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TLS Working Group                                              D. Taylor
Internet-Draft                                    Forge Research Pty Ltd
Expires: July 27, 2004                                             T. Wu
                                                           Arcot Systems
                                                      N. Mavroyanopoulos
                                                               T. Perrin
                                                        January 27, 2004


                    Using SRP for TLS Authentication
                         draft-ietf-tls-srp-06

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
   groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
   www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 27, 2004.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This memo presents a technique for using the SRP (Secure Remote
   Password) protocol ([SRP], [SRP-6]) as an authentication method for
   the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol [TLS].









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Table of Contents

   1.    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.    SRP Authentication in TLS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.1   Notations and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.2   Modifications to the TLS Handshake Sequence  . . . . . . . .  4
   2.2.1 Message Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.2.2 Session Re-use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.3   Text Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.4   SRP Verifier Creation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.5   Changes to the Handshake Message Contents  . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.5.1 Client hello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.5.2 Server certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   2.5.3 Server key exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   2.5.4 Client key exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   2.6   Calculating the Pre-master Secret  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   2.7   Cipher Suite Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   2.8   New Message Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   2.8.1 ExtensionType  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   2.8.2 Client Hello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   2.8.3 Server Key Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   2.8.4 Client Key Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   2.9   Error Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   3.    Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
         Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
         Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
         Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   A.    SRP Group Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   B.    Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
         Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . 21





















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1. Introduction

   At the time of writing TLS [TLS] uses public key certificates, or
   Kerberos, for authentication.

   These authentication methods do not seem well suited to the
   applications now being adapted to use TLS ([IMAP] or [FTP], for
   example). Given that these protocols (and others like them) are
   designed to use the user name and password method of authentication,
   being able to safely use user names and passwords to authenticate the
   TLS connection provides a much easier route to additional security
   than implementing a public key infrastructure in certain situations.

   SRP ([SRP], [SRP-6]) is an authentication method that allows the use
   of user names and passwords over unencrypted channels without
   revealing the password to an eavesdropper. SRP also supplies a shared
   secret at the end of the authentication sequence that can be used to
   generate encryption keys.

   This document describes the use of the SRP authentication method for
   TLS.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.


























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2. SRP Authentication in TLS

2.1 Notations and Terminology

   The version of SRP used here is sometimes referred to as "SRP-6"
   [SRP-6].  This particular version is a slight improvement over
   "SRP-3", which was described in [SRP] and [RFC2945].

   This document uses the variable names defined in [SRP-6]:

      N, g: group parameters (prime and generator)

      s: salt

      B, b: server's public and private values

      A, a: client's public and private values

      I: user name (aka "identity")

      p: password

      v: verifier

   The | symbol indicates string concatenation, the ^ operator is the
   exponentiation operation, and the % operator is the integer remainder
   operation.  Conversion between integers and byte-strings assumes the
   most-significant bytes are stored first, as per [TLS] and [RFC2945].

2.2 Modifications to the TLS Handshake Sequence

   The advent of [SRP-6] allows the SRP protocol to be implemented using
   the standard sequence of handshake messages defined in [TLS].

   The parameters to various messages are given in the following
   diagram.















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2.2.1 Message Sequence

   Handshake Message Flow for SRP Authentication

          Client                                 Server
            |                                      |
       Client Hello (I) ------------------------>  |
            |  <---------------------------- Server Hello
            |  <---------------------------- Certificate*
            |  <---------------------------- Server Key Exchange (N, g, s, B)
            |  <---------------------------- Server Hello Done
       Client Key Exchange (A) ----------------->  |
       [Change cipher spec]                        |
       Finished -------------------------------->  |
            |                        [Change cipher spec]
            |  <---------------------------- Finished
            |                                      |
       Application Data  <--------------> Application Data

   * Indicates an optional message which is not always sent.

                                Figure 1

   An extended client hello message, as defined in [TLSEXT], is used to
   send the client identifier (the user name).

2.2.2 Session Re-use

   The short handshake mechanism for re-using sessions for new
   connections, and renegotiating keys for existing connections will
   still work with the SRP authentication mechanism and handshake.

   When a client attemps to re-use a session that uses SRP
   authentication, it MUST include the SRP extension carrying the user
   name (I) in the client hello message, in case the server cannot or
   will not allow re-use of the session, meaning a full handshake
   sequence is required.

   If the server does agree to re-use an existing session the server
   MUST ignore the information in the SRP extension of the client hello
   message, except for its inclusion in the finished message hashes.
   This is to ensure attackers cannot replace the authenticated identity
   without supplying the proper authentication information.

2.3 Text Preparation

   The user name and password strings shall be UTF-8 encoded Unicode,
   prepared using the [SASLPrep] profile of [StringPrep].



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2.4 SRP Verifier Creation

   The verifier is calculated as described in section 3 of [RFC2945]. We
   give the algorithm here for convenience.

   The verifier (v) is computed based on the salt (s), user name (I),
   password (p), and group parameters (N, g).  The computation uses the
   [SHA1] hash algorithm:

        x = SHA1(s | SHA1(I | ":" | p))
        v = g^x % N

2.5 Changes to the Handshake Message Contents

   This section describes the changes to the TLS handshake message
   contents when SRP is being used for authentication. The definitions
   of the new message contents and the on-the-wire changes are given in
   Section 2.8.

2.5.1 Client hello

   The user name is appended to the standard client hello message using
   the hello message extension mechanism defined in [TLSEXT].

   The client may offer SRP ciphersuites in the hello message but omit
   the SRP extension.  If the server would like to select an SRP
   ciphersuite in this case, the server MAY return a
   missing_srp_username alert (see Section 2.9) immediately after
   processing the client hello message.  This alert signals the client
   to resend the hello message, this time with the SRP extension.
   Through this idiom, the client can advertise that it supports SRP,
   but not have to prompt the user for his user name and password, nor
   expose the user name in the clear, unless necessary.

   After sending the missing_srp_username alert, the server MUST leave
   the TLS connection open, yet reset its handshake protocol state so it
   is prepared to receive a second client hello message.  Upon receiving
   the missing_srp_username alert, the client MUST either send a second
   client hello message, or send a fatal user_cancelled alert.

   If the client sends a second hello message, the second hello message
   MUST offer SRP ciphersuites, and MUST contain the SRP extension, and
   the server MUST choose one of the SRP ciphersuites.  Both client
   hello messages MUST be treated as handshake messages and included in
   the hash calculations for the TLS Finished message.  The premaster
   and master secret calculations will use the random value from the
   second client hello message, not the first.




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   If the server doesn't have a verifier for the given user name, the
   server MAY abort the handshake with an unknown_srp_username alert
   (see Section 2.9).  Alternatively, if the server wishes to hide the
   fact that this user name doesn't have a verifier, the server MAY
   simulate the protocol as if a verifier existed, but then reject the
   client's finished message with a bad_record_mac alert, as if the
   password was incorrect.

   To simulate the existence of an entry for each user name, the server
   must consistently return the same salt (s) and group (N, g) values
   for the same user name.  For example, the server could store a secret
   "seed key" and then use HMAC-SHA1(seed_key, "salt" | user_name) to
   generate the salts [HMAC].  For B, the server can return a random
   value between 1 and N-1 inclusive.  However, the server should take
   care to simulate computation delays.  One way to do this is to
   generate a fake verifier using the "seed key" approach, and then
   proceed with the protocol as usual.

2.5.2 Server certificate

   The server MUST send a certificate if it agrees to an SRP cipher
   suite that requires the server to provide additional authentication
   in the form of a digital signature. See Section 2.7 for details of
   which ciphersuites defined in this document require a server
   certificate to be sent.

   Because the server's certificate is only used for generating a
   digital signature in SRP cipher suites, the certificate sent MUST
   contain a public key that can be used for verifying digital
   signatures.

2.5.3 Server key exchange

   The server key exchange message contains the prime (N), the generator
   (g), and the salt value (s) read from the SRP password file based on
   the user name (I) received in the client hello extension.

   The server key exchange message also contains the server's public
   value (B).  The server calculates this value as B = 3*v + g^b % N,
   where b is a random number which SHOULD be at least 256 bits in
   length.

   If the server has sent a certificate message, the server key exchange
   message MUST be signed.

   The group parameters (N, g) sent in this message MUST have N as a
   safe prime (a prime of the form N=2q+1, where q is also prime).  The
   integers from 1 to N-1 will form a group under multiplication % N,



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   and g MUST be a generator of this group.  The SRP group parameters in
   Appendix A are proven to have these properties, so the client SHOULD
   accept any parameters from this Appendix which have large enough N
   values to meet his security requirements.  The client MAY accept
   other group parameters from the server, either by prior arrangement,
   or by checking the parameters himself.

   To check that N is a safe prime, the client should use some method
   such as performing 64 iterations of the Miller-Rabin test with random
   bases (selected from 2 to N-2) on both N and q (by performing 64
   iterations, the probability of a false positive is no more than
   2^-128).  To check that g is a generator of the group, the client can
   check that 1 < g < N-1, and g^q % N equals N-1. Performing these
   checks may be time-consuming; after checking new parameters, the
   client may want to add them to a known-good list.

   Group parameters that are not accepted via one of the above methods
   MUST be rejected with an insufficient_security alert.

   The client MUST abort the handshake with an illegal_parameter alert
   if B % N = 0.

2.5.4 Client key exchange

   The client key exchange message carries the client's public value
   (A).  The client calculates this value as A = g^a % N, where a is a
   random number which SHOULD be at least 256 bits in length.

   The server MUST abort the handshake with an illegal_parameter alert
   if A % N = 0, 1, or N-1.

2.6 Calculating the Pre-master Secret

   The pre-master secret is calculated by the client as follows:

        I, p = <read from user>
        N, g, s, B = <read from server>
        a = random()
        A = g^a % N
        u = SHA1(A | B)
        x = SHA1(s | SHA1(I | ":" | p))
        <premaster secret> = (B - (3 * g^x)) ^ (a + (u * x)) % N

   The pre-master secret is calculated by the server as follows:







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        N, g, s, v = <read from password file>
        b = random()
        B = 3*v + g^b % N
        A = <read from client>
        u = SHA1(A | B)
        <premaster secret> = (A * v^u) ^ b % N

   The finished messages perform the same function as the client and
   server evidence messages (M1 and M2) specified in [RFC2945]. If
   either the client or the server calculate an incorrect premaster
   secret, the finished messages will fail to decrypt properly, and the
   other party will return a bad_record_mac alert.

   If a client application receives a bad_record_mac alert when
   performing an SRP handshake, it should inform the user that the
   entered user name and password are incorrect.

2.7 Cipher Suite Definitions

   The following cipher suites are added by this draft. The usage of AES
   ciphersuites is as defined in [RFC3268].

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA     = { 0x00,0x50 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0x00,0x51 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0x00,0x52 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00,0x53 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x54 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x55 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00,0x56 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x57 };

      CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x58 };

   Cipher suites that do not include a digital signature algorithm
   identifier assume the server is authenticated by its possesion of the
   SRP verifier.

   Cipher suites that begin with TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA or TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS
   require the server to send a certificate message containing a
   certificate with the specified type of public key, and to sign the
   server key exchange message using a matching private key.



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   Implementations conforming to this specification MUST implement the
   TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ciphersuite, SHOULD implement the
   TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA and TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
   ciphersuites, and MAY implement the remaining ciphersuites.

2.8 New Message Structures

   This section shows the structure of the messages passed during a
   handshake that uses SRP for authentication. The representation
   language used is the same as that used in [TLS].

2.8.1 ExtensionType

   A new value, "srp(6)", has been added to the enumerated
   ExtensionType, defined in [TLSEXT].  This value MUST be used as the
   extension number for the SRP extension.

2.8.2 Client Hello

   The "extension_data" field of the srp extension SHALL contain:

   opaque srp_I<1..2^8-1>

   where srp_I is the user name, encoded per .

2.8.3 Server Key Exchange

   When the value of KeyExchangeAlgorithm is set to "srp", the server's
   SRP parameters are sent in the server key exchange message, encoded
   in a ServerSRPParams structure.

   If a certificate is sent to the client the server key exchange
   message must be signed. The following table gives the
   SignatureAlgorithm value to be used for each ciphersuite.

      Ciphersuite                            SignatureAlgorithm

      TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA         anonymous

      TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA     rsa

      TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA     dsa

      TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA          anonymous

      TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA      rsa

      TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA      dsa



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      TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA          anonymous

      TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA      rsa

      TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA      dsa


        struct {
           select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
              case diffie_hellman:
                 ServerDHParams params;
                 Signature signed_params;
              case rsa:
                 ServerRSAParams params;
                 Signature signed_params;
              case srp:   /* new entry */
                 ServerSRPParams params;
                 Signature signed_params;
           };
        } ServerKeyExchange;

        struct {
           opaque srp_N<1..2^16-1>;
           opaque srp_g<1..2^16-1>;
           opaque srp_s<1..2^8-1>
           opaque srp_B<1..2^16-1>;
        } ServerSRPParams;     /* SRP parameters */

2.8.4 Client Key Exchange

   When the value of KeyExchangeAlgorithm is set to "srp", the client's
   public value (A) is sent in the client key exchange message, encoded
   in an ClientSRPPublic structure.

   An extra value, srp, has been added to the enumerated
   KeyExchangeAlgorithm, originally defined in [TLS].

        struct {
           select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
              case rsa: EncryptedPreMasterSecret;
              case diffie_hellman: ClientDiffieHellmanPublic;
              case srp: ClientSRPPublic;   /* new entry */
           } exchange_keys;
        } ClientKeyExchange;

        enum { rsa, diffie_hellman, srp } KeyExchangeAlgorithm;

        struct {



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           opaque srp_A<1..2^16-1>;
        } ClientSRPPublic;

2.9 Error Alerts

   Two new error alerts are defined:

   o  "unknown_srp_username" (120) - this alert MAY be sent by a server
      that receives an unknown user name.  This message is always fatal.

   o  "missing_srp_username" (121) - this alert MAY be sent by a server
      which would like to select an offered SRP ciphersuite, if the SRP
      extension is absent from the client's hello message.  This alert
      is always a warning. Upon receiving this alert, the client MAY
      send a new hello message on the same connection, this time
      including the SRP extension.  See Section 2.5.1 for more details.



































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3. Security Considerations

   If an attacker is able to steal the SRP verifier file, the attacker
   can masquerade as the real server, and can also use dictionary
   attacks to recover client passwords. Filesystem based X.509
   certificate installations are vulnerable to a similar attack unless
   the server's certificate is issued from a PKI that maintains
   revocation lists, and the client TLS code can both contact the PKI
   and make use of the revocation list.

   The client's user name is sent in the clear in the Client Hello
   message.  To avoid sending the user name in the clear, the client
   could first open a conventional anonymous, or server-authenticated
   session, then renegotiate an SRP-authenticated session with the
   handshake protected by the first session.

   The checks described in Section 2.5.3 and Section 2.5.4 on the
   received values for A and B are crucial for security and MUST be
   performed.

   The private values a and b SHOULD be at least 256 bit random numbers,
   to give approximately 128 bits of security against certain methods of
   calculating discrete logarithms.

   If the client receives a missing_srp_username alert, the client
   should be aware that unless the handshake protocol is run to
   completion, this alert may have been inserted by an attacker.  If the
   handshake protocol is not run to completion, the client should not
   make any decisions, nor form any assumptions, based on receiving this
   alert.

   It is possible to choose a (user name, password) pair such that the
   resulting verifier will also match other, related, (user name,
   password) pairs.  Thus, anyone using verifiers should be careful not
   to assume that only a single (user name, password) pair matches the
   verifier.















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Normative References

   [TLS]      Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol", RFC 2246,
              January 1999.

   [SRP-6]    Wu, T., "SRP-6: Improvements and Refinements to the Secure
              Remote Password Protocol", October 2002, <http://
              srp.stanford.edu/srp6.ps>.

   [TLSEXT]   Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.
              and T. Wright, "TLS Extensions", RFC 3546, June 2003.

   [StringPrep]
              Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
              Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454,
              December 2002.

   [SASLPrep]
              Zeilenga, K., "SASLprep: Stringprep profile for user names
              and passwords", draft-ietf-sasl-saslprep-04 (work in
              progress), October 2003.

   [RFC2945]  Wu, T., "The SRP Authentication and Key Exchange System",
              RFC 2945, September 2000.

   [SHA1]     "Announcing the Secure Hash Standard", FIPS 180-1,
              September 2000.

   [HMAC]     Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
              Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC3268]  Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC
              3268, June 2002.

   [MODP]     Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponentiation
              (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange
              (IKE)", RFC 3526, May 2003.












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Informative References

   [IMAP]  Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP", RFC 2595,
           June 1999.

   [FTP]   Ford-Hutchinson, P., Carpenter, M., Hudson, T., Murray, E.
           and V. Wiegand, "Securing FTP with TLS",
           draft-murray-auth-ftp-ssl-12 (work in progress), August 2003.

   [SRP]   Wu, T., "The Secure Remote Password Protocol", Proceedings of
           the 1998 Internet Society Network and Distributed System
           Security Symposium pp. 97-111, March 1998.


Authors' Addresses

   David Taylor
   Forge Research Pty Ltd

   EMail: DavidTaylor@forge.com.au
   URI:   http://www.forge.com.au/


   Tom Wu
   Arcot Systems

   EMail: tom@arcot.com
   URI:   http://www.arcot.com/


   Nikos Mavroyanopoulos

   EMail: nmav@gnutls.org
   URI:   http://www.gnutls.org/


   Trevor Perrin

   EMail: trevp@trevp.net
   URI:   http://trevp.net/











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Appendix A. SRP Group Parameters

   The 1024, 1536, and 2048-bit groups are taken from software developed
   by Tom Wu and Eugene Jhong for the Stanford SRP distribution, and
   subsequently proven to be prime.  The larger primes are taken from
   [MODP], but generators have been calculated that are primitive roots
   of N, unlike the generators in [MODP].

   The 1024-bit and 1536-bit groups MUST be supported.

   1.  1024-bit Group

       The hexadecimal value is:

          EEAF0AB9 ADB38DD6 9C33F80A FA8FC5E8 60726187 75FF3C0B 9EA2314C
          9C256576 D674DF74 96EA81D3 383B4813 D692C6E0 E0D5D8E2 50B98BE4
          8E495C1D 6089DAD1 5DC7D7B4 6154D6B6 CE8EF4AD 69B15D49 82559B29
          7BCF1885 C529F566 660E57EC 68EDBC3C 05726CC0 2FD4CBF4 976EAA9A
          FD5138FE 8376435B 9FC61D2F C0EB06E3

       The generator is: 2.

   2.  1536-bit Group

       The hexadecimal value is:

          9DEF3CAF B939277A B1F12A86 17A47BBB DBA51DF4 99AC4C80 BEEEA961
          4B19CC4D 5F4F5F55 6E27CBDE 51C6A94B E4607A29 1558903B A0D0F843
          80B655BB 9A22E8DC DF028A7C EC67F0D0 8134B1C8 B9798914 9B609E0B
          E3BAB63D 47548381 DBC5B1FC 764E3F4B 53DD9DA1 158BFD3E 2B9C8CF5
          6EDF0195 39349627 DB2FD53D 24B7C486 65772E43 7D6C7F8C E442734A
          F7CCB7AE 837C264A E3A9BEB8 7F8A2FE9 B8B5292E 5A021FFF 5E91479E
          8CE7A28C 2442C6F3 15180F93 499A234D CF76E3FE D135F9BB

       The generator is: 2.

   3.  2048-bit Group

       The hexadecimal value is:

          AC6BDB41 324A9A9B F166DE5E 1389582F AF72B665 1987EE07 FC319294
          3DB56050 A37329CB B4A099ED 8193E075 7767A13D D52312AB 4B03310D
          CD7F48A9 DA04FD50 E8083969 EDB767B0 CF609517 9A163AB3 661A05FB
          D5FAAAE8 2918A996 2F0B93B8 55F97993 EC975EEA A80D740A DBF4FF74
          7359D041 D5C33EA7 1D281E44 6B14773B CA97B43A 23FB8016 76BD207A
          436C6481 F1D2B907 8717461A 5B9D32E6 88F87748 544523B5 24B0D57D
          5EA77A27 75D2ECFA 032CFBDB F52FB378 61602790 04E57AE6 AF874E73
          03CE5329 9CCC041C 7BC308D8 2A5698F3 A8D0C382 71AE35F8 E9DBFBB6



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          94B5C803 D89F7AE4 35DE236D 525F5475 9B65E372 FCD68EF2 0FA7111F
          9E4AFF73

       The generator is: 2.

   4.  3072-bit Group

       This prime is: 2^3072 - 2^3008 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^2942 pi] +
       1690314 }

       Its hexadecimal value is:

          FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
          8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
          302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
          A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
          49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
          FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
          670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
          180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
          3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
          04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
          B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
          1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
          BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
          E0FD108E 4B82D120 A93AD2CA FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

       The generator is: 5.

   5.  4096-bit Group

       This prime is: 2^4096 - 2^4032 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^3966 pi] +
       240904 }

       Its hexadecimal value is:

          FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
          8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
          302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
          A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
          49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
          FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
          670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
          180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
          3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
          04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
          B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
          1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C



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          BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
          E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
          99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
          04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
          233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
          D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34063199
          FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

       The generator is: 5.

   6.  6144-bit Group

       This prime is: 2^6144 - 2^6080 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^6014 pi] +
       929484 }

       Its hexadecimal value is:

          FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
          8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
          302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
          A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
          49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
          FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
          670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
          180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
          3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
          04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
          B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
          1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
          BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
          E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
          99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
          04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
          233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
          D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
          36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD F8FF9406
          AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831 179727B0 865A8918
          DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151
          2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF 5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03
          F482D7CE 6E74FEF6 D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F
          BEC7E8F3 23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
          CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328 06A1D58B
          B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C DA56C9EC 2EF29632
          387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE 12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E
          6DCC4024 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

       The generator is: 5.




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   7.  8192-bit Group

       This prime is: 2^8192 - 2^8128 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^8062 pi] +
       4743158 }

       Its hexadecimal value is:

          FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
          8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
          302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
          A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
          49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
          FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
          670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
          180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
          3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
          04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
          B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
          1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
          BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
          E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
          99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
          04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
          233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
          D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
          36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD F8FF9406
          AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831 179727B0 865A8918
          DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151
          2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF 5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03
          F482D7CE 6E74FEF6 D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F
          BEC7E8F3 23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
          CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328 06A1D58B
          B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C DA56C9EC 2EF29632
          387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE 12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E
          6DBE1159 74A3926F 12FEE5E4 38777CB6 A932DF8C D8BEC4D0 73B931BA
          3BC832B6 8D9DD300 741FA7BF 8AFC47ED 2576F693 6BA42466 3AAB639C
          5AE4F568 3423B474 2BF1C978 238F16CB E39D652D E3FDB8BE FC848AD9
          22222E04 A4037C07 13EB57A8 1A23F0C7 3473FC64 6CEA306B 4BCBC886
          2F8385DD FA9D4B7F A2C087E8 79683303 ED5BDD3A 062B3CF5 B3A278A6
          6D2A13F8 3F44F82D DF310EE0 74AB6A36 4597E899 A0255DC1 64F31CC5
          0846851D F9AB4819 5DED7EA1 B1D510BD 7EE74D73 FAF36BC3 1ECFA268
          359046F4 EB879F92 4009438B 481C6CD7 889A002E D5EE382B C9190DA6
          FC026E47 9558E447 5677E9AA 9E3050E2 765694DF C81F56E8 80B96E71
          60C980DD 98EDD3DF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

       The generator is: 19 (decimal).





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Appendix B. Acknowledgements

   Thanks to all on the IETF tls mailing list for ideas and analysis.
















































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   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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