Updates to documentation

[gromacs.git] / docs / install-guide / index.rst

.. _install guide:

******************
Installation guide
******************

.. highlight:: bash

Introduction to building |Gromacs|
==================================

These instructions pertain to building |Gromacs|
|version|. You might also want to check the `up-to-date installation instructions`_.

Quick and dirty installation
----------------------------
1. Get the latest version of your C and C++ compilers.
2. Check that you have CMake version |GMX_CMAKE_MINIMUM_REQUIRED_VERSION| or later.
3. Get and unpack the latest version of the |Gromacs| tarball.
4. Make a separate build directory and change to it. 
5. Run ``cmake`` with the path to the source as an argument
6. Run ``make``, ``make check``, and ``make install``
7. Source ``GMXRC`` to get access to |Gromacs|

Or, as a sequence of commands to execute:

.. parsed-literal::

    tar xfz gromacs-|version|.tar.gz
    cd gromacs-|version|
    mkdir build
    cd build
    cmake .. -DGMX_BUILD_OWN_FFTW=ON -DREGRESSIONTEST_DOWNLOAD=ON
    make
    make check
    sudo make install
    source /usr/local/gromacs/bin/GMXRC

This will download and build first the prerequisite FFT library
followed by |Gromacs|. If you already have FFTW installed, you can
remove that argument to ``cmake``. Overall, this build of |Gromacs|
will be correct and reasonably fast on the machine upon which
``cmake`` ran. On another machine, it may not run, or may not run
fast. If you want to get the maximum value for your hardware with
|Gromacs|, you will have to read further. Sadly, the interactions of
hardware, libraries, and compilers are only going to continue to get
more complex.

Typical installation
--------------------
As above, and with further details below, but you should consider
using the following `CMake options`_ with the
appropriate value instead of ``xxx`` :

* ``-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=xxx`` equal to the name of the C99 `Compiler`_ you wish to use (or the environment variable ``CC``)
* ``-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=xxx`` equal to the name of the C++98 `compiler`_ you wish to use (or the environment variable ``CXX``)
* ``-DGMX_MPI=on`` to build using `MPI support`_
* ``-DGMX_GPU=on`` to build using nvcc to run using NVIDIA `CUDA GPU acceleration`_ or an OpenCL_ GPU
* ``-DGMX_USE_OPENCL=on`` to build with OpenCL_ support enabled. ``GMX_GPU`` must also be set.
* ``-DGMX_SIMD=xxx`` to specify the level of `SIMD support`_ of the node on which |Gromacs| will run
* ``-DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=on`` for `building only mdrun`_, e.g. for compute cluster back-end nodes
* ``-DGMX_DOUBLE=on`` to build |Gromacs| in double precision (slower, and not normally useful)
* ``-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=xxx`` to add a non-standard location for CMake to `search for libraries, headers or programs`_
* ``-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=xxx`` to install |Gromacs| to a `non-standard location`_ (default ``/usr/local/gromacs``)
* ``-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=off`` to turn off the building of shared libraries to help with `static linking`_
* ``-DGMX_FFT_LIBRARY=xxx`` to select whether to use ``fftw``, ``mkl`` or ``fftpack`` libraries for `FFT support`_
* ``-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug`` to build |Gromacs| in debug mode

Building older versions
-----------------------
Installation instructions for old |Gromacs| versions can be found at
the |Gromacs| `documentation page
<http://manual.gromacs.org/documentation>`_.

Prerequisites
=============
Platform
--------
|Gromacs| can be compiled for many operating systems and
architectures.  These include any distribution of Linux, Mac OS X or
Windows, and architectures including x86, AMD64/x86-64, several
PowerPC including POWER8, ARM v7, ARM v8, and SPARC VIII.

Compiler
--------

|Gromacs| can be compiled on any platform with ANSI C99 and C++11
compilers, and their respective standard C/C++ libraries. Good
performance on an OS and architecture requires choosing a good
compiler. We recommend gcc, because it is free, widely available and
frequently provides the best performance.

You should strive to use the most recent version of your
compiler. Minimum supported compiler versions are
* GNU (gcc) 4.6
* Intel (icc) 14
* LLVM (clang) 3.4
* Microsoft (MSVC) 2015
Other compilers may work (Cray, Pathscale, older clang) but do
not offer competitive performance. We recommend against PGI because
the performance with C++ is very bad.

You may also need the most recent version of other compiler toolchain
components beside the compiler itself (e.g. assembler or linker);
these are often shipped by your OS distribution's binutils package.

C++11 support requires adequate support in both the compiler and the
C++ library. The gcc and MSVC compilers include their own standard
libraries and require no further configuration. For configuration of
other compilers, read on.

On Linux, both the Intel and clang compiler use the libstdc++ which
comes with gcc as the default C++ library. For |Gromacs|, we require
the compiler to support libstc++ version 4.6.1 or higher. To select a
particular libstdc++ library, use:

* For Intel: ``-DGMX_STDLIB_CXX_FLAGS=-gcc-name=/path/to/gcc/binary``
  or make sure that the correct gcc version is first in path (e.g. by
  loading the gcc module)
* For clang:
  ``-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=--gcc-toolchain=/path/to/gcc/folder``. This
  folder should contain ``include/c++``.

On Windows with the Intel compiler, the MSVC standard library is used,
and at least MSVC 2015 is required. Load the enviroment variables with
vcvarsall.bat.

To build with any compiler and clang's libcxx standard library, use
``-DGMX_STDLIB_CXX_FLAGS=-stdlib=libc++
-DGMX_STDLIB_LIBRARIES='-lc++abi -lc++'``.

If you are running on Mac OS X, the best option is the Intel
compiler. Both clang and gcc will work, but they produce lower
performance and each have some shortcomings. clang 3.8 now offers
support for OpenMP, and so may provide decent performance.

For all non-x86 platforms, your best option is typically to use gcc or
the vendor's default or recommended compiler, and check for
specialized information below.

Compiling with parallelization options
--------------------------------------

For maximum performance you will need to examine how you will use
|Gromacs| and what hardware you plan to run on. Often OpenMP_
parallelism is an advantage for |Gromacs|, but support for this is
generally built into your compiler and detected automatically.

GPU support
^^^^^^^^^^^
|Gromacs| has excellent support for NVIDIA GPUs supported via CUDA.
NVIDIA's CUDA_ version |REQUIRED_CUDA_VERSION| software development kit is required,
and the latest version is strongly encouraged. NVIDIA GPUs with at
least NVIDIA compute capability |REQUIRED_CUDA_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY| are
required, e.g. Fermi, Kepler, Maxwell or Pascal cards. You are strongly recommended to
get the latest CUDA version and driver supported by your hardware, but
beware of possible performance regressions in newer CUDA versions on
older hardware. Note that while some CUDA compilers (nvcc) might not
officially support recent versions of gcc as the back-end compiler, we
still recommend that you at least use a gcc version recent enough to
get the best SIMD support for your CPU, since |Gromacs| always runs some
code on the CPU. It is most reliable to use the same C++ compiler
version for |Gromacs| code as used as the back-end compiler for nvcc,
but it could be faster to mix compiler versions to suit particular
contexts.

To make it possible to use other accelerators, |Gromacs| also includes
OpenCL_ support. The minimum OpenCL version required is
|REQUIRED_OPENCL_MIN_VERSION|. The current version is recommended for
use with GCN-based AMD GPUs. It does work with NVIDIA GPUs, but using
the latest NVIDIA driver (which includes the NVIDIA OpenCL runtime) is
recommended. Additionally, there are known limitations when using
recent versions of the AMD APPSDK (details are found in the |Gromacs|
user guide). It is not possible to configure both CUDA and OpenCL
support in the same version of |Gromacs|.

Please note that MSVC 2015 is the earliest version of MSVC supported
by |Gromacs|, but that requires at least CUDA 8 for an officially
supported CUDA build. This will likely not occur before |Gromacs| 2016
is released.

.. _mpi-support:

MPI support
^^^^^^^^^^^

|Gromacs| can run in parallel on multiple cores of a single
workstation using its built-in thread-MPI. No user action is required
in order to enable this.

If you wish to run in parallel on multiple machines across a network,
you will need to have

* an MPI library installed that supports the MPI 1.3
  standard, and
* wrapper compilers that will compile code using that library.

The |Gromacs| team recommends OpenMPI_ version
1.6 (or higher), MPICH_ version 1.4.1 (or
higher), or your hardware vendor's MPI installation. The most recent
version of either of these is likely to be the best. More specialized
networks might depend on accelerations only available in the vendor's
library. LAM-MPI_ might work, but since it has
been deprecated for years, it is not supported.

CMake
-----

|Gromacs| builds with the CMake build system, requiring at least
version |GMX_CMAKE_MINIMUM_REQUIRED_VERSION|. You can check whether
CMake is installed, and what version it is, with ``cmake
--version``. If you need to install CMake, then first check whether
your platform's package management system provides a suitable version,
or visit the `CMake installation page`_ for pre-compiled binaries,
source code and installation instructions. The |Gromacs| team
recommends you install the most recent version of CMake you can.

.. _FFT support:

Fast Fourier Transform library
------------------------------

Many simulations in |Gromacs| make extensive use of fast Fourier
transforms, and a software library to perform these is always
required. We recommend FFTW_ (version 3 or higher only) or Intel
MKL_. The choice of library can be set with ``cmake
-DGMX_FFT_LIBRARY=<name>``, where ``<name>`` is one of ``fftw``,
``mkl``, or ``fftpack``. FFTPACK is bundled with |Gromacs| as a
fallback, and is acceptable if simulation performance is not a
priority. When choosing MKL, |Gromacs| will also use MKL for BLAS and
LAPACK (see `linear algebra libraries`_). Generally, there is no
advantage in using MKL with |Gromacs|, and FFTW is often faster.

Using FFTW
^^^^^^^^^^
FFTW_ is likely to be available for your platform via its package
management system, but there can be compatibility and significant
performance issues associated with these packages. In particular,
|Gromacs| simulations are normally run in "mixed" floating-point
precision, which is suited for the use of single precision in
FFTW. The default FFTW package is normally in double
precision, and good compiler options to use for FFTW when linked to
|Gromacs| may not have been used. Accordingly, the |Gromacs| team
recommends either

* that you permit the |Gromacs| installation to download and
  build FFTW from source automatically for you (use
  ``cmake -DGMX_BUILD_OWN_FFTW=ON``), or
* that you build FFTW from the source code.

If you build FFTW from source yourself, get the most recent version
and follow the `FFTW installation guide`_. Note that we have recently
contributed new SIMD optimization for several extra platforms to
FFTW, which will appear in FFTW-3.3.5 (for now it is available in the
FFTW repository on github, or you can find a very unofficial prerelease
version at ftp://ftp.gromacs.org/pub/contrib ).
Choose the precision for FFTW (i.e. single/float vs. double) to
match whether you will later use mixed or double precision for
|Gromacs|. There is no need to compile FFTW with
threading or MPI support, but it does no harm. On x86 hardware,
compile with *both* ``--enable-sse2`` and ``--enable-avx`` for
FFTW-3.3.4 and earlier. As of FFTW-3.3.5 you should also add
``--enable-avx2``. FFTW will create a fat library with codelets
for all different instruction sets, and pick the fastest supported
one at runtime. On IBM Power8, you definitely want the upcoming
FFTW-3.3.5 and to compile it with ``--enable-vsx`` for SIMD support. If you are
using a Cray, there is a special modified (commercial) version of
FFTs using the FFTW interface which can be slightly faster.

Using MKL
^^^^^^^^^
Use MKL bundled with Intel compilers by setting up the compiler
environment, e.g., through ``source /path/to/compilervars.sh intel64``
or similar before running CMake including setting
``-DGMX_FFT_LIBRARY=mkl``.

If you need to customize this further, use

::
    -DGMX_FFT_LIBRARY=mkl
    -DMKL_LIBRARIES="/full/path/to/libone.so;/full/path/to/libtwo.so"
    -DMKL_INCLUDE_DIR="/full/path/to/mkl/include"

The full list and order(!) of libraries you require are found in Intel's MKL documentation for your system.

Other optional build components
-------------------------------
* Run-time detection of hardware capabilities can be improved by
  linking with hwloc, which is automatically enabled if detected.
* Hardware-optimized BLAS and LAPACK libraries are useful
  for a few of the |Gromacs| utilities focused on normal modes and
  matrix manipulation, but they do not provide any benefits for normal
  simulations. Configuring these is discussed at
  `linear algebra libraries`_.
* The built-in |Gromacs| trajectory viewer ``gmx view`` requires X11 and
  Motif/Lesstif libraries and header files. You may prefer to use
  third-party software for visualization, such as VMD_ or PyMol_.
* An external TNG library for trajectory-file handling can be used
  by setting ``-DGMX_EXTERNAL_TNG=yes``, but TNG
  |GMX_TNG_MINIMUM_REQUIRED_VERSION| is bundled in the |Gromacs|
  source already.
* zlib is used by TNG for compressing some kinds of trajectory data
* Building the |Gromacs| documentation is optional, and requires
  ImageMagick, pdflatex, bibtex, doxygen, python 2.7, sphinx 1.2.4,
  and pygments.
* The |Gromacs| utility programs often write data files in formats
  suitable for the Grace plotting tool, but it is straightforward to
  use these files in other plotting programs, too.
  
Doing a build of |Gromacs|
==========================
This section will cover a general build of |Gromacs| with CMake_, but it
is not an exhaustive discussion of how to use CMake. There are many
resources available on the web, which we suggest you search for when
you encounter problems not covered here. The material below applies
specifically to builds on Unix-like systems, including Linux, and Mac
OS X. For other platforms, see the specialist instructions below.

Configuring with CMake
----------------------
CMake will run many tests on your system and do its best to work out
how to build |Gromacs| for you. If your build machine is the same as
your target machine, then you can be sure that the defaults and
detection will be pretty good. However, if you want to control aspects
of the build, or you are compiling on a cluster head node for back-end
nodes with a different architecture, there are a few things you
should consider specifying.

The best way to use CMake to configure |Gromacs| is to do an
"out-of-source" build, by making another directory from which you will
run CMake. This can be outside the source directory, or a subdirectory
of it. It also means you can never corrupt your source code by trying
to build it! So, the only required argument on the CMake command line
is the name of the directory containing the ``CMakeLists.txt`` file of
the code you want to build. For example, download the source tarball
and use

.. parsed-literal::

    tar xfz gromacs-|version|.tgz
    cd gromacs-|version|
    mkdir build-gromacs
    cd build-gromacs
    cmake ..

You will see ``cmake`` report a sequence of results of tests and
detections done by the |Gromacs| build system. These are written to the
``cmake`` cache, kept in ``CMakeCache.txt``. You can edit this file by
hand, but this is not recommended because you could make a mistake.
You should not attempt to move or copy this file to do another build,
because file paths are hard-coded within it. If you mess things up,
just delete this file and start again with ``cmake``.

If there is a serious problem detected at this stage, then you will see
a fatal error and some suggestions for how to overcome it. If you are
not sure how to deal with that, please start by searching on the web
(most computer problems already have known solutions!) and then
consult the gmx-users mailing list. There are also informational
warnings that you might like to take on board or not. Piping the
output of ``cmake`` through ``less`` or ``tee`` can be
useful, too.

Once ``cmake`` returns, you can see all the settings that were chosen
and information about them by using e.g. the curses interface

::

    ccmake ..

You can actually use ``ccmake`` (available on most Unix platforms)
directly in the first step, but then
most of the status messages will merely blink in the lower part
of the terminal rather than be written to standard output. Most platforms
including Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X even have native graphical user interfaces for
``cmake``, and it can create project files for almost any build environment
you want (including Visual Studio or Xcode).
Check out `running CMake`_ for
general advice on what you are seeing and how to navigate and change
things. The settings you might normally want to change are already
presented. You may make changes, then re-configure (using ``c``), so that it
gets a chance to make changes that depend on yours and perform more
checking. It may take several configuration passes to reach the desired
configuration, in particular if you need to resolve errors.

When you have reached the desired configuration with ``ccmake``, the
build system can be generated by pressing ``g``.  This requires that the previous
configuration pass did not reveal any additional settings (if it did, you need
to configure once more with ``c``).  With ``cmake``, the build system is generated
after each pass that does not produce errors.

You cannot attempt to change compilers after the initial run of
``cmake``. If you need to change, clean up, and start again.

.. _non-standard location:

Where to install GROMACS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

|Gromacs| is installed in the directory to which
``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`` points. It may not be the source directory or
the build directory.  You require write permissions to this
directory. Thus, without super-user privileges,
``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`` will have to be within your home directory.
Even if you do have super-user privileges, you should use them only
for the installation phase, and never for configuring, building, or
running |Gromacs|!

.. _cmake options:

Using CMake command-line options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Once you become comfortable with setting and changing options, you may
know in advance how you will configure |Gromacs|. If so, you can speed
things up by invoking ``cmake`` and passing the various options at once
on the command line. This can be done by setting cache variable at the
cmake invocation using ``-DOPTION=VALUE``. Note that some
environment variables are also taken into account, in particular
variables like ``CC`` and ``CXX``.

For example, the following command line

::

    cmake .. -DGMX_GPU=ON -DGMX_MPI=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/marydoe/programs

can be used to build with CUDA GPUs, MPI and install in a custom
location. You can even save that in a shell script to make it even
easier next time. You can also do this kind of thing with ``ccmake``,
but you should avoid this, because the options set with ``-D`` will not
be able to be changed interactively in that run of ``ccmake``.

SIMD support
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|Gromacs| has extensive support for detecting and using the SIMD
capabilities of many modern HPC CPU architectures. If you are building
|Gromacs| on the same hardware you will run it on, then you don't need
to read more about this, unless you are getting configuration warnings
you do not understand. By default, the |Gromacs| build system will
detect the SIMD instruction set supported by the CPU architecture (on
which the configuring is done), and thus pick the best
available SIMD parallelization supported by |Gromacs|. The build system
will also check that the compiler and linker used also support the
selected SIMD instruction set and issue a fatal error if they
do not.

Valid values are listed below, and the applicable value with the
largest number in the list is generally the one you should choose.
In most cases, choosing an inappropriate higher number will lead
to compiling a binary that will not run.

1. ``None`` For use only on an architecture either lacking SIMD,
   or to which |Gromacs| has not yet been ported and none of the
   options below are applicable.
2. ``SSE2`` This SIMD instruction set was introduced in Intel
   processors in 2001, and AMD in 2003. Essentially all x86
   machines in existence have this, so it might be a good choice if
   you need to support dinosaur x86 computers too.
3. ``SSE4.1`` Present in all Intel core processors since 2007,
   but notably not in AMD Magny-Cours. Still, almost all recent
   processors support this, so this can also be considered a good
   baseline if you are content with slow simulations and prefer
   portability between reasonably modern processors.
4. ``AVX_128_FMA`` AMD bulldozer processors (2011) have this.
5. ``AVX_256`` Intel processors since Sandy Bridge (2011). While this
   code will work on recent AMD processors, it is significantly less
   efficient than the ``AVX_128_FMA`` choice above - do not be fooled
   to assume that 256 is better than 128 in this case.
6. ``AVX2_256`` Present on Intel Haswell (and later) processors (2013),
   and it will also enable Intel 3-way fused multiply-add instructions.
7. ``AVX_512`` Skylake-EP Xeon processors (2017)
8. ``AVX_512_KNL`` Knights Landing Xeon Phi processors
9. ``IBM_QPX`` BlueGene/Q A2 cores have this.
10. ``Sparc64_HPC_ACE`` Fujitsu machines like the K computer have this.
11. ``IBM_VMX`` Power6 and similar Altivec processors have this.
12. ``IBM_VSX`` Power7 and Power8 have this.
13. ``ARM_NEON`` 32-bit ARMv7 with NEON support.
14. ``ARM_NEON_ASIMD`` 64-bit ARMv8 and later.

The CMake configure system will check that the compiler you have
chosen can target the architecture you have chosen. mdrun will check
further at runtime, so if in doubt, choose the lowest number you
think might work, and see what mdrun says. The configure system also
works around many known issues in many versions of common HPC
compilers.

A further ``GMX_SIMD=Reference`` option exists, which is a special
SIMD-like implementation written in plain C that developers can use
when developing support in |Gromacs| for new SIMD architectures. It is
not designed for use in production simulations, but if you are using
an architecture with SIMD support to which |Gromacs| has not yet been
ported, you may wish to try this option instead of the default
``GMX_SIMD=None``, as it can often out-perform this when the
auto-vectorization in your compiler does a good job. And post on the
|Gromacs| mailing lists, because |Gromacs| can probably be ported for new
SIMD architectures in a few days.

CMake advanced options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The options that are displayed in the default view of ``ccmake`` are
ones that we think a reasonable number of users might want to consider
changing. There are a lot more options available, which you can see by
toggling the advanced mode in ``ccmake`` on and off with ``t``. Even
there, most of the variables that you might want to change have a
``CMAKE_`` or ``GMX_`` prefix. There are also some options that will be
visible or not according to whether their preconditions are satisfied.

.. _search for libraries, headers or programs:

Helping CMake find the right libraries, headers, or programs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If libraries are installed in non-default locations their location can
be specified using the following variables:

* ``CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH`` for header files
* ``CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH`` for libraries
* ``CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH`` for header, libraries and binaries
  (e.g. ``/usr/local``).

The respective ``include``, ``lib``, or ``bin`` is
appended to the path. For each of these variables, a list of paths can
be specified (on Unix, separated with ":"). These can be set as
enviroment variables like:

::

    CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/opt/fftw:/opt/cuda cmake ..

(assuming ``bash`` shell). Alternatively, these variables are also
``cmake`` options, so they can be set like
``-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/opt/fftw:/opt/cuda``.

The ``CC`` and ``CXX`` environment variables are also useful
for indicating to ``cmake`` which compilers to use. Similarly,
``CFLAGS``/``CXXFLAGS`` can be used to pass compiler
options, but note that these will be appended to those set by
|Gromacs| for your build platform and build type. You can customize
some of this with advanced CMake options such as ``CMAKE_C_FLAGS``
and its relatives.

See also the page on `CMake environment variables`_.

.. _CUDA GPU acceleration:

CUDA GPU acceleration
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If you have the CUDA_ Toolkit installed, you can use ``cmake`` with:

::

    cmake .. -DGMX_GPU=ON -DCUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR=/usr/local/cuda

(or whichever path has your installation). In some cases, you might
need to specify manually which of your C++ compilers should be used,
e.g. with the advanced option ``CUDA_HOST_COMPILER``.

To make it
possible to get best performance from NVIDIA Tesla and Quadro GPUs,
you should install the `GPU Deployment Kit
<https://developer.nvidia.com/gpu-deployment-kit>`_ and configure
|Gromacs| to use it by setting the CMake variable
``-DGPU_DEPLOYMENT_KIT_ROOT_DIR=/path/to/your/kit``. The NVML support
is most useful if
``nvidia-smi --applications-clocks-permission=UNRESTRICTED`` is run
(as root). When application clocks permissions are unrestricted, the
GPU clock speed can be increased automatically, which increases the
GPU kernel performance roughly proportional to the clock
increase. When using |Gromacs| on suitable GPUs under restricted
permissions, clocks cannot be changed, and in that case informative
log file messages will be produced. Background details can be found at
this `NVIDIA blog post
<http://devblogs.nvidia.com/parallelforall/increase-performance-gpu-boost-k80-autoboost/>`_.
NVML support is only available if detected, and may be disabled by
turning off the ``GMX_USE_NVML`` CMake advanced option.

By default, optimized code will be generated for CUDA architectures
supported by the nvcc compiler (and the |Gromacs| build system). 
However, it can be beneficial to manually pick the specific CUDA architecture(s)
to generate code for either to reduce compilation time (and binary size) or to
target a new architecture not yet supported by the |GROMACS| build system.
Setting the desired CUDA architecture(s) and virtual architecture(s)
can be done using the ``GMX_CUDA_TARGET_SM`` and ``GMX_CUDA_TARGET_COMPUTE``
variables, respectively. These take a semicolon delimited string with 
the two digit suffixes of CUDA (virtual) architectures names
(for details see the "Options for steering GPU code generation" section of the
nvcc man / help or Chapter 6. of the nvcc manual).

The GPU acceleration has been tested on AMD64/x86-64 platforms with
Linux, Mac OS X and Windows operating systems, but Linux is the
best-tested and supported of these. Linux running on POWER 8, ARM v7 and v8
CPUs also works well.

OpenCL GPU acceleration
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
To build Gromacs with OpenCL support enabled, an OpenCL_ SDK
(e.g. `from AMD <http://developer.amd.com/appsdk>`_) must be installed
in a path found in ``CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH`` (or via the environment
variables ``AMDAPPSDKROOT`` or ``CUDA_PATH``), and the following CMake
flags must be set

::

    cmake .. -DGMX_GPU=ON -DGMX_USE_OPENCL=ON

Building |Gromacs| OpenCL support for a CUDA_ GPU works, but see the
known limitations in the user guide. If you want to
do so anyway, because NVIDIA OpenCL support is part of the CUDA
package, a C++ compiler supported by your CUDA installation is
required.

On Mac OS, an AMD GPU can be used only with OS version 10.10.4 and
higher; earlier OS versions are known to run incorrectly.

Static linking
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Dynamic linking of the |Gromacs| executables will lead to a
smaller disk footprint when installed, and so is the default on
platforms where we believe it has been tested repeatedly and found to work.
In general, this includes Linux, Windows, Mac OS X and BSD systems.
Static binaries take more space, but on some hardware and/or under
some conditions they are necessary, most commonly when you are running a parallel
simulation using MPI libraries (e.g. BlueGene, Cray).

* To link |Gromacs| binaries statically against the internal |Gromacs|
  libraries, set ``-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF``.
* To link statically against external (non-system) libraries as well,
  set ``-DGMX_PREFER_STATIC_LIBS=ON``. Note, that in
  general ``cmake`` picks up whatever is available, so this option only
  instructs ``cmake`` to prefer static libraries when both static and
  shared are available. If no static version of an external library is
  available, even when the aforementioned option is ``ON``, the shared
  library will be used. Also note that the resulting binaries will
  still be dynamically linked against system libraries on platforms
  where that is the default. To use static system libraries,
  additional compiler/linker flags are necessary, e.g. ``-static-libgcc
  -static-libstdc++``.
* To attempt to link a fully static binary set
  ``-DGMX_BUILD_SHARED_EXE=OFF``. This will prevent CMake from explicitly
  setting any dynamic linking flags. This option also sets
  ``-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF`` and ``-DGMX_PREFER_STATIC_LIBS=ON`` by
  default, but the above caveats apply. For compilers which don't
  default to static linking, the required flags have to be specified. On
  Linux, this is usually ``CFLAGS=-static CXXFLAGS=-static``.

Portability aspects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A |Gromacs| build will normally not be portable, not even across
hardware with the same base instruction set, like x86. Non-portable
hardware-specific optimizations are selected at configure-time, such
as the SIMD instruction set used in the compute kernels. This
selection will be done by the build system based on the capabilities
of the build host machine or otherwise specified to ``cmake`` during
configuration.

Often it is possible to ensure portability by choosing the least
common denominator of SIMD support, e.g. SSE2 for x86, and ensuring
the you use ``cmake -DGMX_USE_RDTSCP=off`` if any of the target CPU
architectures does not support the ``RDTSCP`` instruction.  However, we
discourage attempts to use a single |Gromacs| installation when the
execution environment is heterogeneous, such as a mix of AVX and
earlier hardware, because this will lead to programs (especially
mdrun) that run slowly on the new hardware. Building two full
installations and locally managing how to call the correct one
(e.g. using a module system) is the recommended
approach. Alternatively, as at the moment the |Gromacs| tools do not
make strong use of SIMD acceleration, it can be convenient to create
an installation with tools portable across different x86 machines, but
with separate mdrun binaries for each architecture. To achieve this,
one can first build a full installation with the
least-common-denominator SIMD instruction set, e.g. ``-DGMX_SIMD=SSE2``,
then build separate mdrun binaries for each architecture present in
the heterogeneous environment. By using custom binary and library
suffixes for the mdrun-only builds, these can be installed to the
same location as the "generic" tools installation.
`Building just the mdrun binary`_ is possible by setting the
``-DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=ON`` option.

Linear algebra libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
As mentioned above, sometimes vendor BLAS and LAPACK libraries
can provide performance enhancements for |Gromacs| when doing
normal-mode analysis or covariance analysis. For simplicity, the text
below will refer only to BLAS, but the same options are available
for LAPACK. By default, CMake will search for BLAS, use it if it
is found, and otherwise fall back on a version of BLAS internal to
|Gromacs|. The ``cmake`` option ``-DGMX_EXTERNAL_BLAS=on`` will be set
accordingly. The internal versions are fine for normal use. If you
need to specify a non-standard path to search, use
``-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/path/to/search``. If you need to specify a
library with a non-standard name (e.g. ESSL on AIX or BlueGene), then
set ``-DGMX_BLAS_USER=/path/to/reach/lib/libwhatever.a``.

If you are using Intel MKL_ for FFT, then the BLAS and
LAPACK it provides are used automatically. This could be
over-ridden with ``GMX_BLAS_USER``, etc.

On Apple platforms where the Accelerate Framework is available, these
will be automatically used for BLAS and LAPACK. This could be
over-ridden with ``GMX_BLAS_USER``, etc.

Changing the names of |Gromacs| binaries and libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
It is sometimes convenient to have different versions of the same
|Gromacs| programs installed. The most common use cases have been single
and double precision, and with and without MPI. This mechanism can
also be used to install side-by-side multiple versions of mdrun
optimized for different CPU architectures, as mentioned previously.

By default, |Gromacs| will suffix programs and libraries for such builds
with ``_d`` for double precision and/or ``_mpi`` for MPI (and nothing
otherwise). This can be controlled manually with ``GMX_DEFAULT_SUFFIX
(ON/OFF)``, ``GMX_BINARY_SUFFIX`` (takes a string) and ``GMX_LIBS_SUFFIX``
(also takes a string). For instance, to set a custom suffix for
programs and libraries, one might specify:

::

    cmake .. -DGMX_DEFAULT_SUFFIX=OFF -DGMX_BINARY_SUFFIX=_mod -DGMX_LIBS_SUFFIX=_mod

Thus the names of all programs and libraries will be appended with
``_mod``.

Changing installation tree structure
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
By default, a few different directories under ``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`` are used
when when |Gromacs| is installed. Some of these can be changed, which is mainly
useful for packaging |Gromacs| for various distributions. The directories are
listed below, with additional notes about some of them. Unless otherwise noted,
the directories can be renamed by editing the installation paths in the main
CMakeLists.txt.

``bin/``
    The standard location for executables and some scripts.
    Some of the scripts hardcode the absolute installation prefix, which needs
    to be changed if the scripts are relocated.
``include/gromacs/``
    The standard location for installed headers.
``lib/``
    The standard location for libraries. The default depends on the system, and
    is determined by CMake.
    The name of the directory can be changed using ``GMX_LIB_INSTALL_DIR`` CMake
    variable.
``lib/pkgconfig/``
    Information about the installed ``libgromacs`` library for ``pkg-config`` is
    installed here.  The ``lib/`` part adapts to the installation location of the
    libraries.  The installed files contain the installation prefix as absolute
    paths.
``share/cmake/``
    CMake package configuration files are installed here.
``share/gromacs/``
    Various data files and some documentation go here.
    The ``gromacs`` part can be changed using ``GMX_DATA_INSTALL_DIR``. Using this
    CMake variable is the preferred way of changing the installation path for
    ``share/gromacs/top/``, since the path to this directory is built into
    ``libgromacs`` as well as some scripts, both as a relative and as an absolute
    path (the latter as a fallback if everything else fails).
``share/man/``
    Installed man pages go here.

Compiling and linking
---------------------
Once you have configured with ``cmake``, you can build |Gromacs| with ``make``.
It is expected that this will always complete successfully, and
give few or no warnings. The CMake-time tests |Gromacs| makes on the settings
you choose are pretty extensive, but there are probably a few cases we
have not thought of yet. Search the web first for solutions to
problems, but if you need help, ask on gmx-users, being sure to
provide as much information as possible about what you did, the system
you are building on, and what went wrong. This may mean scrolling back
a long way through the output of ``make`` to find the first error
message!

If you have a multi-core or multi-CPU machine with ``N``
processors, then using

::

    make -j N

will generally speed things up by quite a bit. Other build generator systems
supported by ``cmake`` (e.g. ``ninja``) also work well.

.. _building just the mdrun binary:

Building only mdrun
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Past versions of the build system offered "mdrun" and "install-mdrun"
targets (similarly for other programs too) to build and install only
the mdrun program, respectively. Such a build is useful when the
configuration is only relevant for mdrun (such as with
parallelization options for MPI, SIMD, GPUs, or on BlueGene or Cray),
or the length of time for the compile-link-install cycle is relevant
when developing.

This is now supported with the ``cmake`` option
``-DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=ON``, which will build a cut-down version of
``libgromacs`` and/or the mdrun program.
Naturally, now ``make install`` installs only those
products. By default, mdrun-only builds will default to static linking
against |Gromacs| libraries, because this is generally a good idea for
the targets for which an mdrun-only build is desirable. If you re-use
a build tree and change to the mdrun-only build, then you will inherit
the setting for ``BUILD_SHARED_LIBS`` from the old build, and will be
warned that you may wish to manage ``BUILD_SHARED_LIBS`` yourself.

Installing |Gromacs|
--------------------
Finally, ``make install`` will install |Gromacs| in the
directory given in ``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX``. If this is a system
directory, then you will need permission to write there, and you
should use super-user privileges only for ``make install`` and
not the whole procedure.

.. _getting access to GROMACS:

Getting access to |Gromacs| after installation
----------------------------------------------
|Gromacs| installs the script ``GMXRC`` in the ``bin``
subdirectory of the installation directory
(e.g. ``/usr/local/gromacs/bin/GMXRC``), which you should source
from your shell:

::

    source /your/installation/prefix/here/bin/GMXRC

It will detect what kind of shell you are running and set up your
environment for using |Gromacs|. You may wish to arrange for your
login scripts to do this automatically; please search the web for
instructions on how to do this for your shell. 

Many of the |Gromacs| programs rely on data installed in the
``share/gromacs`` subdirectory of the installation directory. By
default, the programs will use the environment variables set in the
``GMXRC`` script, and if this is not available they will try to guess the
path based on their own location.  This usually works well unless you
change the names of directories inside the install tree. If you still
need to do that, you might want to recompile with the new install
location properly set, or edit the ``GMXRC`` script.

Testing |Gromacs| for correctness
---------------------------------
Since 2011, the |Gromacs| development uses an automated system where
every new code change is subject to regression testing on a number of
platforms and software combinations. While this improves
reliability quite a lot, not everything is tested, and since we
increasingly rely on cutting edge compiler features there is
non-negligible risk that the default compiler on your system could
have bugs. We have tried our best to test and refuse to use known bad
versions in ``cmake``, but we strongly recommend that you run through
the tests yourself. It only takes a few minutes, after which you can
trust your build.

The simplest way to run the checks is to build |Gromacs| with
``-DREGRESSIONTEST_DOWNLOAD``, and run ``make check``.
|Gromacs| will automatically download and run the tests for you.
Alternatively, you can download and unpack the GROMACS
regression test suite |gmx-regressiontests-package| tarball yourself
and use the advanced ``cmake`` option ``REGRESSIONTEST_PATH`` to
specify the path to the unpacked tarball, which will then be used for
testing. If the above does not work, then please read on.

The regression tests are also available from the download_ section.
Once you have downloaded them, unpack the tarball, source
``GMXRC`` as described above, and run ``./gmxtest.pl all``
inside the regression tests folder. You can find more options
(e.g. adding ``double`` when using double precision, or
``-only expanded`` to run just the tests whose names match
"expanded") if you just execute the script without options.

Hopefully, you will get a report that all tests have passed. If there
are individual failed tests it could be a sign of a compiler bug, or
that a tolerance is just a tiny bit too tight. Check the output files
the script directs you too, and try a different or newer compiler if
the errors appear to be real. If you cannot get it to pass the
regression tests, you might try dropping a line to the gmx-users
mailing list, but then you should include a detailed description of
your hardware, and the output of ``gmx mdrun -version`` (which contains
valuable diagnostic information in the header).

A build with ``-DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY`` cannot be tested with
``make check`` from the build tree, because most of the tests
require a full build to run things like ``grompp``. To test such an
mdrun fully requires installing it to the same location as a normal
build of |Gromacs|, downloading the regression tests tarball manually
as described above, sourcing the correct ``GMXRC`` and running the
perl script manually. For example, from your |Gromacs| source
directory:

::

    mkdir build-normal
    cd build-normal
    cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/your/installation/prefix/here
    make -j 4
    make install
    cd ..
    mkdir build-mdrun-only
    cd build-mdrun-only
    cmake .. -DGMX_MPI=ON -DGMX_GPU=ON -DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/your/installation/prefix/here
    make -j 4
    make install
    cd /to/your/unpacked/regressiontests
    source /your/installation/prefix/here/bin/GMXRC
    ./gmxtest.pl all -np 2

If your mdrun program has been suffixed in a non-standard way, then
the ``./gmxtest.pl -mdrun`` option will let you specify that name to the
test machinery. You can use ``./gmxtest.pl -double`` to test the
double-precision version. You can use ``./gmxtest.pl -crosscompiling``
to stop the test harness attempting to check that the programs can
be run. You can use ``./gmxtest.pl -mpirun srun`` if your command to
run an MPI program is called ``srun``.

The ``make check`` target also runs integration-style tests that may run
with MPI if ``GMX_MPI=ON`` was set. To make these work, you may need to
set the CMake variables ``MPIEXEC``, ``MPIEXEC_NUMPROC_FLAG``, ``NUMPROC``,
``MPIEXEC_PREFLAGS`` and ``MPIEXEC_POSTFLAGS`` so that
``mdrun-mpi-test_mpi`` would run on multiple ranks via the shell command

::

    ${MPIEXEC} ${MPIEXEC_NUMPROC_FLAG} ${NUMPROC} ${MPIEXEC_PREFLAGS} \
          mdrun-mpi-test_mpi ${MPIEXEC_POSTFLAGS} -otherflags

Typically, one might use variable values ``mpirun``, ``-np``, ``2``, ``''``,
``''`` respectively, in order to run on two ranks.


Testing |Gromacs| for performance
---------------------------------
We are still working on a set of benchmark systems for testing
the performance of |Gromacs|. Until that is ready, we recommend that
you try a few different parallelization options, and experiment with
tools such as ``gmx tune_pme``.

Having difficulty?
------------------
You are not alone - this can be a complex task! If you encounter a
problem with installing |Gromacs|, then there are a number of
locations where you can find assistance. It is recommended that you
follow these steps to find the solution:

1. Read the installation instructions again, taking note that you
   have followed each and every step correctly.

2. Search the |Gromacs| webpage_ and users emailing list for information
   on the error. Adding
   ``site:https://mailman-1.sys.kth.se/pipermail/gromacs.org_gmx-users``
   to a Google search may help filter better results.

3. Search the internet using a search engine such as Google.

4. Post to the |Gromacs| users emailing list gmx-users for
   assistance. Be sure to give a full description of what you have
   done and why you think it did not work. Give details about the
   system on which you are installing.  Copy and paste your command
   line and as much of the output as you think might be relevant -
   certainly from the first indication of a problem. In particular,
   please try to include at least the header from the mdrun logfile,
   and preferably the entire file.  People who might volunteer to help
   you do not have time to ask you interactive detailed follow-up
   questions, so you will get an answer faster if you provide as much
   information as you think could possibly help. High quality bug
   reports tend to receive rapid high quality answers.

Special instructions for some platforms
=======================================

Building on Windows
-------------------
Building on Windows using native compilers is rather similar to
building on Unix, so please start by reading the above. Then, download
and unpack the |Gromacs| source archive. Make a folder in which to do
the out-of-source build of |Gromacs|. For example, make it within the
folder unpacked from the source archive, and call it ``build-gromacs``.

For CMake, you can either use the graphical user interface provided on
Windows, or you can use a command line shell with instructions similar
to the UNIX ones above. If you open a shell from within your IDE
(e.g. Microsoft Visual Studio), it will configure the environment for
you, but you might need to tweak this in order to get either a 32-bit
or 64-bit build environment. The latter provides the fastest
executable. If you use a normal Windows command shell, then you will
need to either set up the environment to find your compilers and
libraries yourself, or run the ``vcvarsall.bat`` batch script provided
by MSVC (just like sourcing a bash script under Unix).

With the graphical user interface, you will be asked about what
compilers to use at the initial configuration stage, and if you use
the command line they can be set in a similar way as under UNIX.

Unfortunately ``-DGMX_BUILD_OWN_FFTW=ON`` (see `Using FFTW`_) does not
work on Windows, because there is no supported way to build FFTW on
Windows. You can either build FFTW some other way (e.g. MinGW), or
use the built-in fftpack (which may be slow), or `using MKL`_.

For the build, you can either load the generated solutions file into
e.g. Visual Studio, or use the command line with ``cmake --build`` so
the right tools get used.

Building on Cray
----------------
|Gromacs| builds mostly out of the box on modern Cray machines, but
you may need to specify the use of static binaries with
``-DGMX_BUILD_SHARED_EXE=off``, and you may need to set the F77
environmental variable to ``ftn`` when compiling FFTW.

Building on BlueGene
--------------------

BlueGene/Q
^^^^^^^^^^
There is currently native acceleration on this platform for the Verlet
cut-off scheme. There are no plans to provide accelerated kernels for
the group cut-off scheme, but the default plain C kernels will work
(slowly).

Only static linking with bgclang is supported by |Gromacs|. Dynamic
linking would be supported by the architecture and |Gromacs|, but has no
advantages other than disk space, and is generally discouraged on
BlueGene for performance reasons.

Computation on BlueGene floating-point units is always done in
double-precision. However, mixed-precision builds of |Gromacs| are still
normal and encouraged since they use cache more efficiently. The
BlueGene hardware automatically converts values stored in single
precision in memory to double precision in registers for computation,
converts the results back to single precision correctly, and does so
for no additional cost. As with other platforms, doing the whole
computation in double precision normally shows no improvement in
accuracy and costs twice as much time moving memory around.

You need to arrange for FFTW to be installed correctly, following the
above instructions.

MPI wrapper compilers should be used for compiling and linking. The
MPI wrapper compilers can make it awkward to
attempt to use IBM's optimized BLAS/LAPACK called ESSL (see the
section on `linear algebra libraries`_. Since mdrun is the only part
of |Gromacs| that should normally run on the compute nodes, and there is
nearly no need for linear algebra support for mdrun, it is recommended
to use the |Gromacs| built-in linear algebra routines - this is never
a problem for normal simulations.

The recommended configuration is to use

::

    cmake .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=mpicc \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=mpicxx \
             -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=Platform/BlueGeneQ-static-bgclang-CXX.cmake \
             -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/your/fftw/installation/prefix \
             -DGMX_MPI=ON \
             -DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=ON
    make
    make install

which will build a statically-linked MPI-enabled mdrun for the compute
nodes. Otherwise, |Gromacs| default configuration
behaviour applies.

It is possible to configure and make the remaining |Gromacs| tools with
the compute-node toolchain, but as none of those tools are MPI-aware
and could then only run on the compute nodes, this would not normally
be useful. Instead, these should be planned to run on the login node,
and a separate |Gromacs| installation performed for that using the login
node's toolchain - not the above platform file, or any other
compute-node toolchain.

Note that only the MPI build is available for the compute-node
toolchains. The |Gromacs| thread-MPI or no-MPI builds are not useful at
all on BlueGene/Q.

BlueGene/P
^^^^^^^^^^
There is currently no SIMD support on this platform and no plans to
add it. The default plain C kernels will work if there is a C++11
compiler for this platform.

Fujitsu PRIMEHPC
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is the architecture of the K computer, which uses Fujitsu
Sparc64VIIIfx chips. On this platform, |Gromacs| has
accelerated group kernels using the HPC-ACE instructions, no
accelerated Verlet kernels, and a custom build toolchain. Since this
particular chip only does double precision SIMD, the default setup
is to build |Gromacs| in double. Since most users only need single, we have added
an option GMX_RELAXED_DOUBLE_PRECISION to accept single precision square root
accuracy in the group kernels; unless you know that you really need 15 digits
of accuracy in each individual force, we strongly recommend you use this. Note
that all summation and other operations are still done in double.

The recommended configuration is to use

::

    cmake .. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=Toolchain-Fujitsu-Sparc64-mpi.cmake \
             -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/your/fftw/installation/prefix \
             -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/where/gromacs/should/be/installed \
             -DGMX_MPI=ON \
             -DGMX_BUILD_MDRUN_ONLY=ON \
             -DGMX_RELAXED_DOUBLE_PRECISION=ON
    make
    make install

Intel Xeon Phi
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|Gromacs| has preliminary support for Intel Xeon Phi. Only symmetric
(aka native) mode is supported on Knights Corner, and it has so far
not been optimized to the same level as other architectures. The
performance depends among other factors on the system size, and for
now the performance might not be faster than CPUs. Building for Xeon
Phi works almost as any other Unix. See the instructions above for
details. The recommended configuration is

::

    cmake .. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=Platform/XeonPhi
    make
    make install

Tested platforms
================
While it is our best belief that |Gromacs| will build and run pretty
much everywhere, it is important that we tell you where we really know
it works because we have tested it. We do test on Linux, Windows, and
Mac with a range of compilers and libraries for a range of our
configuration options. Every commit in our git source code repository
is currently tested on x86 with gcc versions ranging from 4.6 through
5.2, and versions 16 of the Intel compiler as well as Clang
version 3.4 through 3.8. For this, we use a variety of GNU/Linux
flavors and versions as well as recent versions of Windows. Under
Windows, we test both MSVC 2015 and version 16 of the Intel compiler.
For details, you can
have a look at the `continuous integration server used by GROMACS`_,
which runs Jenkins_.

We test irregularly on ARM v7, ARM v8, BlueGene/Q, Cray, Fujitsu
PRIMEHPC, Power8, Google Native Client and other environments, and
with other compilers and compiler versions, too.