7 Network Working Group P. Hoffman
8 Request for Comments: 3491 IMC & VPNC
9 Category: Standards Track M. Blanchet
14 Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for
15 Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)
19 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
20 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
21 improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
22 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
23 and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
27 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
31 This document describes how to prepare internationalized domain name
32 (IDN) labels in order to increase the likelihood that name input and
33 name comparison work in ways that make sense for typical users
34 throughout the world. This profile of the stringprep protocol is
35 used as part of a suite of on-the-wire protocols for
36 internationalizing the Domain Name System (DNS).
40 This document specifies processing rules that will allow users to
41 enter internationalized domain names (IDNs) into applications and
42 have the highest chance of getting the content of the strings
43 correct. It is a profile of stringprep [STRINGPREP]. These
44 processing rules are only intended for internationalized domain
45 names, not for arbitrary text.
47 This profile defines the following, as required by [STRINGPREP].
49 - The intended applicability of the profile: internationalized
50 domain names processed by IDNA.
52 - The character repertoire that is the input and output to
53 stringprep: Unicode 3.2, specified in section 2.
58 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 1]
60 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
63 - The mappings used: specified in section 3.
65 - The Unicode normalization used: specified in section 4.
67 - The characters that are prohibited as output: specified in section
70 - Bidirectional character handling: specified in section 6.
72 1.1 Interaction of protocol parts
74 Nameprep is used by the IDNA [IDNA] protocol for preparing domain
75 names; it is not designed for any other purpose. It is explicitly
76 not designed for processing arbitrary free text and SHOULD NOT be
77 used for that purpose. Nameprep is a profile of Stringprep
78 [STRINGPREP]. Implementations of Nameprep MUST fully implement
81 Nameprep is used to process domain name labels, not domain names.
82 IDNA calls nameprep for each label in a domain name, not for the
87 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY"
88 in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC
91 2. Character Repertoire
93 This profile uses Unicode 3.2, as defined in [STRINGPREP] Appendix A.
97 This profile specifies mapping using the following tables from
105 This profile specifies using Unicode normalization form KC, as
106 described in [STRINGPREP].
114 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 2]
116 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
121 This profile specifies prohibiting using the following tables from
134 IMPORTANT NOTE: This profile MUST be used with the IDNA protocol.
135 The IDNA protocol has additional prohibitions that are checked
136 outside of this profile.
138 6. Bidirectional characters
140 This profile specifies checking bidirectional strings as described in
141 [STRINGPREP] section 6.
143 7. Unassigned Code Points in Internationalized Domain Names
145 If the processing in [IDNA] specifies that a list of unassigned code
146 points be used, the system uses table A.1 from [STRINGPREP] as its
147 list of unassigned code points.
151 8.1 Normative References
153 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
154 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
156 [STRINGPREP] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
157 Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454,
160 [IDNA] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P. and A. Costello,
161 "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications
162 (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003.
170 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 3]
172 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
175 8.2 Informative references
177 [STD13] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and
178 facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, and "Domain names -
179 implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035,
182 9. Security Considerations
184 The Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 repertoires have many characters that
185 look similar. In many cases, users of security protocols might do
186 visual matching, such as when comparing the names of trusted third
187 parties. Because it is impossible to map similar-looking characters
188 without a great deal of context such as knowing the fonts used,
189 stringprep does nothing to map similar-looking characters together
190 nor to prohibit some characters because they look like others.
192 Security on the Internet partly relies on the DNS. Thus, any change
193 to the characteristics of the DNS can change the security of much of
196 Domain names are used by users to connect to Internet servers. The
197 security of the Internet would be compromised if a user entering a
198 single internationalized name could be connected to different servers
199 based on different interpretations of the internationalized domain
202 Current applications might assume that the characters allowed in
203 domain names will always be the same as they are in [STD13]. This
204 document vastly increases the number of characters available in
205 domain names. Every program that uses "special" characters in
206 conjunction with domain names may be vulnerable to attack based on
207 the new characters allowed by this specification.
226 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 4]
228 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
231 10. IANA Considerations
233 This is a profile of stringprep. It has been registered by the IANA
234 in the stringprep profile registry
235 (www.iana.org/assignments/stringprep-profiles).
237 Name of this profile:
240 RFC in which the profile is defined:
243 Indicator whether or not this is the newest version of the
245 This is the first version of Nameprep.
249 Many people from the IETF IDN Working Group and the Unicode Technical
250 Committee contributed ideas that went into this document.
252 The IDN Nameprep design team made many useful changes to the
253 document. That team and its advisors include:
265 Additional significant improvements were proposed by:
282 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 5]
284 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
287 12. Authors' Addresses
290 Internet Mail Consortium and VPN Consortium
292 Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
294 EMail: paul.hoffman@imc.org and paul.hoffman@vpnc.org
299 2875 boul. Laurier, bur. 300
300 Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada, G1V 2M2
302 EMail: Marc.Blanchet@viagenie.qc.ca
338 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 6]
340 RFC 3491 IDN Nameprep March 2003
343 13. Full Copyright Statement
345 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
347 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
348 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
349 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
350 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
351 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
352 included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
353 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
354 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
355 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
356 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
357 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
358 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
361 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
362 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
364 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
365 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
366 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
367 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
368 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
369 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
373 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
394 Hoffman & Blanchet Standards Track [Page 7]