where Jim
 365 Breen &amp;
 366 Jack Halpern are having a [hopefully temporary] disagreement over the
 367 number of strokes.)
 368 </li>
 369 </ul>
 370 If the final field of a line is not an English field, there is a final space.
 371 Each reading and information field is therefore bracketed by space characters
 372 (which makes it convenient for searches using programs like "grep".)
 373 <p>
 374 As  far  as  possible  all  entries  will  have  their  yomikata and readings
 375 attached, even if they are a recognized variant of another kanji.  This is to
 376 facilitate electronic searches using these fields as keys,  and should not be
 377 taken as a recommendation to use such obscure kanji.
 378 </p>
 379 <p>
 380 <b><a name="IREF04">CURRENT USAGE</a></b>
 381 </p>
 382 <p>
 383 KANJIDIC  is used now to build the "kinfo.dat" file which is used by JDIC and
 384 JREADER,  and by Stephen Chung's  JWP.  "kinfo.dat"  contains  the  identical
 385 information,  but  in  a compressed form and in a structure suitable for fast
 386 indexed access.
 387 </p>
 388 <p>
 389 KANJIDIC  is  also  used in the XJDIC and MacJDic dictionary programs,  and a
 390 growing number of other programs such as KDRILL and KDIC.
 391 </p>
 392 <p>
 393 <b><a name="IREF05">SUPPORT</a></b>
 394 </p>
 395 <p>
 396 KANJIDIC was originally compiled, and is maintained by:
 397 </p>
 398 <dl><dd>
 399 Jim Breen
 400 <br>
 401 (jwb@csse.monash.edu.au)
 402 <br>
 403 School of Computer Science &amp; Software Engineering
 404 <br>
 405 Monash University, Victoria, Australia
 406 </dd></dl>
 407 If  you  have  suggested  changes,  send  diffs  [not  complete  files]  with
 408 corrections to him.
 409 <p>
 410 <b><a name="IREF06">TOO MUCH INFORMATION?</a></b>
 411 </p>
 412 <p>
 413 KANJIDIC is now rather large, and has information in it which is not much use
 414 for  people who are not studying and researching Japanese orthography.  It is
 415 still appropriate to maintain it as a useful freely-available  compendium  of
 416 such information.
 417 </p>
 418 <p>
 419 For people who only wish to use a subset  of  the  information  in  KANJIDIC,
 420 there is a program "kdfilt.c", also available as kdfilt.exe for MS-DOS, which
 421 will strip out unwanted fields. Dan Crevier has also released a program
 422 (kanjidicSplit) which does the same for MacJDic users. (For users of the JDIC
 423 program, the KANJDFIX.EXE utility also strips out unwanted fields prior to
 424 building the KINFO.DAT file.)
 425 </p>
 426 <p>
 427 <b><a name="IREF07">HISTORY</a></b>
 428 </p>
 429 <p>
 430 (some comments by Jim Breen)
 431 </p>
 432 <p>
 433 KANJIDIC began as two files:  jis1detl.lst and jis2detl.lst, which were later
 434 merged into a single file.
 435 </p>
 436 <p>
 437 The  first  file was compiled initially from the file "kinfo.dat" supplied by
 438 Stephen Chung,  who in turn compiled his file from a file  prepared  by  Mike
 439 Erickson.  I  originally added about 1900 "meanings" by James Heisig keyed in
 440 by Kevin Moore from the book "Remembering  The  Kanji".  I  later  added  the
 441 meanings  from  Rik Smoody's files,  compiled when he was working for Sony in
 442 Japan. These appear to have been based on Nelson.
 443 </p>
 444 <p>
 445 The second file was compiled from a complete JIS2 list with Bushu and  stroke
 446 counts  kindly  supplied  to  me  by  Jon  Crossley,  to which I added Nelson
 447 numbers, yomikata and meanings extracted from Rik Smoody's file.
 448 </p>
 449 <p>
 450 Theresa Martin was an  early  assister  with  this  file,  particularly  with
 451 tracking  down  and  correcting many mistranscribed yomikata (the old zu/dzu,
 452 oo/ou, ji/dji, etc. problems).
 453 </p>
 454 <p>
 455 Jeffrey Friedl did a major overhaul in September-October 1992,  in  which  he
 456 added  the  original frequency  rankings,  Halpern codes,  SKIP patterns,  updated the
 457 grading ("G" fields) to reflect the modern Jouyou  lists,  corrected  radical
 458 numbers,  corrected  stroke  counts  and readings to fall in line with modern
 459 usage.
 460 </p>
 461 <p>
 462 Magnus Halldorsson corrected some erroneous  Halpern  numbers,  and  provided
 463 them  for  a  lot  of  the radicals.  He provided the list of Heisig indices,
 464 which he originally compiled himself,  then verified and expanded using lists
 465 from Richard Walters and Antti Karttunen. He also passed on to me the list of
 466 Gakken indices compiled by Antti Karttunen.
 467 </p>
 468 <p>
 469 Lee Collins provided the Unicode mappings (see appendix B)
 470 </p>
 471 <p>
 472 Iain Sinclair has provided the yomikata,  meanings and S&amp;H indices of many of
 473 the obscure JIS2 kanji.
 474 </p>
 475 <p>
 476 Christian  Wittern,  a  Sinologist  working  at Kyoto University,  sent me a
 477 monster file prepared by Dr Urs App from Hanazono College.  From this I  have
 478 extracted the Four Corner and Morohashi information.  Christian also provided
 479 the  original Pinyin details, which were later replaced. I am very grateful
 480 for these significant contributions.
 481 </p>
 482 <p>
 483 In March  1994  the  Morohashi  indices  were  proof-read  and  corrected  by
 484 Christian.
 485 </p>
 486 <p>
 487 Alfredo Pinochet supplied all the Henshall numbers.
 488 </p>
 489 <p>
 490 Ingar Holst has provided considerable assistance in regularizing the Bnnn and
 491 Cnnn  radical classifications to remove some errors that were in the original
 492 JIS2 file, and to make it all conform to Nelson's classification.
 493 </p>
 494 <p>
 495 In mid-1993 I withdrew the  SKIP  codes  from  the  distributed  file  as  it
 496 appeared  that  their  presence  violated  Jack  Halpern's copyright on these
 497 codes. Jeffrey Friedl contacted Jack about this, and Jack obtained permission
 498 from his publisher for the codes to be included subject to the copyright  and
 499 usage restrictions stated in this document. In March 1994 the Halpern indices
 500 and SKIP codes were checked against an extract from Jack's files, and the "Z"
 501 mis-classification  codes added,  again from his files.  Jack has also made a
 502 lot of useful comments and suggestions about the content and  format  of  the
 503 file.  I am most grateful to Jack for his permission and assistance, and also
 504 to Jeffrey for making the contact.
 505 </p>
 506 <p>
 507 In May 1995, a number of updates took place. Jeffrey Friedl established
 508 contact with James Heisig, and obtained a further set of his indices. I
 509 contacted Mark Spahn (via the "honyaku" mailing list) and he kindly provided
 510 most of the missing S&amp;H descriptors, and Jack Halpern released to me the SKIP
 511 codes of the kanji not in the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. For
 512 all this material I am most grateful.
 513 </p>
 514 <p>
 515 In August 1995, I added the O'Neill index numbers. These were compiled by
 516 Jenny Nazak, David Rosenfeld and myself. Thanks to Jenny &amp; David for their
 517 assistance.
 518 </p>
 519 <p>
 520 In January and February 1996 the Morohashi numbers were checked thoroughly
 521 against two important sources: a file of Unicode-Morohashi data (Uni2Dict)
 522 which was prepared by Koichi Yasuoka from the allocation in the JIS X 0221
 523 standard, and the review draft of the proposed revision of the JIS X 0208
 524 standard, which was prepared by the INSTAC Committee, and made available in
 525 a text file, thus enabling comparisons. All the mismatches between the three
 526 files were examined against the Morohashi text, and extensive corrections
 527 made to all three files. I am grateful to Koichi Yasuoka and Masayuki
 528 Toyoshima for their considerable assistance in this task.
 529 </p>
 530 <p>
 531 In March 1996 the Korean readings were added. They were provided by Dr
 532 Charles Muller of Toyo Gakuen University (acmuller@gol.com), to whom I
 533 am most grateful. Chuck's compilation of Korean readings is extremely
 534 thorough and scholarly, and I am pleased to be able to incorporate
 535 them.
 536 </p>
 537 <p>
 538 In April 1996 the readings of all the kanji were compared with those in the
 539 JIS X 0208 draft, and a number of corrections and additions made.
 540 </p>
 541 <p>
 542 In May 1996 I carried out a "unification" of the readings of the KANJIDIC
 543 and KANJD212 files, wherein all the readings of the "itaiji" were brought
 544 into line. The identification of these itaiji was drawn from a file posted
 545 to the fj.kanji group by Taichi Kawabata (kawabata@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp),
 546 which was compiled at the ETL  from the  itaiji identification in the
 547 JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 standards. I corrected a few errors, and added
 548 some extra sets which were indicated in the JIS X 0208-1996 draft.
 549 </p>
 550 <p>
 551 In July 1996 the Pinyin details were completely replaced by a new set. The
 552 original Pinyin were from an earlier compilation by Christian Wittern, and
 553 and contained many errors. Two more reliable sources had become available:
 554 the Uni2Pinyin file compiled by Koichi Yasuoka, which is based in part on
 555 the TONEPY.tit by Yongguang Zhang; and the PYCHAR set of readings of Big5
 556 hanzi compiled by Christian Wittern. The Pinyin currently in the KANJIDIC
 557 file is a combination of the two, following the order in the Uni2Pinyin
 558 file.
 559 </p>
 560 <p>
 561 In August 1996 I corrected a few more missing and erroneous Nelson numbers,
 562 using a massive Nelson list prepared by Wolfgang Cronrath. He also flagged
 563 the kokuji, so I added these to the readings fields as "{(kokuji)}".
 564 </p>
 565 <p>
 566 Also in August 1996 I deleted the handful of former "XJxxxx" cross-references,
 567 and replaced them with a much more comprehensive set, so that they now
 568 represent all the recognized "itaiji". The file I used for this was the
 569 corrected itaiji file mentioned above.
 570 </p>
 571 <p>
 572 In April 1997 I corrected a large number of bushu codes. Many of these had
 573 been identified as errors by Jean-Luc Leger (reiga@iria.mines.u-nancy.fr) who
 574 analyzed and examined all the Nelson bushu. I also identified and added a large
 575 number of missing Cnnn codes.
 576 </p>
 577 <p>
 578 Also in April 1997 I added the S&amp;H "Kanji &amp; Kana" indices. These had been
 579 keyed by Olivier Galibert (Olivier.Galibert@mines.u-nancy.fr). (There must
 580 be an outbreak of kanji interest on Nancy.)
 581 </p>
 582 <p>
 583 In February 1998, the long-awaited inclusion of the "New Nelson" numbers took
 584 place. I had been waiting for the editor of the New Nelson, John Haig, to
 585 supply a list (as he had agreed some years before), but in the meantime,
 586 Jean-Luc Leger keyed a list, so they are now available.
 587 </p>
 588 <p>
 589 Also between December 1997 and February 1998 a large number of Level 2
 590 kanji had their stroke counts corrected to bring them into line with the
 591 counting principles used in the Level 1 kanji. This usually aligned the
 592 counts with those used in the New Nelson and in S&amp;H. Appendix E of this
 593 document was amended to reflect this. The leg-work in tracking this material
 594 down was done by Wolfgang Cronrath.
 595 </p>
 596 <p>
 597 During December 1998 &amp; Jan 1999 I updated the stroke counts of many of the
 598 Level 2 kanji, using an analysis of them carried out by Wolfgang Cronrath.
 599 I also added the De Roo codes, which had been keyed by Jasmin Blanchette,
 600 who also typed the explanatory material. I contacted Fr De Roo in Tokyo who
 601 readily agreed to the inclusion of thecodes.
 602 </p>
 603 <p>
 604 The extension of the S&amp;H Kana &amp; Kanji numbers to the 2nd edition was
 605 done by Enrique Sanchez Rosa.
 606 </p>
 607 <p>
 608 The Hangul versions of the Korean readings (which only appear in the
 609 XML version) were provided by Francis Bond and Kyonghee Paik.
 610 </p>
 611 <p>
 612 I did the Tuttle card numbers myself.
 613 </p>
 614 <p>
 615 James Rose provided the numbers from Crowley's "The Kanji Way to Japanese
 616 Language Power", Sakade's "A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese", and
 617 also for that book's  3rd Edition edited by Henshall, Seeley &amp; De Groot.
 618 </p>
 619 <p>
 620 The "Kodansha's compact Kanji guide" codes were provided by Richard Fremmerlid.
 621 </p>
 622 <p>
 623 The "Kanji in Context" codes were provided by Randy Foreman.
 624 </p>
 625 <p>
 626 The Spanish kanji meanings (which appear in the XML format, and may also
 627 appear in special versions of KANJIDIC) were compiled by Francisco Gutierrez
 628 and provided by Gabriel Sanroman.
 629 </p>
 630 <p>
 631 <b><a name="IREF08">KANJIDIC LICENCE STATEMENT AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE</a></b>
 632 </p>
 633 <p>
 634 In March 2000, James William Breen assigned ownership of the copyright
 635 of the dictionary files assembled, coordinated and edited by him to the
 636 The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group at Monash
 637 University.
 638 </p>
 639 <p>
 640 Information about the formal usage arrangement for KANJIDIC can be found on
 641  <a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/%7Ejwb/edrdg/">the Group's WWW page. </a>
 642 </p>
 643 <p>
 644 In summary, KANJIDIC can be  freely used provided satisfactory
 645 acknowledgement is made, and a number of other conditions are met.
 646 </p>
 647 <p>
 648 The following people have granted permission for material for which they hold
 649 copyright to be included in  the  files,  and  distributed  under  the  above
 650 conditions, while retaining their copyright over that material:
 651 </p>
 652 <p>
 653 Jack HALPERN: The SKIP codes in the KANJIDIC file.
 654 </p>
 655 <p>
 656 With regard to the SKIP codes, Mr Halpern draws your attention to the
 657 statement he has prepared on the matter, which is included at Appendix F.
 658 </p>
 659 <p>
 660 Christian WITTERN and Koichi YASUOKA: The Pinyin information in the KANJIDIC
 661 file.
 662 </p>
 663 <p>
 664 Urs APP:  the Four Corner codes and the Morohashi information in the KANJIDIC
 665 file.
 666 </p>
 667 <p>
 668 Mark SPAHN and Wolfgang HADAMITZKY: the kanji descriptors from their
 669 dictionary.
 670 </p>
 671 <p>
 672 Charles MULLER: the romanized Korean readings.
 673 </p>
 674 <p>
 675 Joseph DE ROOO: the De Roo codes.
 676 </p>
 677 <p>
 678 <b><a name="IREF09">APPENDIX A - JIS CODES</a></b>
 679 </p>
 680 <p>
 681 For full information about JIS codes,  please  see  Ken  Lunde's  "japan.inf"
 682 file,  or his book "Understanding Japanese Information Processing",  O'Reilly
 683 1993. The following is a brief extract from the "japan.inf" file.
 684 </p>
 685 <p>
 686 "The  Japanese  character  set  as  described in the document JIS X 0208-1990
 687 specifies 6,879 standard characters; 6,355 kanji in 2 levels (Level 1:  2,965
 688 kanji arranged by pronunciation;  Level 2:  3,390 kanji arranged by radical),
 689 86 katakana, 83 hiragana, 10 numerals, 52 Roman characters,  147 symbols,  66
 690 Russian  characters,  48  Greek characters,  and 32 line elements (for making
 691 charts).
 692 </p>
 693 <p>
 694 This standard was first established in 1978,  modified for the first time  in
 695 1983 (character position swapping,  glyph changes, and four kanji appended to
 696 JIS Level 2),  and modified again in 1990 (two kanji  were  appended  to  JIS
 697 Level 2). This character set is widely implemented on a variety of platforms.
 698 Encoding methods for JIS X 0208-1990 include Shift-JIS, EUC, and JIS."
 699 </p>
 700 <p>
 701 <b><a name="IREF10">APPENDIX B - UNICODE</a></b>
 702 </p>
 703 <p>
 704 The  following  information  about  Unicode  was  provided in 1992 by Lee
 705 Collins at  Taligent.
 706 </p>
 707 <p>
 708 (The Unicode sequences are) "the  final,  official  mapping  to  JIS  of  the
 709 CJK-JRG's  (Chinese,   Japanese,   Korean-  Joint  Research  Group)  "Unified
 710 Repertoire and Ordering Version 2.0" which is the unified Han  character  set
 711 of  ISO  10646  and  Unicode.  All  of  the  Unicode  companies (Apple,  IBM,
 712 Microsoft, NeXT,  Taligent,  etc) are now using this mapping.  There has been
 713 some confusion because of difference in nomenclature.  Unicode people call it
 714 UniHan,  the  Chinese sometimes call it HCS (Han Character Set) and ISO calls
 715 it "Ideographic CJK Character Unified Repertoire and Ordering". ISO can't use
 716 the term "Han" character because Japan  was  very  sensitive  to  this  (even
 717 though  it  is  a  direct  translation  of  "Kanzi") and it can't be called a
 718 character set because only ISO WG2 is empowered with the authority to  encode
 719 characters. Problems of naming aside, they are all the same thing.
 720 </p>
 721 <p>
 722 The  CJK-JRG  was  formed  under  the aegis of ISO in 1990 to investigate and
 723 propose a unified Han character set for inclusion in ISO  10646.  It  brought
 724 together  various  experts  on Han characters from China,  Hong Kong,  Japan,
 725 Korea,  Taiwan  and  the  United  States  selected  by  the  national  bodies
 726 participating in ISO WG2.
 727 </p>
 728 <p>
 729 Including  the  initial  work  in the US on Unicode and in China on GB 13000,
 730 which were merged and became the basis for the URO,  the task spanned about 4
 731 years.  The work was completed in April of this year.  It contains 21,000 Han
 732 characters from all of the major standards used in East Asia, including JIS X
 733 0208-1990  and  JIS  X  0212-1990.   The  Unicode   consortium   provides   a
 734 cross-reference file for all of the source sets. To get a copy contact
 735 </p>
 736 <p>
 737 Steve Greenfield
 738 <br>
 739 unicode-inc@HQ.M4.Metaphor.COM
 740 </p>
 741 <p>
 742 For further details about the URO/UniHan, you might want to pick up a copy of
 743 the  "The  Unicode  Standard  Version 1.0 Vol II".  It's published by Addison
 744 Wesley,  ISBN 0-201-60845-6.  It's been available in the USA for over a month
 745 now. For a slightly different presentation of the characters, a copy of 10646
 746 or  of  the "Ideographic CJK Character Unified Repertoire and Ordering Version
 747 2.0" might be available through the the Australian national body to ISO WG2."
 748 </p>
 749 <p>
 750
 751 <b><a name="IREF11">APPENDIX C - SKIP CODES</a></b>
 752 </p>
 753 <p>
 754 S K I P -  SYSTEM OF KANJI INDEXING BY PATTERNS
 755 </p>
 756 <p>
 757 [This document contains the text and examples from the covers of the "New
 758 Japanese-English Character Dictionary" edited by Jack Halpern and published
 759 by Kenkyusha and NTC. It is reproduced with Mr Halpern's kind permission.
 760 </p>
 761 <pre>The text on which this is based used four patterns which are not able to be
 762 reproduced in this document. They are referred to below as #1 through #4,
 763 and relate to the following shapes in the NJECD:
 764
 765 .   ¢£¢£¡±¡±¡Ã  ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 766 .   ¢£¢£    ¡Ã  ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 767 .   ¢£¢£    ¡Ã  ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£    ¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 768 .   ¢£¢£    ¡Ã  ¡Ã    ¡Ã    ¢£    ¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 769 .   ¢£¢£    ¡Ã  ¡Ã    ¡Ã    ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 770 .   ¢£¢£¡²¡²¡×  ¡Ã¡²¡²¡×    ¢£¢£¢£¢£    ¢£¢£¢£¢£
 771
 772 .     #1          #2          #3          #4
 773 .    LEFT-       TOP-       ENCLOSURE   SOLID
 774 .    RIGHT      BOTTOM]
 775
 776
 777 .               HOW TO LOCATE AN ENTRY
 778
 779 A. Determine the SKIP number of your character.
 780
 781 STEP 1  IDENTIFY PATTERN
 782
 783 Determine to which of the four PATTERNS your character belongs to get the
 784 first part of the SKIP number (the PATTERN NUMBER).
 785
 786 If your character belongs to pattern #1, #2 or #3 (Áê¢ª#1), carry out the
 787 steps in the left column; if it belongs to pattern #4 (²¼¢ª#4), carry out the
 788 steps in the right column. (REF: R4. How to Identify the Pattern)
 789
 790 .         #1  #2  #3                               #4
 791
 792 STEP 2
 793 DIVIDE CHARACTER                        OMIT
 794 Divide the character into two parts at  (Since solid characters
 795 the first division point. [Áê=ÌÚ+ÌÜ]    cannot be divided, go to
 796 REF: R5. How to Divide the Character    STEP 3.) REF: R6. How to
 797 Subclassify the Solid Pattern
 798
 799 STEP 3
 800 COUNT STROKES OF SHADED PART            DETERMINE TOTAL STROKE-COUNT
 801 Count the strokes of the SHADED PART    Determine the total stroke-count of
 802 to get the second part of the SKIP      your character to get the second part
 803 number.  [Áê #1 1-4-]                   of the SKIP number. [²¼ #4 4-3-]
 804 REF: Appendix 2. How to Count Strokes   REF: Appendix 2. How to Count Strokes
 805
 806 STEP 4
 807 COUNT STROKES OF BLANK PART             IDENTIFY SOLID SUBPATTERN
 808 Count the strokes of the BLANK PART     Determine to which of the four
 809 to get the third part of the SKIP       SOLID SUBPATTERNS your character
 810 number. [Áê #1 1-4-5]                   belongs to get the third part of the
 811 REF: Appendix 2. How to Count Strokes   SKIP number.  Select from: `¡±' 1,
 812 `¡²' 2, `|' 3, or `¢£' 4. [²¼ #4 4-3-1]
 813 REF: R6. How to Subclassify the
 814 Solid Pattern
 815
 816 After determining the SKIP number of your character, locate your character
 817 entry in one of two ways:
 818
 819 1. Determine the entry number in the Pattern Index beginning on p. 1952 then
 820 locate your character entry in the main part of the dictionary.  See R3.1.2
 821 Index Method for details.
 822
 823 2. Locate your character entry directly (without referring to the  Pattern
 824 Index) from its SKIP number.  See R3.1.3 Direct Method for details.
 825
 826 NOTE: All references preceded by a section mark (R) refer to SYSTEM OF KANJI
 827 INDEXING BY PATTERNS beginning on p. 106a
 828
 829
 830 HOW TO IDENTIFY THE PATTERN
 831
 832 DETERMINE TO WHICH OF THE FOUR PATTERNS YOUR CHARACTER BELONGS
 833
 834 #1 Characters that can be divided into left and right parts
 835 RIGHT: Áê 4-5  È¬ 1-1  ½ç 1-11  °· 3-3
 836 WRONG: ÊÒ 1-3  ÍÑ 1-4  ²Ä 3-2   Â¿ 3-3
 837
 838 #2 Characters that can be divided into top and bottom parts
 839 RIGHT: Æó 1-1  »û 3-3  ¸Å 2-3  ½Õ 5-4
 840 WRONG: Ëü 1-2  ¹Í 4-2  ´Ö 8-4  ºÁ 4-3
 841
 842 #3 Characters that can be divided by an enclosure element
 843 RIGHT: ¿Ê 3-8  ¹ 3-2  Ìä 8-3  ¹ñ 3-5
 844 WRONG: Æþ 1-1  ¸â 4-3  Ì¾ 3-3  °Ù 5-4
 845
 846 #4 Characters that cannot be classified under patterns #1, #2, or #3
 847 RIGHT: ±« 8-1  Ê¼ 5-2  Ãæ 4-3  Í¿ 3-4
 848 WRONG: Åá 2-1  Æü 4-1  ¿å 4-3
 849
 850 IF A CHARACTER CAN BE CLASSIFIED UNDER MORE THAN ONE PATTERN, SELECT THE ONE
 851 THAT FOLLOWS THE NATURAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHARACTER
 852 RIGHT: »ù 2-5-2  È¢ 2-6-9
 853 WRONG: »ù 1-2-5  È¢ 1-7-8
 854
 855
 856 HOW TO DIVIDE THE CHARACTER
 857
 858 DIVIDE THE CHARACTER INTO TWO PARTS AT THE FIRST DIVISION POINT
 859
 860 #1 Going from left to right, divide at the first space
 861 RIGHT: ÌÀ 4-4  ¾® 1-2  °· 3-3
 862 WRONG: ¾® 2-1  ³¹ 9-3
 863
 864 #2 Going from top to bottom, divide at the first space, horizontal line, or
 865 frame element, whichever comes first
 866 RIGHT: »° 1-2  ¶¼ 2-8  ÀÖ 3-4  ¸Å 2-3
 867 WRONG: »° 2-1  ¶¼ 6-4  ÀÖ 2-5  ²¼ 1-2
 868
 869 #3 Going from the outside toward the inside, divide after the first enclosure
 870 element
 871 RIGHT: ÅÙ 3-6  ¿Ê 3-8  ÊÄ 8-3  ÌÜ 3-2
 872 WRONG: ÅÙ 7-2  Ëá 11-5
 873
 874 DO NOT VIOLATE THE PRINCIPLE OF ELEMENT INTEGRITY
 875 .  1. Never break through strokes
 876 .       RIGHT: ¶§ 3-2-2   WRONG: ¶§ 1-1-4
 877 .  2. Never break through indivisible units
 878 .       RIGHT: ¾ð 1-3-8   WRONG: ¾ð 1-1-10
 879 .  3. Never make unnatural divisions
 880 .       RIGHT: µ¤ 3-4-2   WRONG: µ¤ 2-2-4
 881
 882 HOW TO SUBCLASSIFY THE SOLID PATTERN
 883
 884 A. DETERMINE TO WHICH OF THE FOUR SOLID SUBPATTERNS YOUR CHARACTER BELONGS
 885
 886 `T' 1. Characters that contain a top line
 887 RIGHT: ±« 8-1  ²¼ 3-1  ¼ª 6-1  ²Ì 8-1
 888 WRONG: Åá 2-1  Àé 3-2  ¿â 8-1  Ê¼ 5-1
 889
 890 2. Characters that contain a bottom line
 891 RIGHT: ¾å 3-2  Ê¼ 5-2  ¿â 8-2
 892 WRONG: »³ 3-2  Êñ 5-2  ¼Ô 8-2
 893
 894 3. Characters that contain a through line
 895 RIGHT: Ãæ 4-3  Åì 8-3  ÌÓ 4-3
 896 WRONG: ¿å 4-3  À£ 3-3  ¸á 4-3  Äï 7-3
 897
 898 4. Characters that do not contain a top line, bottom line, or through line
 899 RIGHT: Í¿ 3-4  Âç 3-4  ¼÷ 7-4
 900 WRONG: »å 6-4  µ× 3-4  Í§ 4-4  Îô 6-4
 901
 902 B. IF A CHARACTER CAN BE CLASSIFIED UNDER MORE THAN ONE SUBPATTERN, THE
 903 SUBPATTERN WITH THE SMALLEST NUMBER TAKES PRECEDENCE
 904 RIGHT: ²¦ 4-1  ¸Ê 3-1  ÆÓ 7-1  ²Ì 8-1  ½Ð 5-2  À¸ 5-2  ¹Ã 5-1
 905 WRONG: ²¦ 4-2  ¸Ê 3-2  ÆÓ 7-2  ²Ì 8-3  ½Ð 5-3  À¸ 5-3  ¹Ã 5-3
 906 </pre>
 907 <p>
 908 <b><a name="IREF12">APPENDIX D: - AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOUR CORNER CODING SYSTEM</a></b>
 909 </p>
 910 <p>
 911 The Four Corner System has been used for many years in China  and  Japan  for
 912 classifying  kanji.  In  China  it  is  losing popularity in favour of Pinyin
 913 ordering.  Some Japanese dictionaries,  such as the  Morohashi  Daikanwajiten
 914 have a Four Corner Index.
 915 </p>
 916 <p>
 917 The following overview of the system has been condensed from the article "The
 918 Four Corner System:  an introduction with exercises" by  Dr  Urs  App,  which
 919 appeared in the Electronic Bodhidharma No 2,  February 1992, published by the
 920 International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism,  Hanazono  College.  (More
 921 examples will be added from that article in due course.)
 922 </p>
 923 <pre>1. Stroke shapes are divided into ten classes:
 924
 925 .               0       LID               е
 926 .               1       HORIZONTAL LINE   °ì
 927 .               2       VERTICAL LINE     ¡Ã
 928 .               3       DOT               Ц
 929 .               4       CROSS             ½½
 930 .               5       SKEWER            ¥
 931 .               6       BOX               ¸ý
 932 .               7       ANGLE             ÒÌ
 933 .               8       HACHI             Ȭ
 934 .               9       CHIISAI           ¾®
 935
 936 2. The Four Digits are derived from the Four Corners in a Z-shaped order.
 937
 938 .               A    B                   7  1     7  7
 939 .                        for example:     ¸¶       ·î
 940 .               C    D                   2  9     2  2
 941
 942 Some examples: »Å 2421  ¹Ô 2122  Îò 7121  µû 2733  »ì 0762  Æ± 7722  ¶¶ 4292
 943
 944 3.  A shape is only used once.  If it fills several corners, it is counted as
 945 zero in subsequent corners.
 946
 947 Some examples: ¸ý 6000  ¼ó 8060  Ê¬ 8022  Âç 2003  ÏÂ 2690  ÉÊ 6066  µþ 0096
 948
 949 4.  When the upper or lower half of a character consists of only one  (single
 950 or composite) shape,  it is,  regardless of its position,  counted as a left
 951 corner. The right corner is counted as zero.
 952
 953 Some examples: Î© 0010  Í³ 5060  Àã 1017  Êý 0022  Äí 0024  »å 2090  ¼ê 2050
 954
 955 5.  When there is no additional element to the four sides of  the  characters
 956 .¸ý,  Ìç,  ò¨ (and sometimes ¹Ô), whatever is inside these characters is taken
 957 for the lower two corners.
 958
 959 Some examples: Ìä 7760  ¼ü 6080  Ô¢ 6015  ÌÜ 6010  ³« 7744  ÌÌ 1060  îò 2110
 960
 961 6.  The analysis is based on the block-style handwritten kaisho (Ü´½ñ)  shape
 962 of characters.
 963
 964 (This needs attention, as ¸Í is 3027, not 1027.  The top stroke is treated as
 965 a Ц.)
 966
 967 7. Some points to note when analyzing shapes:
 968
 969 o Shape 0:
 970
 971 When the horizontal line below a DOT shape (number 3) is connected to another
 972 stroke at its right-hand end (as in Õß ¸Í,  etc.) it is not counted as a  LID
 973 (number 0) but as a DOT.
 974
 975 Examples: °Â 3040  ¿À 3520  µ§ 3222
 976
 977 o Shape 6:
 978
 979 Characters  such  as »® and Õù where one of the strokes of the square extends
 980 beyond it,  are not considered to be square (number 6)  shapes,  but  corners
 981 (number 7).
 982
 983 Examples: ³î 7710  ½ê 3222  »® 7710  ´Û 8377 µ¹ 3010
 984
 985 o Shape 7:
 986
 987 Only the cornered end of corner shapes (number 7) is counted as 7.
 988
 989 Examples: ¶è 7171  ¶Ô 7222 ¶ç 2762  È¿ 7124
 990
 991 o Shape 8:
 992
 993 Strokes that cross other strokes are not counted as shape number 8 (Ȭ).
 994
 995 Examples: Èþ 8043  ´Ø 7743  Âç 4003  ¼º 8043  ¹Õ 2143  Àí 9043
 996
 997 o Shape 9:
 998
 999 Shapes resembling shape 9, but featuring two strokes in the middle (as in the
1000 top part of ¶È or ÁÑ) or two strokes on one side (as in ¿å or the bottom part
1001 of Êé) are not considered as 9 shapes.
1002
1003 Examples: Êé 4433  ¶È 3290  ÁÑ 3214
1004
1005 8. Some points to note when choosing corners.
1006
1007 - when a corner is occupied by more than one independent or parallel strokes,
1008 the one that extend furthest to the left or right is  taken  as  the  corner,
1009 regardless of how high or low it is.
1010
1011 examples: Èó 1111  Ðë 2124  ¼À 0013  Äë 0022  ¼Ò 3421  ÌÔ 4721
1012
1013 - if there is another shape above (or, at the bottom of the character, below)
1014 the  leftmost  or  rightmost  stroke  of  a  character,  that  shape is given
1015 preference and is taken as the corner.
1016
1017 examples: »¡ 3090  ¹¬ 4040  á¶ 6020  ½÷ 4040  ã¹ 3521  Â¶ 4480
1018
1019 - when two composite stroke shapes are interwoven and each could be  regarded
1020 as a corner,  the shape that is higher is taken as the upper corner,  and the
1021 lower stroke as lower corner.
1022
1023 - when a stroke that slopes downwards to the left or right  is  supported  by
1024 another stroke, the latter is taken as the corner.
1025
1026 examples: ±° 2740  Î¢ 0073  ¾Ë 1962  é° 4464  ·Ô 4410  Èï 3424
1027
1028 - a left slanting stroke on the upper left is taken for the left corner only;
1029 for the right corner one takes a stroke more to the right.
1030
1031 examples: ¿È 2740  Ì¶ 2350  ³û 6752  Åª 2762  ½Ü 2762  Åç 2772
1032
1033 9. Shape variations: (Dr App includes several pages of examples)
1034
1035 10. The fifth corner:
1036
1037 In  order to differentiate between the several characters with the same code,
1038 an optional "fifth corner" is sometimes used. This is, loosely, a shape above
1039 the fourth corner which has not been used in any other shape.
1040 </pre>
1041 <p>
1042 <b><a name="IREF13">APPENDIX E.  RADICAL AND STROKE COUNTING RULES</a></b>
1043 </p>
1044 <p>
1045 These rules apply:
1046 </p>
1047 <ol type="a">
1048 <li>to the stroke-counts themselves;
1049 <p>
1050 </p>
1051 </li>
1052 <li>to the stroke counts in the SKIP codes. Where this results in a SKIP
1053 which differs from that in the NJECD, or in the non-NJECD SKIPs
1054 provided by Jack Halpern, the Jack Halpern version is included prefixed
1055 with "ZR"
1056 </li>
1057 </ol>
1058 RADICALS
1059 <p>
1060 The radicals listed below are ones where there are differing approaches to
1061 the counting of radicals in the various references. The stroke counting in
1062 this file does not strictly follow any reference, but tends to more
1063 aligned to Halpern.
1064 </p>
1065 <ol>
1066 <li>B54 ENNYOU - ׮. Traditionally counted as 3 strokes, but more recently
1067 often counted as 2. S&amp;H counr this as 2; Nelson, Halpern, Koujien, etc,
1068 count it is 3. I treat it as 3.
1069 <p>
1070 </p>
1071 </li>
1072 <li> B140 KUSA-KANMURI e.g. ²× always counted as 3 strokes (Halpern counts
1073 this 4 strokes for the (mostly level 2) kanji where the older form is
1074 often printed.) Note that this has been carried through to kanji where
1075 this element is not the indexing radical, such as ۯ.
1076 <p>
1077 </p>
1078 </li>
1079 <li> B162 SHIN-NYUU e.g. ô£ or °© counted as 3 or 4 strokes. (Nelson and
1080 S&amp;H
1081 count it as 2 strokes, and Halpern as either 3 or 4.) [See Note 1 below.]
1082 <p>
1083 </p>
1084 </li>
1085 <li> B163 OOZATOZUKIRI &amp; B170 KOZATO-HEN Ë® and ïô always counted as 3 strokes
1086 (Nelson and S&amp;H count it as 2, Halpern as 3.) This also applies where it
1087 appears mid-kanji, such as in Üó.
1088 <p>
1089 </p>
1090 </li>
1091 <li> B199 MUGI Çþ always counted as 7 strokes, except for óÎ &amp; óÏ where it
1092 is counted as 11. (Nelson and Halpern do the same, and S&amp;H avoid treating
1093 it as a radical, but count it as 12 in the remainder.)
1094 <p>
1095 </p>
1096 </li>
1097 <li> B113 SHIMESU e.g. Îé, is counted as 4 strokes in that form, and 5 strokes
1098 in its older form, ã«. 18 kanji are in the 4-stroke form and 20 are in
1099 the 5-stroke form. (Nelson and S&amp;H count it as 4; Halpern counts it as 4
1100 or 5. [See Note 1.])
1101 <p>
1102 </p>
1103 </li>
1104 <li> B184 SHOKU HEN ¿©, µ², etc.is counted as 8 strokes in the µ² form, and as
1105 9 strokes in the Ò¬ and »Á forms. (Nelson and S&amp;H count it as 8 strokes,
1106 and Halpern as 8 or 9.) [See Note 1. below.]
1107 <p>
1108 </p>
1109 </li>
1110 <li> B131 SHIN/KERAI ¿Ã. Counted as 7 (Nelson counts it as 6, Halpern as 7
1111 (in the book), and S&amp;H as both for different kanji.)
1112 <p>
1113 </p>
1114 </li>
1115 <li> B136 MAI ASHI Á¤. Counted as 7 (traditionally counted as 6, in
1116 accordance with the older writing of `¥ð'. Nelson counts as 6, S&amp;H as
1117 7, and Halpern as 7 for ¾ïÍÑ and ¿ÍÌ¾ÍÑ´Á»ú and 6 for the rest.) Note
1118 this is also applied to counting å¬ and for kanji with the ðê pattern.
1119 <p>
1120 </p>
1121 </li>
1122 <li> B131 SHIN or KERAI ¿Ã. Counted as 7 (traditionally counted as 6). Nelson
1123 counts as 6, Halpern as 7, and S&amp;H as 6 or 7 in different cases.
1124 <p>
1125 </p>
1126 </li>
1127 <li> The ROO or OI radical (Ϸ) has a variant consisting of the top 4 strokes.
1128 For example, it is in ¼Ô. Traditionally, this variant had an extra dot,
1129 and was counted as 5 strokes. I'm counting it as 4 throughout.
1130 </li>
1131 </ol>
1132 OTHER STROKE PATTERNS
1133 <ol>
1134 <li> While the pattern ±± is a 6-stroke radical, the top half of Ò× is made up
1135 of three distinct parts totalling 8 strokes. Note that this also is the
1136 case with Õ¿, Þì, çÛ and Áé despite the simplification in the JIS glyphs.
1137 <p>
1138 </p>
1139 </li>
1140 <li> ²ç (KIBA HEN) is a problem. It is classically counted as 4 strokes, but
1141 these days has a flick that makes it effectively 5. Halpern, Nelson and
1142 S&amp;H usually have it as 5 strokes, so I'm standardizing on that.
1143 <p>
1144 </p>
1145 </li>
1146 <li> Another little horror is ÚÜ (MU or NASHI), which is classically counted
1147 as 4 strokes. The most common variant has 5 strokes, but looks like 6.
1148 Halpern, S&amp;H and the Classical Nelson count this as 4 strokes, and the New
1149 Nelson as 5. I'm making it 5 too.
1150 <p>
1151 </p>
1152 </li>
1153 <li> The JUU or ASHIATO radical is at the bottom of ¶Ù and ã¼. It is
1154 traditionally counted as 5 strokes, although sometimes it looks like 4.
1155 I'm using 5 throughout.
1156 <p>
1157 </p>
1158 </li>
1159 <li>A related shape is ¥à, as in ±», ¸É, ¸Ì, etc. This is sometimes counted
1160 as two strokes (both Nelsons) and sometimes as three strokes (Halpern, S&amp;H).
1161 Classically it is regarded as two strokes. I am using 6 strokes for ±».
1162 <p>
1163 </p>
1164 </li>
1165 <li> The pattern to the left of ÚÉ, which appears in several kanji, e.g.
1166 Ê¾ and ÊÍ, has 8 strokes. (There are 3 strokes at the top as in ¾°.)
1167 <p>
1168 </p>
1169 </li>
1170 <li> The "east" pattern (Åì) has 8 strokes. There is an older form in which
1171 there are two strokes in the box (ÛË). It is counted as 8
1172 strokes here in the Åì form  (e.g. ´Ò) and 9 in the ÛË form, as in ëÝ.
1173 <p>
1174 </p>
1175 </li>
1176 <li> The pattern at the bottom of ð´ is counted as 4 strokes in modern
1177 dictionaries, although traditionally it was 5.
1178 <p>
1179 </p>
1180 </li>
1181 <li> The pattern ´¬, which appears in several kanji, is counted as 9 strokes.
1182 Several dictionaries count it as either 8 or 9.
1183 <p>
1184 </p>
1185 </li>
1186 <li> The pattern on the left of ¼ý is variously handled as 2 strokes or 3
1187 strokes. As more recent dictionaries make it 4, I will do so too.
1188 </li>
1189 </ol>
1190 Note  The JIS X 0208-1990 standard does not formally specify the precise
1191 glyphs used for kanji, however the glyphs it uses in the published
1192 version have become de facto standards for many font compilations. In
1193 the published standard, for several kanji, e.g. Ã©/íé, Îé/ã«, µ²/Ò¬, the
1194 JIS level one kanji use the simpler form, and the Level 2 kanji use the
1195 older more complex form. Just to make matters worse, many fonts for
1196 JIS X 0208 kanji are based on the bit-maps specified in JIS X 9051-1984
1197 standard, which defines the 16x16 patterns for JIS X 0208-1983 characters.
1198 According to Ken Lunde: "This standard was not very good, and JSA is no
1199 longer supporting it."
1200 Anyway, JIS X 9051-1984 had the simpler form for all these bushu in both
1201 Levels 1 and 2, as well as having simplifications of kanji like ßÉ. Thus,
1202 as the font foundries have freedom to choose whichever glyphs they like,
1203 what you see on your screen may well not agree with these rules. All
1204 the rules in this appendix relate to the glyphs as published in the
1205 JIS X 0208-1990 standard, and as appearing in font compilations based
1206 on them.
1207 <p>
1208 <b><a name="IREF14">APPENDIX F.CONDITIONS FOR USING SKIP DATA by Jack Halpern (jack@kanji.org)</a></b>
1209 </p>
1210 <p>
1211 Ever since my New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (NJECD) came
1212 out (Kenkyusha 1990, NTC 1993), I have been getting inquiries asking for
1213 permission to use SKIP (System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns) data in
1214 software products and electronic dictionaries. Below I explain the
1215 policy of the Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society (KDPS) on how to use
1216 copyright issues when distributing SKIP data or using it in software
1217 product or electronic dictionary.
1218 </p>
1219 <p>
1220 WHAT IS SKIP?
1221 </p>
1222 <p>
1223 Briefly, SKIP is an indexing system that enables the user to locate
1224 kanji quickly and accurately. The system is extremely convenient because
1225 it can be learned in a very short time, is easy to use, and requires very
1226 little prior knowledge of kanji.
1227 </p>
1228 <p>
1229 The central idea of SKIP is the classification of characters into four
1230 major categories on the basis of easy-to-identify geometrical
1231 &lt;patterns&gt;:
1232 </p>
1233 <pre>1. Left-right
1234 2. Up-down
1235 3. Enclosure
1236 4. Solid
1237 </pre>
1238 Characters belonging to the first three categories are arranged in
1239 ascending order of hyphenated numerals that represent the number of
1240 strokes in the &lt;shaded part,&gt; and the number of strokes in the &lt;blank
1241 part.&gt; See http://www.kanji.org and NJECD front matter for details.
1242 <p>
1243 To distribute SKIP data within a group or use it in a commercial
1244 or non-commercial product, please confirm that you agree to the following
1245 conditions:
1246 </p>
1247 <ol>
1248 <li>COPYRIGHT AND DISTRIBUTION
1249 <p>
1250 SKIP data is protected by copyright, copyleft and patent laws. The
1251 copyright holder is Jack Halpern, chief editor  of KDPS (the Kanji
1252 Dictionary Publishing Society). The SKIP data must be protected
1253 from illegal copying and distribution, using such meaasures encryption.
1254 The data must be encrypted if it is to be used in any kind of product,
1255 including commercial products, software and freeware. The data, or extracts
1256 from it, must not be distributed to a third party, must not be sold as
1257 part of any commercial software package, and must not be incorporated
1258 in any published dictionary or other printed document without the
1259 specific  permission of the copyright holder.
1260 </p>
1261 <p>
1262
1263 </p>
1264 </li>
1265 <li> ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SOURCE
1266 <p>
1267 The source of SKIP data shall be acknowledged in the information
1268 screens of the product, and the following disclaimer should appear
1269 in the documentation and/or help screens:
1270 </p>
1271 <p>
1272 "SKIP (System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns) numbers are derived from
1273 the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (Kenkyusha 1990, NTC
1274 1993) and The Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary (Kodansha
1275 International, 1999). SKIP is protected by copyright, copyleft and
1276 patent laws. The  commercial or non-commercial utilization of SKIP in
1277 any form is  strictly forbidden without the written permission of
1278 Jack Halpern, the copyright holder. Such permission is normally
1279 granted. Please contact jack@kanji.org and/or see http://www.kanji.org."
1280 </p>
1281 <p>
1282 </p>
1283 </li>
1284 <li>ROYALTIES
1285 <p>
1286 SKIP is a product of seven years of computer-assisted research and
1287 experimentation on how kanji elements are intuitively perceived in
1288 terms of their parts. Development work was financed by private funds
1289 and research grants. To enable us to continue to develop useful data
1290 and products, we ask for you cooperation by paying KDPS (the Kanji
1291 Dictionary Publishing Society) a royalty 0.5% (negotiable) if you are
1292 using the data for a commercial product. Depending on the circumstances,
1293 it is also possible to use SKIP data free of charge or at a lower
1294 royalty.
1295 </p>
1296 <p>
1297 Finally, please send a copy of your product to Jack Halpern
1298 </p>
1299 </li>
1300 </ol>
1301 <b><a name="IREF15">APPENDIX G - DE ROO CODES</a></b>
1302 <p>
1303 AN OVERVIEW OF THE DE ROO SYSTEM
1304 </p>
1305 <p>
1306 [This document contains the text found in the second edition of "2001 Kanji"
1307 edited by Joseph R. De Roo and published by Bonjinsha.]
1308 </p>
1309 <p>
1310 The system used in "2001 Kanji" is intended for the beginner who encounters
1311 a kanji and wants to look it up, knowing neither its radical, pronunciation,
1312 nor its exact number of strokes. The method consists of looking at the top
1313 of the kanji, and then at its bottom, disregarding its other parts.
1314 </p>
1315 <p>
1316 "2001 Kanji" provides drawings for all graphic elements. This information
1317 cannot be reproduced here. However, an attempt was made to describe each
1318 element as much as possible given the constraints of a computer text file,
1319 and examples of characters possessing the element are always given.
1320 </p>
1321 <pre>Two-step visual method for locating a kanji:
1322
1323 1. Observe its EXTREME TOP or LEFT TOP.
1324
1325 There are only four possibilities: DOT (Ð¦), VERTICAL LINE (¡Ã), DIAGONAL
1326 LINE (¥Î), HORIZONTAL LINE (°ì). Each of these four strokes can occur either
1327 in isolation or in connection with one or more strokes. Each of the four
1328 groups of graphic elements correspond to the four basic strokes in their
1329 immediate environment. Each element has a number wich will become the first
1330 half of the kanji number.
1331
1332 DOT (Ц):
1333 3   DOT                    (Ð¦)     ÇÈ Îä ±Ê ¿´ É¬ ³Ú ¿Þ
1334 4   ROOF                   (Ðµ)     µþ
1335 5   DOTTED CLIFF           (Öø)     Ä£ ¼À
1336 6   ALTAR               ¡¡  ¡¡      Îé Èï Ç·
1337 7   KANA U                 (Õß)     °Â
1338 8   LID                 ¡¡  ¡¡      Çò ÎÉ ¿ã ½® ¼« ¿È µ´ Åç ¸þ ½°
1339 9   HORNS               ¡¡  ¡¡      °Ù Äï Á° ³Ø ¸· µó Áã
1340
1341 VERTICAL LINE (¡Ã):
1342 10  SMALL ON BOX        ¡¡  ¡¡      ¶È ·ô ÊÆ È¾ ¾° ÊÀ ¸÷ Åö ¾Ó
1343 11  SMALL                  (¾®)     ¾® ¿å É¹ À Ï§
1344 12  VERTICAL LINE          (¡Ã)     »Ý ÅÀ »ß ¸© ¿Í µ¢ ¸â Ò¸ ¼ý ÊÒ Ãû
1345 ¡¡      Èó ÅÍ Àî ½£ »³
1346 13  HAND TO THE LEFT    ¡¡  ¡¡      »ý
1347 14  CROSS                  (½½)     Â¸ ¼Ô ¼° Âç É× ÁÕ À£ µá ±¦ Ë® ¼·
1348 ¡¡      ÅÚ ÆÇ Íè ºÊ ÆÖ
1349 15  CROSS ON BOX           (¸Å)     ¿¿ Æî ¼Ö ·Ã Åì Ä« Â« »É ¸Å »ö
1350 16  KANA KA                (¥«)     ´Ý ½ñ °ã Æâ Éý Èé Ãæ ¿½ ±û Äá
1351 17  WOMAN                  (½÷)     °ù
1352 18  TREE                   (ÌÚ)     ËÜ
1353 19  LETTER H               (×°)     Çü ³× °æ ´Å ÂÓ À¤ Ê¦ Â¶ ¶Ê Áâ
1354
1355 DIAGONAL LINE (¥Î):
1356 20  KANA NO                (¥Î)     ¼õ º© ¹Ô Ë³ Ã« È¬ Éã
1357 21  MAN TO THE LEFT        (¥¤)     »ø
1358 22  THOUSAND               (Àé)     ×Û ·Ï ¼á Íø ¾£ ²æ ¼ê Àé ÌÓ ¿â ¾è
1359 ¡¡      ½Å
1360 23  MAN TO THE TOP      ¡¡  ¡¡      Ìµ ´¿ ¸á Ìð ÃÝ ²· Ëè ¸ð
1361 24  COW                    (µí)     ¾Ç µí ¼º ¼ë ¹ð À¸ Àè À©
1362 25  KANA KU                (¥¯)     ³° Á³ Ôé µ× ³Ñ Ò±
1363 26  HILL TOP         ¡¡     ¡¡      »á Äþ ·Þ Î± Íñ ÀÍ ¹¡ ½â °õ ÃÊ
1364 27  LEFT ARROW             (¡ã)     Âæ Öß »å ÍÄ ¶¿
1365 28  ROOF                   (¢Ê)     ¶â ¿© ÁÒ ²ñ ²ð
1366 29  X                      (¡ß)     ÈÈ ´¢ ´õ »¦
1367
1368 HORIZONTAL LINE (°ì):
1369 30  HORIZONTAL LINE        (°ì)     ¸À Éû Æ¦ ¸Í Æõ Îï ¼¨ ¸µ ±¾
1370 31  FOURTH                 (Ãú)     Îó »ê ±« Ãà ÉÔ Ëü Å· ¹¹ ²Ä ²¼ ¸ß
1371 ¡¡      ¸Þ Ê¿ ¹© ²¦
1372 32  BALD                   (Ñº)     ²ç »à À¾ Í× ÆÓ ·Á ¼ª °¡ ¼¥
1373 33  CLIFF                  (ÒÌ)     ÀÐ Ã¤ Îå ¸¶ È¿
1374 34  TOP-LEFT CORNER         ¡¡      ¿Ã ÇÏ Ä¹ °å
1375 35  TOP-RIGHT CORNER        ¡¡      Æþ È¯ Í½ Ëô Åá Î» ×® ²µ Èô µÝ ¿Ò
1376 ¡¡      ·¯ ÁÂ
1377 36  UPSIDE-DOWN CAN        (ÑÄ)     Æ± ÑÜ »Í »® ÅÄ ¹ü Ã° Êì ÆÌ ±ú
1378 37  MOUTH                  (¸ý)     Õù ¼Ü À× Â Ì±
1379 38  SUN                    (Æü)     Â¨ º± Ìç
1380 39  EYE TOP                 ¡¡      ·î ÌÜ ³î ³ ¸«
1381
1382 2. Observe its EXTREME BOTTOM or RIGHT BOTTOM.
1383
1384 There are nine possibilities: DOT (Ð¦), LEFT HOOK (Ð), VERTICAL LINE (¡Ã),
1385 RIGHT HOOK, DIAGONAL LINE (¥Î), BACK DIAGONAL LINE (¡³), BOTTOM OF HEAD É¥,
1386 BOTTOM OF WATAKUSHI ÒÓ, HORIZONTAL LINE (°ì). They are listed in association
1387 with one or more strokes. The number of the bottom element will become the
1388 second half of the kanji number.
1389
1390 DOT (Ц):
1391 40  FOUR DOTS               ¡¡      Ìµ ×Û ±÷ Åß ½Â ´¨ ¿Ô
1392 41  SMALL                  (¾®)     µþ ¾® ¸¶ ¼¨ Í¾ ÀÖ »å ¸©
1393 42  WATER                  (¿å)     µá ±Ê É¹ ¿å
1394
1395 LEFT HOOK (Э):
1396 43  KANA RI                (¥ê)     Íø
1397 44  SEAL                   (ÒÇ)     Ê¦ Ä¤ Äï ÒÇ »Ô Éô
1398 45  SWORD BOTTOM           (Åá)     ±ß ³Ñ Çµ ÎÏ Ëü Åá ¿Ï
1399 46  MOON                   (·î)     ÌÀ Í
1400 47  DOTLESS INCH            ¡¡      ºÆ ºý Õú Ð² Í· Í¿ Êì Ëè Ã° »Ò ¾µ
1401 ¡¡      ¼ê ¿È ºÍ ²ç
1402 48  INCH                   (À£)     ½®
1403 49  MOUTH LEFT HOOK     ¡¡  ¡¡      ¼þ ²Ä »Ê ¶É
1404 50  BIRD BOTTOM         ¡¡  ¡¡      Ä»
1405 51  ANIMAL                 (ÌÞ)     ìµ Êª
1406 52  BOW BOTTOM          ¡¡  ¡¡      µà µÝ Åç Ò±
1407 53  LEFT HOOK              (Ð)     ±© Ìç Ãú Î» ÍÑ ºý ÑÄ ±©
1408
1409 VERTICAL LINE (¡Ã):
1410 54  VERTICAL LINE          (¡Ã)     ÉÔ ËÎ Æã Èó ÊÒ ¶Ô Àî Ê¹
1411 55  CROSS                  (½½)     ¶« Á¤ ÅÍ ´³ ÍÓ ËÜ ¿½ Áá ¼Ö ÀÍ Ãæ
1412 ¡¡      ³× ¼ª ×° °æ
1413
1414 RIGHT HOOK:
1415 56  RIGHT HOOK              ¡¡      ¸Ê Ìé Ýã ²µ ´¤ ÑÜ »á ×µ Îµ Ò¸
1416 57  LEGS                   (Ñ¹)     Õ÷ µ´ Ñº È¯ Ãû ´Ý ¹Ó
1417 58  HEART                  (¿´)     Ç°
1418 59  TASSELED SPEAR BOTTOM   ¡¡      Øù É¬
1419
1420 DIAGONAL LINE (¥Î):
1421 60  KANA NO                (¥Î)     ×Ä ¾¯ º£ Í¼ Õù À¼ Õú µÕ
1422
1423 BACK DIAGONAL LINE (¡³):
1424 61  SMALL PODIUM            ¡¡      Âþ ³ ¸² ¶¦ Ï»
1425 62  BACK KANA NO           (¡³)     °ç °Ê ¼Ü µ× Æþ ²Ð ±» ¿Í Öß
1426 63  BIG                    (Âç)     Ìð ÂÀ Å· ¾Ð É× ¼Â ·ð Íè ·è ±û
1427 64  TREE                   (ÌÚ)     Ûù Â« Åì ¼ë Íè ¾è Ãã Ì¤ ²Ó ·ó ½Ò
1428 ¡¡      ÊÆ
1429 65  SMALL SPOON             ¡¡      °á ´Ä º± Î¹ Ä¹ Ã¤ ÇÉ ½°
1430 66  GOVERN                 (Ð©)     ¿Þ Éã ¾æ Ê¸ Ú¾ Íù ¹¹
1431 67  AGAIN                  (Ëô)     Ìë Ôé µÚ Ôé ×®
1432 68  WINDY AGAIN            (ÝÕ)     Ìò
1433 69  WOMAN                  (½÷)     °Â
1434
1435 HEAD BOTTOM:
1436 70  HEAD BOTTOM             ¡¡      É¥ Äê Â Áö Ç·
1437
1438 WATAKUSHI BOTTOM:
1439 71  WATAKUSHI BOTTOM        ¡¡      Ãî Öö ÒÓ
1440
1441 HORIZONTAL LINE (°ì):
1442 72  HORIZONTAL LINE        (°ì)     ¹© ÅÚ ²¦ ¾å À¸ Î¤ ¿â ¶Ì ¶â ¶Ë ¸ß
1443 73  STANDING BOTTOM         ¡¡      °¡ »ß ³î ¸Þ µÖ Î© Æ¦
1444 74  DISH BOTTOM             ¡¡      ÊÂ »®
1445 75  BOTTOM CORNER           ¡¡      ÆÌ ±ú µÔ Åö Ä¾ Ñá Ò¹ ð² À¾ ÆÓ Ë´
1446 ¡¡      À¤
1447 76  MOUNTAIN               (»³)     Àç ½Ð ÍÉ ´Ì ÅÄ Í³ ²Á Í© ¶Ê ÌÌ
1448 77  MOUTH                  (¸ý)     Àê ¸Å Àå Ï¤ ´±
1449 78  SUN                    (Æü)     Çò É´ ´Å
1450 79  EYE                    (ÌÜ)     ¼ó ½â ¼«
1451
1452 The number of the kanji you are looking for consists of the top number
1453 coming first and the bottom number coming second, the two numbers being
1454 placed side by side. E.g., ´Á 363 (3 63), »ú 747 (7 47).
1455
1456 There are two rules always to keep in mind:
1457
1458 a. Ignore the complete enclosure Óø and the "road" radical (as in Æ»). Look
1459 at the top and bottom (in some cases only the bottom) of what is inside the
1460 complete enclosure, and of what is to the upper right of "road". E.g.,
1461 ¼ü 1262, ¸Ä 2177, Æ» 979, Ë¥ 2755.
1462
1463 b. When a part is enclosed by the "gate" radical, take the bottom or right
1464 bottom of that part. E.g., Æ® 3848, Íó 1864.
1465 </pre>
1466
1467 </body></html>