7 INTERNET-DRAFT Jonathan Trostle
8 draft-ietf-cat-iakerb-09.txt Cisco Systems
9 Updates: RFC 1510, 1964 Michael Swift
10 October 2002 University of WA
17 Initial and Pass Through Authentication Using Kerberos V5 and the GSS-API
19 <draft-ietf-cat-iakerb-09.txt>
26 This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
27 all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 [5].
29 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
30 Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
31 other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
34 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
35 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
36 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
37 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
39 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
40 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
42 The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
43 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
45 This draft expires in March 2003. Please send comments to the
50 This document defines extensions to the Kerberos protocol
51 specification (RFC 1510 [1]) and GSSAPI Kerberos protocol mechanism
52 (RFC 1964 [2]) that enables a client to obtain Kerberos tickets for
53 services where the KDC is not accessible to the client, but is
54 accessible to the application server. Some common scenarios where
55 lack of accessibility would occur are when the client does not have
56 an IP address prior to authenticating to an access point, the client
57 is unable to locate a KDC, or a KDC is behind a firewall. The
58 document specifies two protocols to allow a client to exchange KDC
59 messages (which are GSS encapsulated) with an IAKERB proxy instead of
64 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 1]
66 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
69 2. Conventions used in this document
71 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
72 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
73 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [6].
77 When authenticating using Kerberos V5, clients obtain tickets from a
78 KDC and present them to services. This method of operation works well
79 in many situations, but is not always applicable. The following is a
80 list of some of the scenarios that this proposal addresses:
82 (1) The client must initially authenticate to an access point in
83 order to gain full access to the network. Here the client may be
84 unable to directly contact the KDC either because it does not have an
85 IP address, or the access point packet filter does not allow the
86 client to send packets to the Internet before it authenticates to the
89 (2) A KDC is behind a firewall so the client will send Kerberos
90 messages to the IAKERB proxy which will transmit the KDC request and
91 reply messages between the client and the KDC. (The IAKERB proxy is a
92 special type of Kerberos application server that also relays KDC
93 request and reply messages between a client and the KDC).
97 This proposal specifies two protocols that address the above
98 scenarios: the IAKERB proxy option and the IAKERB minimal messages
99 option. In the IAKERB proxy option (see Figure 1) an application
100 server called the IAKERB proxy acts as a protocol gateway and proxies
101 Kerberos messages back and forth between the client and the KDC. The
102 IAKERB proxy is also responsible for locating the KDC and may
103 additionally perform other application proxy level functions such as
104 auditing. A compliant IAKERB proxy MUST implement the IAKERB proxy
108 Client <---------> IAKERB proxy <----------> KDC
111 Figure 1: IAKERB proxying
113 The second protocol is the minimal messages protocol which is based
114 on user-user authentication [4]; this protocol is targetted at
115 environments where the number of messages, prior to key
116 establishment, needs to be minimized. In the normal minimal messages
117 protocol, the client sends its ticket granting ticket (TGT) to the
118 IAKERB proxy (in a KRB_TKT_PUSH message) for the TGS case. The IAKERB
119 proxy then sends a TGS_REQ to the KDC with the client's TGT in the
120 additional tickets field of the TGS_REQ message. The returned ticket
121 will list the client as the ticket's server principal, and will be
122 encrypted with the session key from the client's TGT. The IAKERB
126 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 2]
128 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
131 proxy then uses this ticket to generate an AP request that is sent to
132 the client (see Figure 2). Thus mutual authentication is accomplished
133 with three messages between the client and the IAKERB proxy versus
134 four or more (the difference is larger if crossrealm operations are
137 Subsequent to mutual authentication and key establishment, the IAKERB
138 proxy sends a ticket to the client (in a KRB_TKT_PUSH message). This
139 ticket is created by the IAKERB proxy and contains the same fields as
140 the original service ticket that the proxy sent in the AP_REQ
141 message, except the client and server names are reversed and it is
142 encrypted in a long term key known to the IAKERB proxy. Its purpose
143 is to enable fast subsequent re-authentication by the client to the
144 application server (using the conventional AP request AP reply
145 exchange) for subsequent sessions. In addition to minimizing the
146 number of messages, a secondary goal is to minimize the number of
147 bytes transferred between the client and the IAKERB proxy prior to
148 mutual authentication and key establishment. Therefore, the final
149 service ticket (the reverse ticket) is sent after mutual
150 authentication and key establishment is complete, rather than as part
151 of the initial AP_REQ from the IAKERB proxy to the client. Thus
152 protected application data (e.g., GSS signed and wrapped messages)
153 can flow before this final message is sent.
155 The AS_REQ case for the minimal messages option is similar, where the
156 client sends up the AS_REQ message and the IAKERB proxy forwards it
157 to the KDC. The IAKERB proxy pulls the client TGT out of the AS_REP
158 message; the protocol now proceeds as in the TGS_REQ case described
159 above with the IAKERB proxy including the client's TGT in the
160 additional tickets field of the TGS_REQ message.
162 A compliant IAKERB proxy MUST implement the IAKERB proxy protocol,
163 and MAY implement the IAKERB minimal message protocol. In general,
164 the existing Kerberos paradigm where clients contact the KDC to
165 obtain service tickets should be preserved where possible.
167 For most IAKERB scenarios, such as when the client does not have an
168 IP address, or cannot directly contact a KDC, the IAKERB proxy
169 protocol should be adequate. If the client needs to obtain a
170 crossrealm TGT (and the conventional Kerberos protocol cannot be
171 used), then the IAKERB proxy protocol must be used. In a scenario
172 where the client does not have a service ticket for the target
173 server, it is crucial that the number of messages between the client
174 and the target server be minimized (especially if the client and
175 target server are in different realms), and/or it is crucial that the
176 number of bytes transferred between the client and the target server
177 be minimized, then the client should consider using the minimal
178 messages protocol. The reader should see the security considerations
179 section regarding the minimal messages protocol.
188 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 3]
190 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
193 Client --------> IAKERB proxy
196 Client IAKERB proxy --------------------> KDC
198 TGT as additional TGT
200 Client IAKERB proxy <-------------------- KDC
204 Client <-------- IAKERB proxy KDC
207 Client --------> IAKERB proxy KDC
210 -------------------------------------------------------------
211 post-key establishment and application data flow phase:
213 Client <-------- IAKERB proxy KDC
214 TKT_PUSH (w/ticket targetted at IAKERB proxy
215 to enable fast subsequent authentication)
218 Figure 2: IAKERB Minimal Messages Option: TGS case
222 5. GSSAPI Encapsulation
224 The mechanism ID for IAKERB proxy GSS-API Kerberos, in accordance
225 with the mechanism proposed by SPNEGO [7] for negotiating protocol
226 variations, is: {iso(1) org(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
227 mechanisms(5) iakerb(10) iakerbProxyProtocol(1)}. The proposed
228 mechanism ID for IAKERB minimum messages GSS-API Kerberos, in
229 accordance with the mechanism proposed by SPNEGO for negotiating
230 protocol variations, is: {iso(1) org(3) dod(6) internet(1)
231 security(5) mechanisms(5) iakerb(10)
232 iakerbMinimumMessagesProtocol(2)}.
234 NOTE: An IAKERB implementation does not require SPNEGO in order to
235 achieve interoperability with other IAKERB peers. Two IAKERB
236 implementations may interoperate in the same way that any two peers
237 can interoperate using a pre-established GSSAPI mechanism. The above
238 OID's allow two SPNEGO peers to securely negotiate IAKERB from among
239 a set of GSS mechanisms.
241 The AS request, AS reply, TGS request, and TGS reply messages are all
242 encapsulated using the format defined by RFC1964 [2]. This consists
243 of the GSS-API token framing defined in appendix B of [3]:
250 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 4]
252 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
255 InitialContextToken ::= [APPLICATION 0] IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
257 -- MechType is OBJECT IDENTIFIER
258 -- representing iakerb proxy or iakerb min messages
259 innerContextToken ANY DEFINED BY thisMech
260 -- contents mechanism-specific;
261 -- ASN.1 usage within innerContextToken
265 The innerContextToken consists of a 2-byte TOK_ID field (defined
266 below), followed by the Kerberos V5 KRB_AS_REQ, KRB_AS_REP,
267 KRB_TGS_REQ, or KRB_TGS_REP messages, as appropriate. The TOK_ID
268 field shall be one of the following values, to denote that the
269 message is either a request to the KDC or a response from the KDC.
279 We also define the token ID for the KRB_TKT_PUSH token (defined below
280 and used in the minimal messages variation):
286 For completeness, we list the other RFC 1964 defined token ID's here:
296 6. The IAKERB proxy protocol
298 The IAKERB proxy will proxy Kerberos KDC request, KDC reply, and
299 KRB_ERROR messages back and forth between the client and the KDC as
300 illustrated in Figure 1. Messages received from the client must first
301 have the Kerberos GSS header (RFC1964 [2]) stripped off. The
302 unencapsulated message will then be forwarded to a KDC. The IAKERB
303 proxy is responsible for locating an appropriate KDC using the realm
304 information in the KDC request message it received from the client.
305 In addition, the IAKERB proxy SHOULD implement a retry algorithm for
306 KDC requests over UDP (including selection of alternate KDC's if the
307 initial KDC does not respond to its requests). For messages sent by
308 the KDC, the IAKERB proxy encapsulates them with a Kerberos GSS
312 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 5]
314 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
317 header before sending them to the client.
319 We define two new Kerberos error codes that allow the proxy to
320 indicate the following error conditions to the client:
322 (a) when the proxy is unable to obtain an IP address for a KDC in the
323 client's realm, it sends the KRB_IAKERB_ERR_KDC_NOT_FOUND KRB_ERROR
324 (80) message to the client.
326 (b) when the proxy has an IP address for a KDC in the client realm,
327 but does not receive a response from any KDC in the realm (including
328 in response to retries), it sends the KRB_IAKERB_ERR_KDC_NO_RESPONSE
329 KRB_ERROR (81) message to the client.
331 To summarize, the sequence of steps for processing is as follows:
335 1. For received KDC_REQ messages (with token ID 00 03)
336 - process GSS framing (check OID)
337 if the OID is not one of the two OID's specified in the GSSAPI
338 Encapsulation section above, then process according to mechanism
339 defined by that OID (if the OID is recognized). The processing
340 is outside the scope of this specification. Otherwise, strip
342 - find KDC for specified realm (if KDC IP address cannot be
343 obtained, send a KRB_ERROR message with error code
344 KRB_IAKERB_ERR_KDC_NOT_FOUND to the client).
345 - send to KDC (storing client IP address, port, and indication
346 whether IAKERB proxy option or minimal messages option is
348 - retry with same or another KDC if no response is received. If
349 the retries also fail, send an error message with error code
350 KRB_IAKERB_ERR_KDC_NO_RESPONSE to the client.
352 2. For received KDC_REP messages
353 - encapsulate with GSS framing, using token ID 01 03 and the OID
354 that corresponds to the stored protocol option
355 - send to client (using the stored client IP address and port)
357 3. For KRB_ERROR messages received from the KDC
358 - encapsulate with GSS framing, using token ID 03 00 and the OID
359 that corresponds to the stored protocol option
360 - send to client (using the stored client IP address and port)
361 (one possible exception is the KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG error
362 which can lead to a retry of the KDC_REQ message over the TCP
363 transport by the server, instead of simply proxying the error
366 4. For sending/receiving AP_REQ and AP_REP messages
367 - process per RFC 1510 and RFC 1964; the created AP_REP message
368 SHOULD include the subkey (with same etype as the session key)
369 to facilitate use with other key derivation algorithms outside
370 of [2]. The subkey SHOULD be created using locally generated
374 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 6]
376 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
379 entropy as one of the inputs (in addition to other inputs
380 such as the session key).
384 1. For sending KDC_REQ messages
385 - create AS_REQ or TGS_REQ message
386 - encapsulate with GSS framing (token ID 00 03 and OID
387 corresponding to the protocol option).
390 2. For received KDC_REP messages
391 - decapsulate by removing GSS framing (token ID 01 03)
392 - process inner Kerberos message according to RFC 1510
394 3. For received KRB_ERROR messages
395 - decapsulate by removing GSS framing (token ID 03 00)
396 - process inner Kerberos message according to RFC 1510
397 and possibly retry the request (time skew errors lead
398 to retries in most existing Kerberos implementations)
400 4. For sending/receiving AP_REQ and AP_REP messages
401 - process per RFC 1510 and RFC 1964; the created AP_REQ
402 message SHOULD include the subsession key in the
405 7. The IAKERB minimal messages protocol
407 The client MAY initiate the IAKERB minimal messages variation when
408 the number of messages must be minimized (the most significant
409 reduction in the number of messages can occur when the client and the
410 IAKERB proxy are in different realms). SPNEGO [7] MAY be used to
411 securely negotiate between the protocols (and amongst other GSS
412 mechanism protocols). A compliant IAKERB server MAY support the
413 IAKERB minimal messages protocol.
415 (a) AS_REQ case: (used when the client does not have a TGT)
417 We apply the Kerberos user-user authentication protocol [4] in this
418 scenario (other work in this area includes the IETF work in progress
419 effort to apply Kerberos user user authentication to DHCP
422 The client indicates that the minimal message sub-protocol will be
423 used by using the appropriate OID as described above. The client
424 sends the GSS encapsulated AS_REQ message to the IAKERB proxy, and
425 the IAKERB proxy processes the GSS framing (as described above for
426 the IAKERB proxy option) and forwards the AS_REQ message to the KDC.
428 The IAKERB proxy will either send a KRB_ERROR message back to the
429 client, or it will send an initial context token consisting of the
430 GSS header (minimal messages OID with a two byte token header 01 03),
431 followed by an AS_REP message. The AS_REP message will contain the
432 AP_REQ message in a padata field; the ticket in the AP_REQ is a
436 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 7]
438 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
441 user-user ticket encrypted in the session key from the client's
442 original TGT. We define the padata type PA-AP-REQ with type number
443 25. The corresponding padata value is the AP_REQ message without any
444 GSS framing. For the IAKERB minimal messages AS option, the AP_REQ
445 message authenticator MUST include the RFC 1964 [2] checksum. The
446 mutual-required and use-session-key flags are set in the ap-options
447 field of the AP_REQ message.
449 The protocol is complete in the KRB_ERROR case (from the server
450 perspective, but the client should retry depending on the error
451 type). If the IAKERB proxy receives an AS_REP message from the KDC,
452 the IAKERB proxy will then obtain the client's TGT from the AS_REP
453 message. The IAKERB proxy then sends a TGS_REQ message with the
454 client's TGT in the additional tickets field to the client's KDC
455 (ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option).
457 The IAKERB proxy MAY handle returned KRB_ERROR messages and retry the
458 TGS request message (e.g. on a KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG error,
459 switching to TCP from UDP). Ultimately, the IAKERB proxy either
460 proxies a KRB_ERROR message to the client (after adding the GSS
461 framing), sends one of the new GSS framed KRB_ERROR messages defined
462 above, or it receives the TGS_REP message from the KDC and then
463 creates the AP_REQ message according to RFC 1964 [2]. The IAKERB
464 proxy then sends a GSS token containing the AS_REP message with the
465 AP_REQ message in the padata field as described above. (Note:
466 although the server sends the context token with the AP_REQ, the
467 client is the initiator.) The IAKERB proxy MUST set both the mutual-
468 required and use-session-key flags in the AP_REQ message in order to
469 cause the client to authenticate as well. The authenticator SHOULD
470 include the subsession key (containing locally added entropy). The
471 client will reply with the GSSAPI enscapsulated AP_REP message, if
472 the IAKERB proxy's authentication succeeds (which SHOULD include the
473 subkey field to facilitate use with other key derivation algorithms
474 outside of [2]). If all goes well, then, in order to enable
475 subsequent efficient client authentications, the IAKERB proxy will
476 then send a final message of type KRB_TKT_PUSH containing a Kerberos
477 ticket (the reverse ticket) that has the IAKERB client principal
478 identifier in the client identifier field of the ticket and its own
479 principal identity in the server identifier field of the ticket (see
482 KRB_TKT_PUSH :: = [APPLICATION 17] SEQUENCE {
483 pvno[0] INTEGER, -- 5 (protocol version)
484 msg-type[1] INTEGER, -- 17 (message type)
488 NOTE: The KRB_TKT_PUSH message must be encoded using ASN.1 DER. The
489 key used to encrypt the reverse ticket is a long term secret key
490 chosen by the IAKERB proxy. The fields are identical to the AP_REQ
491 ticket, except the client name will be switched with the server name,
492 and the server realm will be switched with the client realm. (The one
493 other exception is that addresses should not be copied from the
494 AP_REQ ticket to the reverse ticket). Sending the reverse ticket
498 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 8]
500 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
503 allows the client to efficiently initiate subsequent reauthentication
504 attempts with a RFC1964 AP_REQ message. Note that the TKT_PUSH
505 message is sent after mutual authentication and key establishment are
509 Client --------> IAKERB proxy --------------------> KDC
512 Client IAKERB proxy <-------------------- KDC
515 Client IAKERB proxy --------------------> KDC
517 TGT as additional TGT
519 Client IAKERB proxy <-------------------- KDC
523 Client <-------- IAKERB proxy KDC
524 AS_REP w/ AP_REQ in padata field
526 Client --------> IAKERB proxy KDC
529 -------------------------------------------------------------
530 post-key establishment and application data flow phase:
532 Client <-------- IAKERB proxy KDC
533 TKT_PUSH (w/ticket targetted at IAKERB proxy
534 to enable fast subsequent authentication)
537 Figure 3: IAKERB Minimal Messages Option: AS case
541 (b) TGS_REQ case: (used when the client has a TGT)
543 The client indicates that the minimal messages sub-protocol will be
544 used by using the appropriate OID as described above. The client
545 initially sends a KRB_TKT_PUSH message (with the GSS header) to the
546 IAKERB proxy in order to send it a TGT. The IAKERB proxy will obtain
547 the client's TGT from the KRB_TKT_PUSH message and then proceed to
548 send a TGS_REQ message to a KDC where the realm of the KDC is equal
549 to the realm from the server realm field in the TGT sent by the
550 client in the KRB_TKT_PUSH message. NOTE: this realm could be the
551 client's home realm, the proxy's realm, or an intermediate realm. The
552 protocol then continues as in the minimal messages AS_REQ case
553 described above (see Figure 2); the IAKERB proxy's TGS_REQ message
554 contains the client's TGT in the additional tickets field (ENC-TKT-
555 IN-SKEY option). The IAKERB proxy then receives the TGS_REP message
556 from the KDC and then sends a RFC 1964 AP_REQ message to the client
560 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 9]
562 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
565 (with the MUTUAL AUTH flag set - see AS_REQ case).
567 To summarize, here are the steps for the minimal messages TGS
571 (has TGT already for, or targetted at, realm X.ORG)
572 sends TKT_PUSH message to server containing client's ticket
573 for X.ORG (which could be a crossrealm TGT)
576 (has TGT already targetted at realm X.ORG)
577 sends to KDC (where KDC has principal id = server name,
578 server realm from client ticket) a TGS_REQ:
579 TGT in TGS_REQ is server's TGT
580 Additional ticket in TGS_REQ is client's TGT from TKT_PUSH
582 Server name in TGS_REQ (optional by rfc1510) is not present
583 Server realm in TGS_REQ is realm in server's TGT - X.ORG
587 Server name = client's name
588 Client name = server's name, Client realm = server's realm
589 Server realm = client's realm
590 Encrypted with: session key from client's TGT (passed in
591 additional tickets field)
593 Encrypted with session key from server's TGT
594 Sends TGS_REP and ticket to server
597 Decrypts TGS_REP from KDC using session key from its TGT
599 Ticket = ticket from KDC (which was encrypted with
600 client's TGT session key)
601 authenticator clientname = server's name (matches
602 clientname in AP-REQ ticket)
603 authenticator clientrealm = server's realm
604 subsession key in authenticator is present (same
605 etype as the etype of the session key in the ticket)
606 checksum in authenticator is the RFC 1964 checksum
607 sequence number in authenticator is present (RFC 1964)
608 ap-options has both use-session-key and mutual-required
610 Sends AP_REQ (with GSS-API framing) to client
614 Decrypts ticket using session key from its TGT
616 Builds AP_REP and sends to server (AP_REP SHOULD include
617 subkey field to facilitate use with other key derivation
618 algorithms outside of [2] e.g., [8] and its successors.
622 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 10]
624 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
627 Some apps may have their own message protection key
628 derivation algorithm and protected message format.
629 AP_REP includes the sequence number per RFC 1964.)
632 Verifies AP-REP. Builds reverse ticket as described above
633 and sends reverse ticket to client using the KRB_TKT_PUSH
634 message. The reverse ticket is the same as the AP_REQ
635 ticket except the client name, realm are switched with the
636 server name, realm fields and it is encrypted in a secret
637 key known to the IAKERB proxy.
639 8. Addresses in Tickets
641 In IAKERB, the machine sending requests to the KDC is the server and
642 not the client. As a result, the client should not include its
643 addresses in any KDC requests for two reasons. First, the KDC may
644 reject the forwarded request as being from the wrong client. Second,
645 in the case of initial authentication for a dial-up client, the
646 client machine may not yet possess a network address. Hence, as
647 allowed by RFC1510 [1], the addresses field of the AS and TGS
648 requests SHOULD be blank and the caddr field of the ticket SHOULD
649 similarly be left blank.
651 9. Security Considerations
653 Similar to other network access protocols, IAKERB allows an
654 unauthenticated client (possibly outside the security perimeter of an
655 organization) to send messages that are proxied to interior servers.
656 When combined with DNS SRV RR's for KDC lookup, there is the
657 possibility that an attacker can send an arbitrary message to an
658 interior server. There are several aspects to note here:
660 (1) in many scenarios, compromise of the DNS lookup will require the
661 attacker to already have access to the internal network. Thus the
662 attacker would already be able to send arbitrary messages to interior
663 servers. No new vulnerabilities are added in these scenarios.
665 (2) in a scenario where DNS SRV RR's are being used to locate the
666 KDC, IAKERB is being used, and an external attacker can modify DNS
667 responses to the IAKERB proxy, there are several countermeasures to
668 prevent arbitrary messages from being sent to internal servers:
670 (a) KDC port numbers can be statically configured on the IAKERB
671 proxy. In this case, the messages will always be sent to KDC's. For
672 an organization that runs KDC's on a static port (usually port 88)
673 and does not run any other servers on the same port, this
674 countermeasure would be easy to administer and should be effective.
676 (b) the proxy can do application level sanity checking and filtering.
677 This countermeasure should eliminate many of the above attacks.
679 (c) DNS security can be deployed. This countermeasure is probably
680 overkill for this particular problem, but if an organization has
684 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 11]
686 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
689 already deployed DNS security for other reasons, then it might make
690 sense to leverage it here. Note that Kerberos could be used to
691 protect the DNS exchanges. The initial DNS SRV KDC lookup by the
692 proxy will be unprotected, but an attack here is at most a denial of
693 service (the initial lookup will be for the proxy's KDC to facilitate
694 Kerberos protection of subsequent DNS exchanges between itself and
697 In the minimal messages protocol option, the application server sends
698 an AP_REQ message to the client. The ticket in the AP_REQ message
699 SHOULD NOT contain authorization data since some operating systems
700 may allow the client to impersonate the server and increase its own
701 privileges. If the ticket from the server connotes any authorization,
702 then the minimal messages protocol should not be used. Also, the
703 minimal messages protocol may facilitate denial of service attacks in
704 some environments; to prevent these attacks, it may make sense for
705 the minimal messages protocol server to only accept a KRB_TGT_PUSH
706 message on a local network interface (to ensure that the message was
707 not sent from a remote malicious host).
711 We thank the Kerberos Working Group chair, Doug Engert, for his
712 efforts in helping to progress this specification. We also thank Ken
713 Raeburn for his comments and the other working group participants for
718 [1] J. Kohl, C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication
719 Service (V5)", RFC 1510.
721 [2] J. Linn, "The Kerberos Version 5 GSS-API Mechanism", RFC 1964.
723 [3] J. Linn, "Generic Security Service Application Program
724 Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743.
726 [4] D. Davis, R. Swick, "Workstation Services and Kerberos
727 Authentication at Project Athena", Technical Memorandum TM-424,
728 MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, February 1990.
730 [5] S. Bradner, "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
731 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
733 [6] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
734 Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
736 [7] E. Baize, D. Pinkas, "The Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation
737 Mechanism," RFC 2478, December 1998.
739 [8] Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
740 Layer (PHY) Specifications, ANSI/IEEE Std. 802.11, 1999 Edition.
746 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 12]
748 INTERNET DRAFT October 2002 Expires March 2003
751 12. Author's Addresses
756 San Jose, CA 95134, U.S.A.
757 Email: jtrostle@cisco.com
758 Phone: (408) 527-6201
761 University of Washington
763 Email: mikesw@cs.washington.edu
768 Redmond, Washington, 98052, U.S.A.
769 Email: bernarda@microsoft.com
770 Phone: (425) 706-6605
776 Phone: (425) 468-0955
778 This draft expires on March 31st, 2003.
808 Trostle, Swift, Aboba, Zorn [Page 13]