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1 # @(#)europe 7.55
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
20 #
21 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
22 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
23 # I found in the UCLA library.
24 #
25 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
26 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
27 # Corrections are welcome!
28 # std dst
29 # LMT Local Mean Time
30 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
31 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
32 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
33 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
34 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
35 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
36 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
37 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
38 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
39 #
40 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
41 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
42 # Oxford University Press (1980).
44 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
45 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
46 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
47 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
48 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
49 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
50 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
51 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
52 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
53 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
54 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
55 # ...
56 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
57 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
58 # ...
59 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
60 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
61 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
62 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
63 # in the Directive.
66 ###############################################################################
68 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
69 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
71 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
72 #
73 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
74 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
75 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
76 # of the text said:
77 #
78 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
79 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
80 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
81 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
82 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
83 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
84 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
85 #
86 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
87 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
88 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
89 #
90 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
92 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
93 #
94 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
95 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
96 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
97 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
98 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
99 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
100 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
101 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
102 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
103 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
104 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
105 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
106 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
107 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
108 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
109 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
110 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
111 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
112 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
113 #
114 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
115 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
116 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
118 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
119 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
120 # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
121 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
122 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
123 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
124 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
125 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
127 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
128 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
129 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
130 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
131 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
133 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
134 #
135 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
136 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
138 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
139 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
140 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
141 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
142 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
144 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
145 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
146 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
147 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
148 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
150 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
151 # The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
152 # legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
153 # the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
154 #
155 # Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
156 # I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
157 # with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
158 # keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
159 # get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
160 # this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
161 # to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
162 # volumes.
163 #
164 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
165 # the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
166 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
167 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
168 # and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
169 # up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
170 #
171 # Some definitions:
172 #
173 # Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
174 # United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
175 # Ireland (since 1922)
176 # S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
177 # S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
178 #
179 # Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
180 # to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
181 # or the Channel Islands.
182 #
183 # Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
184 # have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
185 # like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
186 # check these documents again.
187 #
188 # ---
189 #
190 # - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
191 #
192 # Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
193 # and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
194 # various forms of local mean time.
195 #
196 # - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
197 #
198 # An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
199 # defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
200 # seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
201 # or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
202 #
203 # - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
204 #
205 # Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
206 # to the Isle of Man.
207 #
208 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
209 #
210 # Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
211 # Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
212 # Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
213 # Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
214 # of the then current war.
215 #
216 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
217 #
218 # This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
219 # bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
220 # GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
221 # Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
222 # derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
223 # would have been:
224 # Dublin London
225 # 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST
226 # 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT
227 # 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT
228 # 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT
229 # with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
230 #
231 # - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
232 #
233 # An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
234 # extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
235 # 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
236 # the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
237 # time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
238 #
239 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
240 #
241 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
242 # for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
243 # both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
244 #
245 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
246 #
247 # An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
248 # (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
249 # dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
250 #
251 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
252 #
253 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
254 # for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
255 # both at 02:00 GMT.
256 #
257 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
258 #
259 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
260 #
261 # - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
262 # (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
263 #
264 # This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
265 # which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
266 # only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
267 # ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
268 #
269 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
270 #
271 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
272 # for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
273 # both at 02:00 GMT.
274 #
275 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
276 #
277 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
278 #
279 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
280 #
281 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
282 # for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
283 # both at 02:00 GMT.
284 #
285 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
286 #
287 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
288 #
289 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
290 #
291 # An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
292 # change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
293 # Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
294 # Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
295 #
296 # - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
297 #
298 # This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
299 # for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
300 # Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
301 # than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
302 #
303 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
304 #
305 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
306 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
307 # in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
308 #
309 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
310 #
311 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
312 #
313 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
314 #
315 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
316 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
317 # in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
318 # It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
319 # for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
320 # Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
321 # a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
322 # Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
323 #
324 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
325 #
326 # This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
327 #
328 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
329 #
330 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
331 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
332 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
333 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
334 # so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
335 # Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
336 #
337 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
338 #
339 # An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
340 # dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
341 # the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
342 #
343 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
344 #
345 # This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
346 # 31 December 1924.
347 #
348 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
349 #
350 # This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
351 # 31 December 1925.
352 #
353 # - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
354 #
355 # This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
356 # to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
357 # in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
358 # accordingly.
359 #
360 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
361 #
362 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
363 # day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
364 #
365 # - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
366 #
367 # I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
368 # do all manner of things during the newly started war.
369 #
370 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
371 #
372 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
373 # They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
374 #
375 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
376 #
377 # An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
378 # It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
379 # (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
380 #
381 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
382 #
383 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
384 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
385 #
386 # - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
387 #
388 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
389 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
390 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
391 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
392 # which continues throughout the rest of the year.
393 #
394 # - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
395 #
396 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
397 # This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
398 # Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
399 #
400 # - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
401 #
402 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
403 # This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
404 # third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
405 #
406 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
407 #
408 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
409 # This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
410 # day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
411 # in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
412 #
413 # I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
414 # Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
415 # unusual start on a Monday:
416 #
417 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
418 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
419 # regarding double summer time.
420 #
421 # [two other similar questions omitted]
422 #
423 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
424 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
425 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
426 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
427 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
428 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
429 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
430 # Monday, 2nd April.'
431 #
432 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
433 #
434 # An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
435 # a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
436 # This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
437 # It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
438 # date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
439 #
440 # - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
441 #
442 # Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
443 # 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
444 # (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
445 # offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
446 # 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
447 # Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
448 # both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
449 # to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
450 #
451 # - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
452 #
453 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
454 # 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
455 #
456 # Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
457 # not continued after 1947.
458 #
459 # - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
460 #
461 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
462 # of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
463 #
464 # - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
465 #
466 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
467 # of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
468 #
469 # - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
470 #
471 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
472 # of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
473 #
474 # - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
475 #
476 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
477 # of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
478 #
479 # This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
480 # to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
481 #
482 # - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
483 #
484 # I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
485 # Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
486 # legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
487 #
488 # - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
489 #
490 # Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
491 #
492 # - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
493 #
494 # Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
495 #
496 # - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
497 #
498 # Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
499 #
500 # - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
501 #
502 # Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
503 #
504 # - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
505 #
506 # Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
507 # 1965: 21 March to 24 October
508 # 1966: 20 March to 23 October
509 # 1967: 19 March to 29 October
510 #
511 # - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
512 # - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
513 #
514 # The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
515 # Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
516 # all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
517 # to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
518 #
519 # - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
520 #
521 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
522 # the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
523 # Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
524 # It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
525 #
526 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
527 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
528 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
529 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
530 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
531 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
532 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
533 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
534 # summer time in 1968.
535 #
536 # - The Manx Time Act 1968
537 #
538 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
539 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
540 #
541 # - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
542 #
543 # This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
544 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
545 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
546 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
547 # 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
548 # times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
549 # implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
550 #
551 # - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
552 #
553 # Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
554 # Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
555 # time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
556 # has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
557 #
558 # - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
559 #
560 # The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
561 # dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
562 # Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
563 # The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
564 # time. The dates:
565 # 1981: 29 March
566 # 1982: 28 March
567 #
568 # - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
569 #
570 # Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
571 # EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
572 # 1981: 29 March to 25 October
573 # 1982: 28 March to 24 October
574 #
575 # - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
576 # (82/399/EEC)
577 #
578 # The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
579 # Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
580 # be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
581 # date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
582 # end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
583 # All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
584 # 1983: 25 September or 23 October
585 # 1984: 30 September or 28 october
586 # 1985: 29 September or 27 October
587 #
588 # - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
589 #
590 # Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
591 # 1983: 27 March to 23 October
592 # 1984: 25 March to 28 october
593 # 1985: 31 March to 27 October
594 #
595 # - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
596 # (84/634/EEC)
597 #
598 # Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
599 # dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
600 # 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
601 # 1986: 28 September or 26 October
602 # 1987: 27 September or 25 October
603 # 1988: 25 September or 23 October
604 #
605 # - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
606 #
607 # Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
608 # 1986: 30 March to 26 October
609 # 1987: 29 March to 25 October
610 # 1988: 27 March to 23 October
611 #
612 # - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
613 # on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
614 #
615 # This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
616 # The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
617 # to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
618 # sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
619 # to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
620 # without any change to the dates themselves.
621 #
622 # - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
623 # (88/14/EEC)
624 #
625 # This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
626 # this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
627 # end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
628 # the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
629 # All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
630 # 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
631 #
632 # - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
633 #
634 # Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
635 #
636 # - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
637 # (89/47/EEC)
638 #
639 # Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
640 # rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
641 # in October) and specific dates:
642 # 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
643 # 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
644 # 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
645 #
646 # - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
647 #
648 # Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
649 #
650 # - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
651 # arrangements
652 #
653 # Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
654 # both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
655 # 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
656 # 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
657 #
658 # - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
659 #
660 # Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
661 #
662 # - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
663 # of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
664 #
665 # Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
666 # on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
667 # The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
668 # or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
669 # last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
670 # the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
671 # but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
672 # than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
673 # 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
674 # 1996: 31 March to 27 October
675 # 1997: 30 March to 26 October
676 #
677 # - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
678 #
679 # Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
680 # Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
681 # Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
682 # on the subject.
683 #
684 # - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
685 # of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
686 #
687 # Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
688 # rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
689 # 1998: 29 March to 25 October
690 # 1999: 28 March to 31 October
691 # 2000: 26 March to 29 October
692 # 2001: 25 March to 28 October
693 #
694 # <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
695 # - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
696 # </a>
697 #
698 # Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
699 # Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
701 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
702 #
703 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
704 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
705 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
706 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
707 # </a>.
709 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
710 #
711 # The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
712 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
713 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
714 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
715 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
716 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
717 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
718 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
719 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
720 #
721 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
722 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
723 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
724 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
725 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
726 # It actually just had one transition.
727 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
728 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
729 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
730 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
731 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
732 #
733 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
734 # we'll ignore them for now.
735 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
736 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
737 # conform with Great Britain.
738 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
739 #
740 #
741 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
743 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
744 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
745 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
746 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
747 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
748 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
749 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
751 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752 # Summer Time Act, 1916
753 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
754 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
755 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
756 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
757 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
758 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
759 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
760 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
761 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
762 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
763 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
764 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
765 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
766 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
767 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
768 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
769 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
770 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
771 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
772 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
773 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
774 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
775 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
776 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
777 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
778 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
779 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
780 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
781 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
782 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
783 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
784 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
785 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
786 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
787 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
788 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
789 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
790 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
791 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
792 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
793 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
794 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
795 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
796 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
797 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
798 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
799 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
800 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
801 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
802 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
803 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
804 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
805 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
806 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
807 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
808 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
809 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
810 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
811 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
812 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
813 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
814 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
815 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
816 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
817 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
818 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
819 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
820 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
821 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
822 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
823 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
824 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
825 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
826 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
827 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
828 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
829 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
830 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
831 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
832 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
833 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
834 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
835 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
836 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
837 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
838 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
839 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
840 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
841 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
842 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
843 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
844 # (no summer time)
845 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
846 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
847 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
848 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
849 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
850 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
851 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
852 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
853 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
854 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
855 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
856 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
857 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
858 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
859 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
861 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
862 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
863 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
864 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
865 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
866 0:00 EU GMT/BST
867 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
868 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
869 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
870 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
871 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
872 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
873 0:00 EU GMT/BST
874 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
875 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
876 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
877 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
878 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
879 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
880 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
881 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
882 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
883 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
884 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
885 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
886 0:00 EU GMT/IST
888 ###############################################################################
890 # Continental Europe
892 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
893 # Common Market, etc.
895 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
896 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
897 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
898 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
899 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
900 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
901 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
903 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
904 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
905 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
906 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
907 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
908 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
909 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
911 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
912 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
913 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
914 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
915 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
917 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
919 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
921 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
922 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
923 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
924 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
925 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
926 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
927 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
928 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
931 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
932 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
933 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
934 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
935 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
936 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
937 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
939 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
940 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
941 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
942 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
943 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
944 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
945 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
946 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
947 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
948 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
949 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
950 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
951 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
952 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
953 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
954 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
955 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
956 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
957 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
958 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
959 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
960 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
962 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
964 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
966 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
967 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
968 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
969 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
970 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
972 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
973 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
975 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
976 # The official German names ... are
977 #
978 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
979 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
980 #
981 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
982 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
983 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
984 #
985 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
986 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
987 # Postfach 3345
988 # D-38023 Braunschweig
989 # phone: +49 531 592-0
990 #
991 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
992 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
993 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
994 #
995 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
996 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
999 # Albania
1000 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1001 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
1002 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1003 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
1004 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
1005 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1006 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1007 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1008 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1009 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1010 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1011 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1012 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1013 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
1014 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1015 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
1016 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1017 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
1018 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1019 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
1020 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1021 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1022 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1023 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1024 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1025 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1026 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1027 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1028 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
1029 # The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
1030 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1031 1:00 EU CE%sT
1033 # Andorra
1034 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1035 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
1036 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
1037 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
1038 1:00 EU CE%sT
1040 # Austria
1041 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1042 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
1043 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
1044 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1045 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1046 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1047 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1048 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1049 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1050 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1051 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
1052 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
1053 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
1054 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1055 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1056 1:00 EU CE%sT
1058 # Belarus
1059 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1060 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1061 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1062 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1063 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1064 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1065 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1066 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00
1067 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00
1068 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1070 # Belgium
1071 #
1072 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
1073 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1074 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
1075 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
1076 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
1077 # pp 8-9.
1078 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
1079 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
1080 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
1081 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
1082 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
1083 #
1084 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1085 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
1086 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1087 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1088 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1089 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1090 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1091 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1092 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1093 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1094 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
1095 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1096 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1097 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1098 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1099 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1100 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1101 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
1102 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1105 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1108 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1109 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1110 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1111 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1112 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1113 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1114 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1115 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1116 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1117 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1118 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1119 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1120 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
1121 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1122 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
1123 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
1124 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
1125 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
1126 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1127 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1128 1:00 EU CE%sT
1130 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1131 # see Yugoslavia
1133 # Bulgaria
1134 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1135 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1136 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1137 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1138 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1139 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1140 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1141 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1142 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1143 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1144 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1145 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1146 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1147 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1148 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1150 # Croatia
1151 # see Yugosloavia
1153 # Czech Republic
1154 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1156 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1158 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1160 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1164 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1165 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1166 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1167 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1168 1:00 EU CE%sT
1170 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
1171 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1172 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1173 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1174 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1175 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1176 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1178 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1179 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1180 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1182 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1184 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1185 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1186 #
1187 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1188 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1189 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1190 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1191 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1192 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1193 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1194 1:00 EU CE%sT
1195 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1196 0:00 - WET 1981
1197 0:00 EU WE%sT
1198 #
1199 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1200 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1201 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1202 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1203 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1204 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1206 #
1207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1208 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1209 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1210 #
1211 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1212 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1213 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1214 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1215 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1216 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1217 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1218 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1219 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1220 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1222 # Estonia
1223 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1224 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1225 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1226 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1227 #
1228 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1229 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1230 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1231 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1232 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1233 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1234 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1235 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1236 # summer time next spring.''
1237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1238 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1239 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1240 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1241 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1242 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1243 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1246 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1247 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1249 # Finland
1250 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1251 #
1252 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1253 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1254 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1255 #
1256 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1257 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1258 # Go with Strang instead.
1259 #
1260 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1261 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1264 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1265 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1266 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1267 2:00 EU EE%sT
1269 # France
1270 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1271 # French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
1272 # and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
1273 #
1274 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1275 # From Shanks (1991):
1276 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1277 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1278 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1279 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1280 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1281 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1282 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1283 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1284 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1285 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1286 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1287 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1288 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1289 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1290 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1291 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1292 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1293 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1294 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1296 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1299 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1300 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1301 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1302 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1303 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1304 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1305 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1306 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1307 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1308 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1309 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1310 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1311 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
1312 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1313 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1314 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1315 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 DS
1316 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1317 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1318 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1319 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1320 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1321 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1322 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1323 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1324 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1325 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1326 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1327 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1328 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1329 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1330 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1331 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1332 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1333 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1334 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
1335 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1336 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1337 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1338 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1339 1:00 EU CE%sT
1341 # Germany
1343 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1344 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1345 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1346 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1347 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1348 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1349 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1350 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1351 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1353 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1354 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1355 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1356 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1357 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1358 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1359 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1360 1:00 EU CE%sT
1362 # Gibraltar
1363 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1364 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1365 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1366 1:00 - CET 1982
1367 1:00 EU CE%sT
1369 # Greece
1370 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1371 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1372 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1373 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1374 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1375 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1376 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1377 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1378 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1379 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1380 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1381 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1382 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1383 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1385 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1386 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1387 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1388 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1389 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1390 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1391 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1392 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1395 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1396 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1397 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1398 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1399 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1400 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1401 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1402 2:00 EU EE%sT
1404 # Hungary
1405 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1406 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1407 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1408 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1409 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1410 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1411 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1412 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1413 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1414 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1415 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1416 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1417 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1418 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1419 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1420 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1421 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1422 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1424 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1425 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1426 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1427 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1428 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1429 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1430 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1431 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1432 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1433 1:00 EU CE%sT
1435 # Iceland
1436 #
1437 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1438 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1439 #
1440 # (1993-12-05):
1441 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1442 # Iceland Almanak.
1443 #
1444 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1445 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1446 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1447 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1448 #
1449 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1450 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1451 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1452 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1453 #
1454 # (1993-12-10):
1455 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1456 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1457 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1458 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1459 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1460 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1461 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1462 # might mean something else (???).
1463 #
1464 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1465 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1466 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1467 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1468 #
1469 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1470 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1472 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1473 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1475 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1477 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1478 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1479 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1480 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1481 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1482 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1483 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1484 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1485 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1486 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1487 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1489 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1490 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1491 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1492 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1493 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1494 0:00 - GMT
1496 # Italy
1497 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1498 #
1499 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1500 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1501 # <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1502 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1503 # </a>
1504 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1505 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1506 #
1507 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1508 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1509 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1510 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1511 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1512 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1513 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1514 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1515 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1516 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1517 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1518 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1519 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1520 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1521 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1522 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1523 #
1524 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1525 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1526 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1527 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1528 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1529 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1530 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1531 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1533 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1534 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1535 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1536 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1537 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1539 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1540 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1541 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1542 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1543 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1544 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1545 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1546 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1547 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1548 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1549 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1550 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1551 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1552 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1553 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1554 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1555 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1556 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1557 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1558 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1562 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1563 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1564 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1565 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1566 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1567 1:00 EU CE%sT
1569 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1570 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1572 # Latvia
1573 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1574 # Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict
1575 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
1576 # Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
1577 # so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
1578 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1579 Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1580 Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1581 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1582 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1583 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1584 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1585 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1586 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1587 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1588 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1589 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1590 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1591 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1592 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1593 2:00 Latvia EE%sT
1595 # Liechtenstein
1596 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1597 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1598 1:00 - CET 1981
1599 1:00 EU CE%sT
1601 # Lithuania
1602 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1603 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1604 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1605 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1606 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1607 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1608 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1609 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1610 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1611 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1612 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1613 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Mar 29 2:00s
1614 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
1615 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1616 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1617 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1619 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1620 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1621 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1623 # Luxembourg
1624 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1625 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1626 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1627 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1628 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1629 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1630 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1631 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1632 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1633 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1634 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1635 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1636 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1637 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1638 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1639 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1640 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1641 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1642 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1643 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1644 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1645 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1646 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1647 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1648 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1649 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1650 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1651 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1652 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1653 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1654 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1655 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1656 1:00 EU CE%sT
1658 # Macedonia
1659 # see Yugoslavia
1661 # Malta
1662 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1663 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1665 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1666 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1667 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1668 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1669 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1670 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1671 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1672 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1673 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1674 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1675 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1676 1:00 EU CE%sT
1678 # Moldova
1679 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1680 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1681 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1682 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1683 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1684 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1686 # Monaco
1687 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1689 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1690 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1691 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1692 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1693 1:00 EU CE%sT
1695 # Netherlands
1696 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1697 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1698 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1699 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1700 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1701 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1702 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1703 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1704 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1705 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1706 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1707 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1708 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1709 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1710 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1711 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1712 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1713 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1714 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1715 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1716 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1717 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1718 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1719 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1720 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1721 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1722 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1725 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1726 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1727 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1728 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1729 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1730 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1731 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1732 1:00 EU CE%sT
1734 # Norway
1735 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1736 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1737 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1738 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1739 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1740 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1741 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1742 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1743 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1744 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1745 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1746 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1747 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1748 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1749 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1750 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1751 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1752 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1753 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1754 1:00 EU CE%sT
1756 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1757 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1758 # From Whitman:
1759 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1760 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1762 # Poland
1763 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1764 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1765 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1766 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1767 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1768 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1769 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1770 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1771 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1772 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1773 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1775 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1776 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1777 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1778 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1779 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1780 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1782 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1783 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1784 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1785 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1786 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1787 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1788 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1789 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1790 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1791 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1792 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1793 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1794 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1795 # <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1796 # http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1797 # </a>
1798 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1799 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1801 # Portugal
1802 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1803 #
1804 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1805 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1806 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1807 #
1808 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1809 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1810 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1811 #
1812 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1813 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1814 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1815 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1816 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1817 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1818 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1819 #
1820 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1821 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1822 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1823 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1824 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1825 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1826 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1827 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1828 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1829 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1830 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1831 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1832 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1833 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1834 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1835 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1836 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1837 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1838 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1839 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1840 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1841 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1842 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1843 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1844 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1845 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1846 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1847 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1848 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1849 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1850 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1851 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1852 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1853 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1854 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1855 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1856 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1857 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1858 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1860 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1861 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1862 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1863 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1864 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1865 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1867 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1869 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1870 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1871 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1872 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1873 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1874 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1875 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1876 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1877 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1878 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1879 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1880 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1881 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1882 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1883 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1884 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1885 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1886 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1887 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1888 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1889 0:00 EU WE%sT
1890 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1891 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1892 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1893 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1894 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1895 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1896 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1897 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1898 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1899 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1900 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1901 0:00 EU WE%sT
1903 # Romania
1904 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1905 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1906 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1907 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1908 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1909 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1910 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1911 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1912 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1913 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1914 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1915 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1916 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1917 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1918 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1919 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1920 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
1922 # Russia
1924 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
1925 # On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
1926 # with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
1927 # On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
1928 # Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
1929 # reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
1930 # off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
1931 # (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
1932 #
1933 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
1934 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
1935 # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
1936 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1937 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
1938 #
1939 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1940 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1941 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1942 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1943 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1944 #
1945 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1946 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1947 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1948 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1949 #
1950 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1951 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1952 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1953 2:00 Poland CET 1946
1954 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1955 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1956 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1957 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
1958 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
1959 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1960 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1961 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1962 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1963 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1964 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1965 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1966 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1967 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1968 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1969 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1970 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1971 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1972 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
1973 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
1974 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1975 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
1976 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1977 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1978 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1979 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1980 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1981 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
1982 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1983 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1984 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1985 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1986 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1987 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1988 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1989 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1990 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1991 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1992 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
1993 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1994 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1995 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1996 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1997 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1998 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1999 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2000 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
2001 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2002 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2003 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2004 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2005 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2006 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2007 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
2008 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2009 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2010 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2011 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2012 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2013 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
2014 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2015 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2016 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2017 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2018 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
2019 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
2020 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
2021 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2022 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2023 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2024 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2025 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2026 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
2027 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2028 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2029 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2030 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2031 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2032 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2033 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
2034 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2035 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2036 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2037 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2038 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2039 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
2040 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2041 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2042 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2043 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
2045 # Slovakia
2046 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2048 # Slovenia
2049 # see Yugoslavia
2051 # Spain
2052 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
2053 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2054 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2055 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2056 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2057 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2059 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2060 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2061 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2062 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2063 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2064 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2065 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2066 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2067 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2068 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2069 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2070 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2074 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2075 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2076 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
2077 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
2079 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2082 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2083 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2084 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2085 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2086 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2087 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2088 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2089 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2090 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2091 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2092 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2093 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2094 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2095 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2096 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2097 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2098 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2099 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2100 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2101 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2102 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2103 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2104 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2105 1:00 EU CE%sT
2106 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2107 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2108 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2109 0:00 - WET 1924
2110 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2111 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2112 1:00 - CET 1986
2113 1:00 EU CE%sT
2114 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2115 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2116 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2117 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2118 0:00 EU WE%sT
2119 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2120 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2122 # Sweden
2124 # From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
2125 # <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
2126 # Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
2127 # </a>
2128 # Date: 1996-07-06
2129 #
2130 # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
2131 # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2132 # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2133 # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2134 # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2135 #
2136 # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2137 # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
2138 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2139 # year!...
2140 #
2141 # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2142 # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2143 #
2144 # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2145 # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2146 # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2147 # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2149 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2150 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2151 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2152 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2153 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2154 1:00 - CET 1980
2155 1:00 EU CE%sT
2157 # Switzerland
2158 # The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
2159 # by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
2160 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
2161 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2162 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2163 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2165 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2166 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2167 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2168 # From Shanks (1991):
2169 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2170 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2171 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2172 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2173 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2174 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2175 1:00 EU CE%sT
2177 # Turkey
2178 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2179 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2180 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2181 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2182 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2183 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2184 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2185 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2186 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2187 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2188 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2189 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2190 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2191 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2192 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2193 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2194 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2195 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2196 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2197 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2198 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2199 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2200 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2201 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2202 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2203 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2204 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2205 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2206 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2207 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2208 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2209 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2210 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2211 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2212 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2213 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2214 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2215 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2216 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2217 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2218 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2219 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2220 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2221 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2222 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2223 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2224 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2225 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2226 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2227 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2228 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2229 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2230 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2232 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2233 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2234 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2235 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2236 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2237 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2238 2:00 EU EE%sT
2239 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2241 # Ukraine
2242 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2243 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2244 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
2245 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2246 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2247 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2248 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2249 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2250 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2251 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2252 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2253 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2254 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2255 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2256 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2257 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2258 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2259 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2260 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2261 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2262 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2263 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2264 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2265 Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2266 Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2268 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2269 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2270 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2271 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2272 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2273 2:00 EU EE%sT
2274 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2275 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2276 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2277 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2278 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2279 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2280 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2281 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2282 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2283 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2284 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2285 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2286 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD
2288 # Yugoslavia
2289 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2290 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2291 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2292 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2293 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2294 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2295 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2296 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2297 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2298 1:00 EU CE%sT
2299 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2300 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2301 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2302 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2304 ###############################################################################
2306 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2307 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2308 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2309 #
2310 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2311 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2312 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2313 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2314 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2315 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2317 # ...
2318 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2319 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2320 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2321 # ...
2322 #
2323 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2324 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2325 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2326 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2327 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2328 # years...
2329 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2330 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2331 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2332 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2333 #
2334 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2335 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2336 #
2337 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2338 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2339 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2341 # ...
2342 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2343 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2344 # ...
2345 #
2346 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2347 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2348 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2349 #
2350 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2351 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2352 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2353 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2354 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2355 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2356 # dates...
2357 #
2358 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2359 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2360 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2361 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2362 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2363 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2364 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2365 # in advance of normal time.
2366 #
2367 # ...
2368 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2369 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2370 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2372 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2373 # ...
2374 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2375 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2376 # ...
2377 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2378 # ...