7 INTERNET-DRAFT Ken Hornstein
8 <draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt> NRL
9 March 10, 2000 Jeffrey Altman
10 Expires: September 10, 2000 Columbia University
14 Distributing Kerberos KDC and Realm Information with DNS
19 This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
20 all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
22 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
23 Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
24 other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
27 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
28 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
29 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference
30 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
32 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
33 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
35 The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
36 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
38 Distribution of this memo is unlimited. It is filed as <draft-ietf-
39 cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt>, and expires on September 10, 2000. Please
40 send comments to the authors.
44 Neither the Kerberos V5 protocol [RFC1510] nor the Kerberos V4 proto-
45 col [RFC????] describe any mechanism for clients to learn critical
46 configuration information necessary for proper operation of the pro-
47 tocol. Such information includes the location of Kerberos key dis-
48 tribution centers or a mapping between DNS domains and Kerberos
51 Current Kerberos implementations generally store such configuration
52 information in a file on each client machine. Experience has shown
53 this method of storing configuration information presents problems
54 with out-of-date information and scaling problems, especially when
58 Hornstein, Altman [Page 1]
60 RFC DRAFT March 10, 2000
63 using cross-realm authentication.
65 This memo describes a method for using the Domain Name System
66 [RFC1035] for storing such configuration information. Specifically,
67 methods for storing KDC location and hostname/domain name to realm
68 mapping information are discussed.
70 DNS vs. Kerberos - Case Sensitivity of Realm Names
72 In Kerberos, realm names are case sensitive. While it is strongly
73 encouraged that all realm names be all upper case this recommendation
74 has not been adopted by all sites. Some sites use all lower case
75 names and other use mixed case. DNS on the other hand is case insen-
76 sitive for queries but is case preserving for responses to TXT
77 queries. Since "MYREALM", "myrealm", and "MyRealm" are all different
78 it is necessary that the DNS entries be distinguishable.
80 Since the recommend realm names are all upper case, we will not
81 require any quoting to be applied to upper case names. If the realm
82 name contains lower case characters each character is to be quoted by
83 a '=' character. So "MyRealm" would be represented as "M=yR=e=a=l=m"
84 and "myrealm" as "=m=y=r=e=a=l=m". If the realm name contains the
85 '=' character it will be represented as "==".
88 Overview - KDC location information
90 KDC location information is to be stored using the DNS SRV RR [RFC
91 2052]. The format of this RR is as follows:
93 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
95 The Service name for Kerberos is always "_kerberos".
97 The Proto can be either "_udp" or "_tcp". If these records are to be
98 used, a "_udp" record MUST be included. If the Kerberos implementa-
99 tion supports TCP transport, a "_tcp" record SHOULD be included.
101 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
103 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, Port, and Target have the standard
104 meaning as defined in RFC 2052.
106 Example - KDC location information
108 These are DNS records for a Kerberos realm ASDF.COM. It has two Ker-
109 beros servers, kdc1.asdf.com and kdc2.asdf.com. Queries should be
110 directed to kdc1.asdf.com first as per the specified priority.
114 Hornstein, Altman [Page 2]
116 RFC DRAFT March 10, 2000
119 Weights are not used in these records.
121 _kerberos._udp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 0 0 88 kdc1.asdf.com.
122 _kerberos._udp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 1 0 88 kdc2.asdf.com.
124 Overview - Kerberos password changing server location information
126 Kerberos password changing server [KERB-CHG] location is to be stored
127 using the DNS SRV RR [RFC 2052]. The format of this RR is as fol-
130 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
132 The Service name for the password server is always "_kpasswd".
134 The Proto MUST be "_udp".
136 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
138 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, Port, and Target have the standard
139 meaning as defined in RFC 2052.
141 Overview - Kerberos admin server location information
143 Kerberos admin location information is to be stored using the DNS SRV
144 RR [RFC 2052]. The format of this RR is as follows:
146 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
148 The Service name for the admin server is always "_kerberos-adm".
150 The Proto can be either "_udp" or "_tcp". If these records are to be
151 used, a "_tcp" record MUST be included. If the Kerberos admin imple-
152 mentation supports UDP transport, a "_udp" record SHOULD be included.
154 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
156 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, Port, and Target have the standard
157 meaning as defined in RFC 2052.
159 Note that there is no formal definition of a Kerberos admin protocol,
160 so the use of this record is optional and implementation-dependent.
162 Example - Kerberos administrative server location information
164 These are DNS records for a Kerberos realm ASDF.COM. It has one
165 administrative server, kdc1.asdf.com.
170 Hornstein, Altman [Page 3]
172 RFC DRAFT March 10, 2000
175 _kerberos-adm._tcp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 0 0 88 kdc1.asdf.com.
177 Overview - Hostname/domain name to Kerberos realm mapping
179 Information on the mapping of DNS hostnames and domain names to Ker-
180 beros realms is stored using DNS TXT records [RFC 1035]. These
181 records have the following format.
183 Service.Name TTL Class TXT Realm
185 The Service field is always "_kerberos", and prefixes all entries of
188 The Name is a DNS hostname or domain name. This is explained in
189 greater detail below.
191 TTL, Class, and TXT have the standard DNS meaning as defined in RFC
194 The Realm is the data for the TXT RR, and consists simply of the Ker-
195 beros realm that corresponds to the Name specified.
197 When a Kerberos client wishes to utilize a host-specific service, it
198 will perform a DNS TXT query, using the hostname in the Name field of
199 the DNS query. If the record is not found, the first label of the
200 name is stripped and the query is retried.
202 Compliant implementations MUST query the full hostname and the most
203 specific domain name (the hostname with the first label removed).
204 Compliant implementations SHOULD try stripping all subsequent labels
205 until a match is found or the Name field is empty.
207 Example - Hostname/domain name to Kerberos realm mapping
209 For the previously mentioned ASDF.COM realm and domain, some sample
210 records might be as follows:
212 _kerberos.asdf.com. IN TXT "ASDF.COM"
213 _kerberos.mrkserver.asdf.com. IN TXT "MARKETING.ASDF.COM"
214 _kerberos.salesserver.asdf.com. IN TXT "SALES.ASDF.COM"
216 Let us suppose that in this case, a Kerberos client wishes to use a
217 Kerberized service on the host foo.asdf.com. It would first query:
219 _kerberos.foo.asdf.com. IN TXT
221 Finding no match, it would then query:
226 Hornstein, Altman [Page 4]
228 RFC DRAFT March 10, 2000
231 _kerberos.asdf.com. IN TXT
233 And find an answer of ASDF.COM. This would be the realm that
234 foo.asdf.com resides in.
236 If another Kerberos client wishes to use a Kerberized service on the
237 host salesserver.asdf.com, it would query:
239 _kerberos.salesserver.asdf.com IN TXT
241 And find an answer of SALES.ASDF.COM.
243 Security considerations
245 As DNS is deployed today, it is an unsecure service. Thus the infor-
246 mation returned by it cannot be trusted.
248 Current practice for REALM to KDC mapping is to use hostnames to
249 indicate KDC hosts (stored in some implementation-dependent location,
250 but generally a local config file). These hostnames are vulnerable
251 to the standard set of DNS attacks (denial of service, spoofed
252 entries, etc). The design of the Kerberos protocol limits attacks of
253 this sort to denial of service. However, the use of SRV records does
254 not change this attack in any way. They have the same vulnerabili-
255 ties that already exist in the common practice of using hostnames for
258 Current practice for HOSTNAME to REALM mapping is to provide a local
259 configuration of mappings of hostname or domain name to realm which
260 are then mapped to KDCs. But this again is vulnerable to spoofing
261 via CNAME records that point to hosts in other domains. This has the
262 same effect as when a TXT record is spoofed. In a realm with no
263 cross-realm trusts this is a DoS attack. However, when cross-realm
264 trusts are used it is possible to redirect a client to use a comprom-
267 This is not an exploit of the Kerberos protocol but of the Kerberos
268 trust model. The same can be done to any application that must
269 resolve the hostname in order to determine which domain a non-FQDN
272 Implementations SHOULD provide a way of specifying this information
273 locally without the use of DNS. However, to make this feature
274 worthwhile a lack of any configuration information on a client should
275 be interpretted as permission to use DNS.
282 Hornstein, Altman [Page 5]
284 RFC DRAFT March 10, 2000
289 This Internet-Draft expires on September 10, 2000.
295 The Kerberos Network Authentication System; Kohl, Newman; Sep-
299 Domain Names - Implementation and Specification; Mockapetris;
303 A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV); Gul-
304 brandsen, Vixie; Feburary 2000
307 Kerberos Change Password Protocol; Horowitz;
308 ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-cat-kerb-chg-
314 US Naval Research Laboratory
317 Washington DC 20375 USA
319 Phone: +1 (202) 404-4765
320 EMail: kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil
325 612 West 115th Street #716
326 New York NY 10025-7799 USA
328 Phone: +1 (212) 854-1344
329 EMail: jaltman@columbia.edu
338 Hornstein, Altman [Page 6]