| blob | 6c3ce4834a1938209883fc8b6fd3b28a357f9c1e |
1 # @(#)europe 7.17
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12 #
13 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15 # I found in the UCLA library.
16 #
17 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19 # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20 # std dst
21 # LMT Local Mean Time
22 # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
24 # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25 # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26 # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27 # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28 # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30 # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31 # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32 # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34 # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev*
36 # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg*
37 # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk*
38 # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994)
39 # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk*
40 # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk*
41 # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk*
42 # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok*
43 # 11:00 GSK GSD Magadan*
44 # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski*
45 # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr*
46 #
47 # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48 #
49 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51 # Oxford University Press (1980).
53 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54 # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
56 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57 # The original six [EU members]: Belguim, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67 # ...
68 # The only [current nonmember using EU rules] I can speak for is Estonia,
69 # which uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. I don't
70 # think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
71 # ...
72 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
73 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
74 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
75 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
76 # in the Directive.
78 ###############################################################################
80 # United Kingdom
82 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
83 #
84 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
85 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
86 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
87 # of the text said:
88 #
89 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
90 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
91 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
92 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
93 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
94 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
95 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
96 #
97 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
98 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
99 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
100 #
101 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
103 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
104 #
105 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
106 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
107 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
108 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
109 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
110 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
111 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
112 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
113 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
114 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
115 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
116 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
117 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
118 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
119 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
120 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
121 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
122 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
123 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
124 #
125 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
126 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
127 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
129 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
130 #
131 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
132 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
134 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
135 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
136 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
137 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
138 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
140 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
141 #
142 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
143 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
144 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
145 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
146 # and 1994 are:
147 # Start End
148 # 1993 28 March 24 October
149 # 1994 27 March 23 October
150 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
151 #
152 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
153 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
154 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
155 #
156 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
157 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
158 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
159 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
160 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
161 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
162 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
163 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
164 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
165 # to specify the EC specified dates.
167 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
168 #
169 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
170 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
171 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
172 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
173 #
174 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
175 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
176 # regarding double summer time.
177 #
178 # [two other similar questions omitted]
179 #
180 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
181 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
182 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
183 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
184 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
185 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
186 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
187 # Monday, 2nd April.'
189 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
190 #
191 # > # Current rules
192 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
193 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
194 #
195 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
196 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
197 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
198 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
199 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
200 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
201 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
202 # what will happen.
203 #
204 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
205 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
206 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
207 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
208 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
209 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
210 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
211 # be the end of it.
213 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
214 #
215 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
216 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
217 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
218 # summer months'.
219 #
220 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
221 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
222 #
223 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
224 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
225 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
226 #
227 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
228 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
229 #
230 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
231 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
232 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
233 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
234 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
235 #
236 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
237 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
238 #
239 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
240 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
241 # was different.
242 #
243 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
244 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
246 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
247 #
248 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
249 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
250 #
251 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
252 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
253 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
254 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
255 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
256 # sequence would have been:
257 # Dublin London
258 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
259 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
260 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
261 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
262 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
263 #
264 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
265 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
266 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
267 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
269 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
270 #
271 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
272 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
273 # ever since it first started in 1916.
274 #
275 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
276 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
277 #
278 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
279 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
280 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
281 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
282 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
283 # except for wartime double summer time.
284 #
285 # As evidence I would cite:
286 #
287 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
288 #
289 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
290 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
291 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
292 #
293 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
294 #
295 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
296 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
297 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
298 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
299 #
300 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
301 #
302 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
303 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
304 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
305 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
306 # so approved.
307 #
308 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
309 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
310 #
311 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
312 #
313 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
314 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
315 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
316 #
317 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
318 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
319 #
320 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
321 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
322 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
323 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
324 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
325 #
326 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
327 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
328 #
329 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
330 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
331 #
332 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
333 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
334 #
335 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
336 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
337 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
338 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
339 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
340 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
341 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
342 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
343 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
344 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
345 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
346 # England and Wales were indivisible.
347 #
348 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
349 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
350 #
351 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
352 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
353 #
354 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
355 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
356 #
357 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
358 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
359 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
360 #
361 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
362 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
363 #
364 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
365 #
366 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
367 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
368 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
369 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
370 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
371 # measures saying it didn't.
372 #
373 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
374 #
375 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
376 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
377 #
378 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
379 #
380 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
381 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
382 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
383 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
384 # 1 hour.
385 #
386 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
387 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
388 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
389 #
390 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
391 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
392 # to 01:00 GMT.)
393 #
394 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
395 #
396 # This specifies dates of:
397 # Start End
398 # 1993 28 March 24 October
399 # 1994 27 March 23 October
400 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
401 #
402 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
403 #
404 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
405 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
406 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
407 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
408 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
409 #
410 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
411 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
412 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
413 # throughout the UK.
414 #
415 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
416 #
417 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
418 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
419 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
420 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
422 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
423 #
424 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
425 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
426 # all the Acts.
427 #
428 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
429 #
430 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
431 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
432 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
433 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
434 #
435 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
436 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
437 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
438 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
439 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
440 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
441 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
442 # again so they leave it out.
443 #
444 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
445 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
446 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
447 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
448 #
449 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
450 #
451 #
452 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
453 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
454 # ## Lines like this are comments.
455 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
456 # ## Control lines are of the form
457 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
458 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
459 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
460 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
461 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
462 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
463 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
464 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
465 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
466 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
467 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
468 #
469 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
470 #
471 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
472 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
473 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
474 #
475 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
476 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
477 #
478 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
479 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
480 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
481 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
482 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
483 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
484 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
485 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
486 #
487 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
488 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
489 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
490 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
491 #
492 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
493 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
494 #
495 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
496 # 1939 3 April 3 November
497 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
498 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
499 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
500 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
501 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
502 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
503 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
504 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
505 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
506 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
507 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
508 #
509 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
510 # 1946 3 April 1 October
511 #
512 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
513 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
514 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
515 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
516 # # Unknown Order ???
517 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
518 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
519 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
520 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
521 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
522 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
523 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
524 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
525 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
526 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
527 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
528 #
529 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
530 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
531 #
532 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
533 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
534 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
535 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
536 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
537 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
538 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
539 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
540 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
541 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
542 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
543 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
544 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
545 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
546 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
547 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
548 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
549 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
550 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
551 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
552 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
553 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
554 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
555 #
556 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
557 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
558 #
559 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
560 # # First EC Directive ???
561 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
562 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
563 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
564 # # Second EC Directive ???
565 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
566 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
567 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
568 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
569 # # Third EC Directive ???
570 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
571 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
572 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
573 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
574 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
575 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
576 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
577 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
578 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
579 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
580 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
581 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
582 # # Sixth EC Directive
583 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
584 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
585 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
587 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
588 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
589 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
590 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
591 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
592 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
593 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
594 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
595 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
596 # 1996 31 March 27 October
597 # 1997 30 March 26 October
598 #
599 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
600 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
601 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
602 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
603 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
605 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
606 # The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of
607 # Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
608 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
609 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
610 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
611 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
612 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
613 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
614 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
616 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
617 #
618 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
619 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
620 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
621 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
622 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
623 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
624 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
625 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
626 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
627 #
628 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
629 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
630 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
631 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
632 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
633 # It actually just had one transition.
634 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
635 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
636 #
637 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
638 # we'll ignore it for now.
639 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
640 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
641 # conform with Great Britain.
642 #
643 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
645 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
646 Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT
647 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
648 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
649 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
650 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
651 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
652 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
653 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
654 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
655 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
656 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
657 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
658 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
659 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
660 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
661 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
662 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
663 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
664 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
665 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
666 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
667 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
668 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
669 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
670 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
671 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
672 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
673 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
674 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
675 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
676 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
677 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
678 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
679 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
680 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
681 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
682 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
683 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
684 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
685 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
686 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
687 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
688 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
689 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
690 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
691 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
692 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
693 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
694 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
695 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
696 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
697 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
698 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
699 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
700 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
701 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
702 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
703 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
704 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
705 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
706 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
707 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
709 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
711 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
712 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
713 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
714 Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
715 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
716 # 1981 on
717 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
718 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
719 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
720 # See EC for rules starting in 1996.
722 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
723 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
724 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
725 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
726 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
727 0:00 EC GMT/BST
728 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
729 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
730 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
731 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
732 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
733 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
734 0:00 EC GMT/BST
735 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
736 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
737 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
738 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
739 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
740 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
741 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
742 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
743 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
744 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
745 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
746 0:00 EC GMT/BST
748 ###############################################################################
750 # Continental Europe
752 # EC rules are for the European Community.
754 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
755 Rule EC 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
756 Rule EC 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
757 Rule EC 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
758 Rule EC 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
759 Rule EC 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
760 Rule EC 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
761 Rule EC 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
763 # W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
764 Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
765 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
766 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
767 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
768 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
769 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
770 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
772 # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
773 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
774 Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
775 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
776 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
777 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
778 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
779 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
780 # Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
781 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 -
782 Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
783 Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 -
784 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
785 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
786 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
787 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
788 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
789 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
790 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
791 Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
792 Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
793 Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
794 Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
795 Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
796 Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
798 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
799 Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
800 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
801 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
802 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
803 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
804 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
805 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
806 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
807 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
808 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
809 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
810 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
811 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
812 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
813 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
814 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
815 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
816 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
817 Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
819 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
821 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone WET 0:00 EC WET%s
823 Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
824 Zone EET 2:00 EC EET%s
826 # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
828 Link MET CET
830 # Albania
831 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
832 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
833 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
834 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
835 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
836 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
837 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
838 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
839 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
840 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
841 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
842 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
843 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
844 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
845 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
846 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
847 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
848 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
849 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
850 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
851 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
852 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
853 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
854 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
855 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
856 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
857 Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
858 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
859 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
860 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
861 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
862 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
863 # This may change to `EC' soon.
865 # Andorra
866 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
867 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
868 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
869 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
870 1:00 EC MET%s
872 # Austria
873 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
874 Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 -
875 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
876 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
877 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
878 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
879 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
880 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
881 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
882 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
883 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
884 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
885 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
886 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
887 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
888 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
889 1:00 EC MET%s
891 # Belarus
892 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
893 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
894 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
895 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
896 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
897 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
898 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates:
899 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
900 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
901 3:00 Russia MS%s
903 # Belgium
904 # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
905 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
906 # From Whitman:
907 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
908 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
909 # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
910 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
911 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
912 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
913 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
914 # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
915 Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
916 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
917 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
918 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
919 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
920 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
921 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
922 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
923 Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
924 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
925 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
926 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
927 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
928 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
929 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
930 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
931 # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
932 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
933 # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
934 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
935 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
936 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
937 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
938 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
939 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
940 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
941 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
942 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
943 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
944 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
945 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
946 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
947 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
948 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
949 1:00 EC MET%s
951 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
952 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
953 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
954 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
955 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
956 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
957 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
958 1:00 - MET 1983
959 1:00 EC MET%s
961 # Bulgaria
962 # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
963 # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
964 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
965 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
966 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
967 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
968 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
969 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
970 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
971 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
972 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
973 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
974 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
975 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
976 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
977 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
978 # This may change to `EC' soon.
980 # Croatia
981 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
982 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
983 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
984 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
985 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
986 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
987 1:00 - MET 1983
988 1:00 EC MET%s
990 # Czech Republic
991 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
992 Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
993 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
994 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
995 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
996 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
997 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
998 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
999 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1000 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1001 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1002 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1003 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1004 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1005 1:00 EC MET%s
1007 # Denmark
1008 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1009 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1010 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1011 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1012 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1013 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1014 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1015 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1016 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1017 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1018 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1019 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1020 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1021 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1022 #
1023 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1024 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1025 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1026 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1027 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1028 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1029 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1030 1:00 EC MET%s
1031 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1032 0:00 - WET 1981
1033 0:00 EC WET%s
1034 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1035 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1036 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1037 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1038 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1039 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1040 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1041 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1042 -4:00 - AST
1044 # Estonia
1045 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1046 #
1047 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1048 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1049 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1050 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1051 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1052 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1053 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1054 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1055 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1056 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1057 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1058 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1059 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1060 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1061 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1062 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1064 # Finland
1065 #
1066 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1067 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1068 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1069 #
1070 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1071 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1072 # Go with Strang instead.
1073 #
1074 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1075 Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1076 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1077 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1078 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1079 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1080 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1081 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1082 2:00 EC EET%s
1084 # France
1085 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1086 # From Shanks (1991):
1087 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1088 Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1089 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1090 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1091 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1092 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1093 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1094 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1095 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1096 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1097 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1098 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1099 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1100 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1101 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1102 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1103 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1104 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1105 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1106 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1107 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1108 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1109 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1110 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1111 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1112 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1113 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1114 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1115 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1116 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1117 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1118 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1119 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1120 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1121 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1122 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1123 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1124 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1125 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1126 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1127 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1128 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1129 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1130 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1131 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com) (November 18, 1993):
1132 # Shanks gives no times for 1975, but according to Cm722,
1133 # France introduced summer time in 1975 from 20 March to 22 September.
1134 Rule France 1975 only - Mar 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1135 Rule France 1975 only - Sep 22 2:00s 0 -
1136 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1137 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1138 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1139 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1140 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1141 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1142 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1143 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1144 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1145 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1146 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1147 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1148 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1149 1:00 EC MET%s
1151 # Germany
1152 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1153 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1154 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1155 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1156 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1157 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1158 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1159 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1160 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1161 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1162 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1163 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1164 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1165 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1166 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1167 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1168 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1169 1:00 EC MET%s
1171 # Gibraltar
1172 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1173 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1174 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1175 1:00 - MET 1982
1176 1:00 EC MET%s
1178 # Greece
1179 # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1180 # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1181 # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1182 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1183 Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 -
1184 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1185 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1186 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1187 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1188 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1189 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1190 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1191 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1192 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1193 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1194 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1195 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1196 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1197 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1198 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1199 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1200 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1201 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1202 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1203 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1204 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1205 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1206 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1207 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1208 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1209 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1210 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1211 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1212 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1213 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1214 # go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1215 2:00 EC EET%s
1217 # Hungary
1218 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1219 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 -
1220 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1221 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1222 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1223 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1224 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1225 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1226 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1227 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1228 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1229 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1230 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1231 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1232 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1233 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1234 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1235 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1236 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1237 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1238 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1239 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1240 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul
1241 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1242 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1243 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1244 1:00 EC MET%s
1246 # Iceland
1247 #
1248 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1249 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1250 #
1251 # (December 5, 1993):
1252 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1253 # Iceland Almanak.
1254 #
1255 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1256 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1257 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1258 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1259 #
1260 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1261 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1262 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1263 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1264 #
1265 # (December 10, 1993):
1266 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1267 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1268 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1269 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1270 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1271 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1272 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1273 # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1274 # in Iceland until 1700.
1275 #
1276 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1277 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1278 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1279 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1280 #
1281 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282 Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
1283 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1284 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1285 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1286 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1287 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1288 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1289 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1290 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1291 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1292 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1293 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1294 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1295 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1296 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1297 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1298 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1299 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1300 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1301 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1302 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1303 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1304 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1305 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1306 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1307 0:00 - GMT
1309 # Italy
1310 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1311 Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S
1312 # Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman.
1313 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1314 Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1315 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1316 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1317 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1318 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1319 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1320 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1321 # Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman.
1322 Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1323 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1324 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1325 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 -
1326 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1327 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1328 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1329 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1330 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1331 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1332 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1333 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1334 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1335 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1336 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1337 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1338 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1339 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1340 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1341 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1342 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1343 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1344 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1345 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1346 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1347 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1348 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1350 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1351 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1352 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1353 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1354 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1355 1:00 EC MET%s
1357 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1358 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1360 # Latvia
1361 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1363 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1364 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1365 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1366 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1367 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1368 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1369 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1370 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1371 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1372 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1373 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1374 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1376 # Liechtenstein
1377 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1378 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1379 1:00 - MET 1981
1380 1:00 EC MET%s
1382 # Lithuania
1383 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1384 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1385 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1386 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1387 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1388 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1389 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1390 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1391 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1392 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1393 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1394 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1395 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1396 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1398 # Luxembourg
1399 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1400 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1401 Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1402 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1403 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1404 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1405 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1406 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1407 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1408 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1409 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1410 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1411 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1412 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1413 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1414 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1415 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1416 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1417 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1418 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1419 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1420 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1421 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1422 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1423 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1424 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1425 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1427 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1428 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1429 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1430 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1431 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979
1432 1:00 EC MET%s
1434 # Macedonia
1435 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1436 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1437 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1438 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1439 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1440 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1441 1:00 - MET 1983
1442 1:00 EC MET%s
1444 # Malta
1445 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1446 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1447 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1448 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1449 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1450 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1451 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1452 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1453 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1454 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1455 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1456 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1457 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1458 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1459 1:00 EC MET%s
1461 # Moldova
1462 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1463 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1464 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1465 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1466 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1467 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1468 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1469 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1471 # Monaco
1472 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1473 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1474 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1475 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1476 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1477 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1478 1:00 EC MET%s
1480 # Netherlands
1481 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1482 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1483 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1484 Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT
1485 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1486 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1487 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1488 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1489 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1490 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1491 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1492 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1493 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1494 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1495 Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1496 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1497 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1498 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1499 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1500 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1501 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1502 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1503 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1504 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1505 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1506 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1507 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1508 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1509 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1510 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1511 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1512 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1513 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1514 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1515 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1516 1:00 EC MET%s
1518 # Norway
1519 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1520 Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1521 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1522 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1523 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1524 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1525 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1526 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1527 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1528 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1529 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1530 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1531 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1532 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1533 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1534 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1535 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1536 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1537 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1538 1:00 EC MET%s
1539 # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1540 #
1541 # From Whitman:
1542 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1543 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1545 # Poland
1546 # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1547 # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1548 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1549 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1550 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1551 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1552 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1553 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1554 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1555 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1556 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1557 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1558 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1559 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1560 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1561 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1562 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1563 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1564 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1565 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1566 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1567 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1568 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1569 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1571 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1572 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1573 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1574 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1575 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1576 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1577 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1578 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1579 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1581 # Portugal
1582 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1583 Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 -
1584 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1585 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1586 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1587 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1588 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1589 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1590 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1591 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1592 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1593 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1594 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1596 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1597 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1598 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1599 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1600 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1601 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1602 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1603 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1604 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1605 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1606 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1607 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1608 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1609 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1610 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1611 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1612 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1613 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1614 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1615 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1616 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1617 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1618 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1619 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1620 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1621 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1622 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1623 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1624 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1625 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1626 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1627 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1628 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1629 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1630 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1631 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1632 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1633 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1634 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1635 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1636 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1637 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1639 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1640 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1641 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1642 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1643 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1644 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1646 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1647 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1648 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1649 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1650 0:00 EC WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1651 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1652 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1653 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1654 1:00 EC MET%s
1655 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1656 # so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1657 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1658 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1659 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1660 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1661 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1662 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1663 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1664 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1665 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1666 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1667 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1668 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1669 0:00 EC WET%s
1671 # Romania
1672 # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1673 # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1674 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1675 Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 -
1676 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1677 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1678 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1679 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1680 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1681 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1682 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1684 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1685 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1686 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1687 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1688 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1690 # Russia
1691 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1692 # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1693 # are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1694 # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1695 # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1696 # The rest is from Shanks.
1697 #
1698 # From Shanks (1991):
1699 # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1700 # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1701 # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1702 # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1703 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1704 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1705 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1706 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1707 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1708 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1709 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1710 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1711 3:00 Russia MS%s
1712 Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1713 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1714 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1715 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1716 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1717 4:00 Russia KS%s
1718 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1719 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1720 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1721 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1722 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1723 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1724 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1725 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1726 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1727 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1728 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1729 6:00 Russia OS%s
1730 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1731 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1732 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1733 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1734 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1735 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
1736 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1737 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1738 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1739 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1740 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1741 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1742 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1743 6:00 Russia NS%s
1744 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1745 6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar
1746 7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1747 6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1748 6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1749 7:00 Russia TS%s
1750 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1751 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1752 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1753 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1754 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1755 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1756 8:00 Russia IS%s
1757 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1758 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1759 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1760 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1761 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1762 9:00 Russia YS%s
1763 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1764 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1765 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1766 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1767 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1768 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1769 10:00 Russia VS%s
1770 # MSK is taken; settle for GSK.
1771 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1772 10:00 - GSK 1957 Mar
1773 11:00 Russia GS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1774 10:00 1:00 GSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1775 10:00 - GSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1776 11:00 Russia GS%s
1777 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1778 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1779 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1780 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1781 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1782 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1783 12:00 Russia PS%s
1784 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1785 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1786 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1787 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1788 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1789 13:00 Russia AS%s
1791 # Slovakia
1792 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1794 # Slovenia
1795 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1796 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1797 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1798 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1799 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1800 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1801 1:00 - MET 1983
1802 1:00 EC MET%s
1804 # Spain
1805 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806 Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1807 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1808 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1809 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1810 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1811 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1812 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1813 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1814 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1815 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1816 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1817 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1818 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1819 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1820 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1821 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1822 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1823 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1824 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1825 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1826 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1827 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1828 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1829 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1830 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1831 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1832 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1833 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1834 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1835 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1836 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1837 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1838 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1839 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1840 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1841 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1842 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1843 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1844 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1845 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1846 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1847 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1848 1:00 EC MET%s
1849 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1850 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1851 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1852 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1853 0:00 EC WET%s
1855 # Sweden
1856 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1857 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1858 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1859 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1860 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1861 1:00 - MET 1980
1862 1:00 EC MET%s
1864 # Switzerland
1865 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
1866 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1867 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1868 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1869 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1870 Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1871 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1872 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1873 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1874 # From Shanks (1991):
1875 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1876 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1877 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1878 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1879 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1880 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
1881 1:00 EC MET%s
1883 # Turkey
1884 # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1885 # Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1886 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1887 Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1888 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1889 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1890 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1891 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1892 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1893 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1894 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1895 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1896 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1897 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1898 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1899 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1900 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1901 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1902 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1903 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1904 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1905 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1906 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1907 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1908 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1909 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1910 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1911 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1912 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1913 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1914 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1915 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1916 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1917 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1918 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1919 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1920 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1921 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1922 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1923 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1924 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1925 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1926 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1927 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1928 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1929 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1930 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1931 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1932 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1933 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1934 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1935 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1936 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1937 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1938 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1939 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1940 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1941 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1942 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1943 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1944 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1945 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1946 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1947 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1948 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1950 # Ukraine
1951 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1952 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1953 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
1954 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1955 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
1956 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1957 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1959 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
1960 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1961 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1962 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1963 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
1964 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1965 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1966 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
1967 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1968 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1969 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1970 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1971 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1972 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1973 # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
1974 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
1975 # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
1976 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1977 3:00 Russia MS%s
1979 # Yugoslavia
1980 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1981 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1982 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1983 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1984 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1985 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1986 1:00 - MET 1983
1987 1:00 EC MET%s
1989 ###############################################################################
1991 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
1992 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
1993 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
1994 #
1995 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
1996 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
1997 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
1998 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
1999 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2000 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2002 # ...
2003 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2004 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2005 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2006 # ...
2007 #
2008 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2009 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2010 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2011 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2012 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2013 # years...
2014 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2015 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2016 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2017 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2018 #
2019 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2020 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2021 #
2022 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2023 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2024 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2026 # ...
2027 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2028 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2029 # ...
2030 #
2031 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2032 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2033 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2034 #
2035 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2036 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2037 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2038 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2039 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2040 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2041 # dates...
2042 #
2043 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2044 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2045 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2046 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2047 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2048 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2049 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2050 # in advance of normal time.
2051 #
2052 # ...
2053 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2054 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2055 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2057 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2058 # ...
2059 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2060 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2061 # ...
2062 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2063 # ...
2065 # ...
2066 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2067 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2068 # ...
2069 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2070 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2071 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2072 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2073 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2074 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2075 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2076 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2077 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2078 #
2079 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2080 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2081 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.