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1 # @(#)europe 7.33
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12 #
13 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15 # I found in the UCLA library.
16 #
17 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19 # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20 # std dst
21 # LMT Local Mean Time
22 # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
24 # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25 # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26 # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27 # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28 # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30 # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31 # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32 # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34 # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
36 # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
37 # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)*
38 # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
39 # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk (was 6:00)*
40 # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
41 # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
42 # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
43 # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)*
44 # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
45 # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)*
46 #
47 # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48 #
49 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51 # Oxford University Press (1980).
53 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54 # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
56 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67 # ...
68 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70 # ...
71 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75 # in the Directive.
77 ###############################################################################
79 # United Kingdom
81 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
82 #
83 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
84 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
85 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86 # of the text said:
87 #
88 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
89 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
90 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
91 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
92 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
93 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
94 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95 #
96 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
97 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
98 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99 #
100 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
102 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
103 #
104 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
105 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
106 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
107 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
108 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
109 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
110 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
113 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
115 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
117 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
123 #
124 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
126 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
128 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
129 #
130 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
131 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
133 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
134 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
135 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
136 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
137 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
139 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
140 #
141 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
142 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
143 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
144 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
145 # and 1994 are:
146 # Start End
147 # 1993 28 March 24 October
148 # 1994 27 March 23 October
149 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
150 #
151 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
152 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
153 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
154 #
155 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
156 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
157 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
158 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
159 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
160 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
161 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
162 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
163 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
164 # to specify the EC specified dates.
166 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
167 #
168 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
169 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
170 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
171 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
172 #
173 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
174 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
175 # regarding double summer time.
176 #
177 # [two other similar questions omitted]
178 #
179 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
180 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
181 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
182 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
183 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
184 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
185 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
186 # Monday, 2nd April.'
188 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
189 #
190 # > # Current rules
191 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
192 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
193 #
194 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
195 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
196 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
197 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
198 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
199 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
200 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
201 # what will happen.
202 #
203 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
204 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
205 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
206 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
207 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
208 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
209 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
210 # be the end of it.
212 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
213 #
214 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
215 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
216 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
217 # summer months'.
218 #
219 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
220 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
221 #
222 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
223 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
224 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
225 #
226 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
227 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
228 #
229 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
230 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
231 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
232 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
233 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
234 #
235 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
236 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
237 #
238 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
239 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
240 # was different.
241 #
242 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
243 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
245 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
246 #
247 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
248 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
249 #
250 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
251 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
252 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
253 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
254 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
255 # sequence would have been:
256 # Dublin London
257 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
258 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
259 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
260 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
261 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
262 #
263 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
264 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
265 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
266 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
268 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
269 #
270 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
271 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
272 # ever since it first started in 1916.
273 #
274 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
275 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
276 #
277 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
278 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
279 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
280 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
281 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
282 # except for wartime double summer time.
283 #
284 # As evidence I would cite:
285 #
286 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
287 #
288 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
289 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
290 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
291 #
292 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
293 #
294 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
295 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
296 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
297 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
298 #
299 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
300 #
301 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
302 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
303 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
304 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
305 # so approved.
306 #
307 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
308 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
309 #
310 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
311 #
312 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
313 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
314 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
315 #
316 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
317 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
318 #
319 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
320 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
321 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
322 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
323 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
324 #
325 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
326 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
327 #
328 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
329 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
330 #
331 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
332 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
333 #
334 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
335 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
336 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
337 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
338 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
339 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
340 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
341 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
342 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
343 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
344 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
345 # England and Wales were indivisible.
346 #
347 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
348 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
349 #
350 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
351 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
352 #
353 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
354 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
355 #
356 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
357 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
358 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
359 #
360 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
361 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
362 #
363 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
364 #
365 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
366 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
367 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
368 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
369 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
370 # measures saying it didn't.
371 #
372 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
373 #
374 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
375 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
376 #
377 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
378 #
379 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
380 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
381 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
382 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
383 # 1 hour.
384 #
385 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
386 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
387 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
388 #
389 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
390 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
391 # to 01:00 GMT.)
392 #
393 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
394 #
395 # This specifies dates of:
396 # Start End
397 # 1993 28 March 24 October
398 # 1994 27 March 23 October
399 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
400 #
401 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
402 #
403 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
404 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
405 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
406 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
407 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
408 #
409 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
410 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
411 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
412 # throughout the UK.
413 #
414 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
415 #
416 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
417 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
418 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
419 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
421 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
422 #
423 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
424 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
425 # all the Acts.
426 #
427 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
428 #
429 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
430 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
431 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
432 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
433 #
434 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
435 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
436 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
437 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
438 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
439 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
440 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
441 # again so they leave it out.
442 #
443 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
444 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
445 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
446 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
447 #
448 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
449 #
450 #
451 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
452 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
453 # ## Lines like this are comments.
454 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
455 # ## Control lines are of the form
456 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
457 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
458 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
459 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
460 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
461 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
462 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
463 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
464 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
465 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
466 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
467 #
468 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
469 #
470 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
471 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
472 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
473 #
474 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
475 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
476 #
477 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
478 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
479 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
480 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
481 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
482 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
483 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
484 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
485 #
486 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
487 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
488 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
489 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
490 #
491 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
492 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
493 #
494 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
495 # 1939 3 April 3 November
496 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
497 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
498 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
499 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
500 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
501 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
502 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
503 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
504 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
505 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
506 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
507 #
508 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
509 # 1946 3 April 1 October
510 #
511 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
512 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
513 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
514 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
515 # # Unknown Order ???
516 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
517 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
518 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
519 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
520 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
521 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
522 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
523 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
524 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
525 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
526 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
527 #
528 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
529 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
530 #
531 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
532 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
533 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
534 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
535 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
536 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
537 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
538 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
539 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
540 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
541 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
542 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
543 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
544 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
545 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
546 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
547 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
548 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
549 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
550 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
551 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
552 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
553 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
554 #
555 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
556 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
557 #
558 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
559 # # First EC Directive ???
560 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
561 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
562 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
563 # # Second EC Directive ???
564 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
565 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
566 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
568 # # Third EC Directive ???
569 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
570 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
571 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
572 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
573 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
574 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
575 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
576 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
577 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
578 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
579 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
580 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
581 # # Sixth EC Directive
582 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
583 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
584 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
586 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
587 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
588 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
589 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
590 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
591 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
592 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
593 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
594 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
595 # 1996 31 March 27 October
596 # 1997 30 March 26 October
597 #
598 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
599 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
600 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
601 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
602 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
604 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
605 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
606 # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
607 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
608 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
609 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
610 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
611 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
612 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
613 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
615 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
616 #
617 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
618 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
619 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
620 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
621 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
622 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
623 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
624 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
625 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
626 #
627 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
628 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
629 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
630 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
631 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
632 # It actually just had one transition.
633 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
634 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
635 #
636 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
637 # we'll ignore it for now.
638 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
639 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
640 # conform with Great Britain.
641 #
642 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
644 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
645 Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT
646 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
647 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
648 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
649 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
650 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
651 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
652 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
653 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
654 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
655 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
656 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
657 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
658 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
659 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
660 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
661 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
662 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
663 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
664 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
665 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
666 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
667 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
668 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
669 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
670 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
671 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
672 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
673 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
674 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
675 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
676 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
677 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
678 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
679 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
680 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
681 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
682 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
683 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
684 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
685 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
686 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
687 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
688 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
689 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
690 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
691 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
692 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
693 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
694 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
695 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
696 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
697 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
698 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
699 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
700 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
701 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
702 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
703 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
704 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
705 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
706 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
707 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
709 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
711 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
712 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
713 Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
714 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
715 # 1981 on
716 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
717 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
718 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
719 # See EC for rules starting in 1996.
721 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
722 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
723 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
724 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
725 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
726 0:00 EC GMT/BST
727 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
728 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
729 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
730 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
731 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
732 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
733 0:00 EC GMT/BST
734 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
735 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
736 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
737 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
738 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
739 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
740 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
741 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
742 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
743 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
744 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
745 0:00 EC GMT/BST
747 ###############################################################################
749 # Continental Europe
751 # EC rules are for the European Community.
753 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
754 Rule EC 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
755 Rule EC 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
756 Rule EC 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
757 Rule EC 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
758 Rule EC 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
759 Rule EC 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
760 Rule EC 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
762 # W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
763 Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
764 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
765 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
766 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
767 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
768 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
769 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
771 # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
772 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
773 Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
774 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
775 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
776 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
777 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
778 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
779 # Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
780 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 -
781 Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
782 Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 -
783 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
784 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
785 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
786 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
787 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
788 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
789 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
790 Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
791 Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
792 Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
793 Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
794 Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
795 Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
797 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
798 Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
799 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
800 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
801 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
802 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
803 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
804 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
805 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
806 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
807 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
808 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
809 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
810 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
811 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
812 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
813 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
814 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
815 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
816 Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
818 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
821 Zone WET 0:00 EC WET%s
822 Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
823 Zone EET 2:00 EC EET%s
825 # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
827 Link MET CET
829 # Albania
830 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
831 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
832 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
833 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
834 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
835 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
836 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
837 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
838 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
839 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
840 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
841 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
842 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
843 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
844 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
845 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
846 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
847 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
848 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
849 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
850 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
851 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
852 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
853 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
854 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
855 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
856 Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
857 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
858 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
859 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
860 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
861 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
862 # This may change to `EC' soon.
864 # Andorra
865 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
866 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
867 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
868 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
869 1:00 EC MET%s
871 # Austria
872 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
873 Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 -
874 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
875 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
876 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
877 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
878 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
879 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
880 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
881 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
882 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
883 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
884 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
885 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
886 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
887 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
888 1:00 EC MET%s
890 # Belarus
891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
893 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
894 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
895 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
896 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
897 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
898 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
899 # This may change to `EC' soon.
901 # Belgium
902 # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
903 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
904 # From Whitman:
905 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
906 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
907 # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
908 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
909 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
910 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
911 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
912 # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
913 Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
914 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
915 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
916 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
917 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
918 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
919 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
920 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
921 Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
922 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
923 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
924 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
925 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
926 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
927 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
928 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
929 # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
930 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
931 # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
932 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
933 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
934 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
935 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
936 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
937 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
938 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
939 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
940 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
941 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
942 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
943 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
944 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
945 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
946 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
947 1:00 EC MET%s
949 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
950 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
951 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
952 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
953 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
954 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
955 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
956 1:00 - MET 1983
957 1:00 EC MET%s
959 # Bulgaria
960 # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
961 # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
962 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
963 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
964 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
965 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
966 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
967 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
968 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
969 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
970 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
971 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
972 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
973 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
974 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
975 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
976 # This may change to `EC' soon.
978 # Croatia
979 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
980 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
981 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
982 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
983 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
984 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
985 1:00 - MET 1983
986 1:00 EC MET%s
988 # Czech Republic
989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
990 Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
991 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
992 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
993 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
994 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
995 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
996 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
997 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
999 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1000 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1001 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1002 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1003 1:00 EC MET%s
1005 # Denmark
1006 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1007 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1008 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1009 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1010 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1011 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1012 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1013 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1014 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1015 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1016 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1017 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1018 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1019 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1020 #
1021 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1022 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1023 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1024 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1025 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1026 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1027 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1028 1:00 EC MET%s
1029 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1030 0:00 - WET 1981
1031 0:00 EC WET%s
1032 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1033 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1034 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1035 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1036 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1037 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1038 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1039 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1040 -4:00 - AST
1042 # Estonia
1043 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1044 #
1045 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1046 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1047 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1048 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1049 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1050 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1051 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1052 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1053 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1054 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1055 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1056 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1057 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1058 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1059 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1060 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1062 # Finland
1063 #
1064 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1065 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1066 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1067 #
1068 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1069 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1070 # Go with Strang instead.
1071 #
1072 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1073 Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1074 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1075 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1078 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1079 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1080 2:00 EC EET%s
1082 # France
1083 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1084 # From Shanks (1991):
1085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1086 Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1087 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1088 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1089 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1090 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1091 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1092 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1093 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1094 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1095 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1096 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1097 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1098 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1099 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1100 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1101 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1102 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1103 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1104 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1105 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1106 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1107 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1108 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1109 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1110 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1111 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1112 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1113 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1114 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1115 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1116 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1117 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1118 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1119 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1120 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1121 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1122 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1123 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1124 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1125 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1126 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1127 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1128 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1129 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1130 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1131 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1132 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1133 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1134 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1135 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1136 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1137 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1138 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1139 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1140 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1141 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1142 1:00 EC MET%s
1144 # Germany
1145 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1146 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1147 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1148 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1149 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1150 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1151 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1152 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1153 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1154 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1155 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1156 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1157 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1158 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1159 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1160 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1161 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1162 1:00 EC MET%s
1164 # Gibraltar
1165 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1166 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1167 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1168 1:00 - MET 1982
1169 1:00 EC MET%s
1171 # Greece
1172 # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1173 # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1174 # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1175 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1176 Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 -
1177 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1178 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1179 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1180 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1181 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1182 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1183 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1184 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1185 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1186 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1187 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1188 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1189 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1190 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1191 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1192 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1193 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1194 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1195 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1196 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1197 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1198 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1199 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1200 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1201 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1202 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1203 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1204 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1205 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1206 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1207 # go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1208 2:00 EC EET%s
1210 # Hungary
1211 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1212 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 -
1213 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1214 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1215 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1216 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1217 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1218 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1219 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1220 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1221 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1222 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1223 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1224 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1225 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1226 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1227 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1228 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1229 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1230 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1232 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1233 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul
1234 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1235 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1236 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1237 1:00 EC MET%s
1239 # Iceland
1240 #
1241 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1242 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1243 #
1244 # (December 5, 1993):
1245 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1246 # Iceland Almanak.
1247 #
1248 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1249 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1250 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1251 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1252 #
1253 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1254 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1255 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1256 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1257 #
1258 # (December 10, 1993):
1259 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1260 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1261 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1262 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1263 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1264 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1265 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1266 # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1267 # in Iceland until 1700.
1268 #
1269 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1270 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1271 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1272 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1273 #
1274 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1275 Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
1276 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1277 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1278 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1279 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1280 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1281 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1282 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1283 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1284 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1285 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1286 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1287 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1288 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1289 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1290 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1291 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1292 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1293 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1294 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1295 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1296 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1297 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1298 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1299 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1300 0:00 - GMT
1302 # Italy
1303 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1304 Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S
1305 # Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman.
1306 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1307 Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1308 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1309 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1310 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1311 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1312 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1313 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1314 # Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman.
1315 Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1316 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1317 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1318 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 -
1319 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1320 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1322 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1323 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1324 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1325 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1326 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1327 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1328 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1329 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1330 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1331 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1332 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1333 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1334 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1335 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1336 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1337 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1339 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1340 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1341 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1342 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1343 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1344 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1345 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1346 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1347 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1348 1:00 EC MET%s
1350 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1351 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1353 # Latvia
1354 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1356 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1357 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1358 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1359 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1360 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1361 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1362 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1363 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1364 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1365 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1366 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1367 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1369 # Liechtenstein
1370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1371 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1372 1:00 - MET 1981
1373 1:00 EC MET%s
1375 # Lithuania
1376 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1377 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1378 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1379 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1380 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1381 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1382 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1383 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1384 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1385 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1386 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1387 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1388 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1389 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1391 # Luxembourg
1392 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1393 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1394 Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1395 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1396 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1397 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1398 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1399 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1400 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1401 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1402 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1403 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1404 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1405 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1406 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1407 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1408 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1409 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1410 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1411 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1412 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1413 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1414 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1415 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1416 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1417 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1418 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1419 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1420 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1421 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1422 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1423 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1424 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1425 1:00 EC MET%s
1427 # Macedonia
1428 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1429 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1430 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1431 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1432 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1433 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1434 1:00 - MET 1983
1435 1:00 EC MET%s
1437 # Malta
1438 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1439 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1440 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1441 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1442 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1443 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1444 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1445 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1446 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1447 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1448 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1449 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1450 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1451 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1452 1:00 EC MET%s
1454 # Moldova
1455 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1456 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1457 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1458 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1459 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1460 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1461 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1462 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1464 # Monaco
1465 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1466 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1467 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1468 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1469 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1470 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1471 1:00 EC MET%s
1473 # Netherlands
1474 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1475 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1476 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1477 Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT
1478 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1479 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1480 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1481 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1482 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1483 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1484 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1485 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1486 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1487 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1488 Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1489 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1490 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1491 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1492 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1493 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1494 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1495 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1496 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1497 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1498 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1499 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1500 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1501 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1502 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1503 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1504 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1505 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1506 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1507 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1508 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1509 1:00 EC MET%s
1511 # Norway
1512 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1513 Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 -
1514 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1515 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1516 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1517 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1518 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1519 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1520 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1521 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1522 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1523 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1524 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1525 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1526 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1527 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1528 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1529 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1530 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1531 1:00 EC MET%s
1532 # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1533 #
1534 # From Whitman:
1535 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1536 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1538 # Poland
1539 # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1540 # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1541 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1542 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1544 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1545 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1546 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1547 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1548 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1549 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1550 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1551 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1552 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1553 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1554 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1555 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1556 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1557 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1558 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1559 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1560 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1561 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1562 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1563 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1564 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1565 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1566 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1567 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1568 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1569 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1570 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1571 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1572 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1574 # Portugal
1575 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1576 Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 -
1577 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1578 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1579 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1580 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1581 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1582 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1583 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1584 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1585 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1586 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1587 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1588 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1589 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1590 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1591 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1592 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1593 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1594 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1595 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1596 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1597 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1598 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1599 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1600 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1601 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1602 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1603 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1604 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1605 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1606 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1607 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1608 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1609 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1610 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1611 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1612 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1613 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1614 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1615 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1616 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1617 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1618 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1619 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1620 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1621 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1622 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1623 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1624 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1625 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1626 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1627 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1628 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1629 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1630 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1631 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1632 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1633 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1634 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1635 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1636 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1637 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1638 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1639 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1640 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1641 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1642 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1643 0:00 EC WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1644 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1645 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1646 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1647 1:00 EC MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1648 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1649 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1650 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1651 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u
1652 0:00 EC WET%s
1653 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1654 # so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1655 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1656 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1657 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1658 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1659 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1660 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1661 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1662 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1663 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1664 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1665 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1666 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1667 0:00 EC WET%s
1669 # Romania
1670 # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1671 # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1672 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1673 Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 -
1674 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1675 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1676 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1677 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1678 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1679 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1680 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1681 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1682 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1683 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1684 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1685 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1686 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1688 # Russia
1689 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1690 # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1691 # are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1692 # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1693 # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1694 # The rest is from Shanks.
1695 #
1696 # From Shanks (1991):
1697 # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1698 # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1699 # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1700 # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1701 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1702 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1703 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1704 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1705 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1706 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1707 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1708 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1709 3:00 Russia MS%s
1710 Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1711 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1712 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1713 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1714 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1715 4:00 Russia KS%s
1716 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1717 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1718 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1719 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1720 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1721 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1722 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1723 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1724 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1725 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1726 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1727 6:00 Russia OS%s
1728 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1729 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1730 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1731 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1732 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1733 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
1734 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1735 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1736 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1737 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1738 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1739 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1740 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1741 6:00 Russia NS%s
1742 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1743 6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar
1744 7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1745 6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1746 6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1747 7:00 Russia TS%s
1748 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1749 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1750 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1751 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1752 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1753 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1754 8:00 Russia IS%s
1755 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1756 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1757 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1758 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1759 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1760 9:00 Russia YS%s
1761 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1762 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1763 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1764 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1765 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1766 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1767 10:00 Russia VS%s
1768 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1769 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar
1770 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1771 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1772 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1773 11:00 Russia MS%s
1774 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1775 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1776 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1777 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1778 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1779 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1780 12:00 Russia PS%s
1781 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1782 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1783 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1784 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1785 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1786 13:00 Russia AS%s
1788 # Slovakia
1789 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1791 # Slovenia
1792 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1793 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1794 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1795 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1796 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1797 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1798 1:00 - MET 1983
1799 1:00 EC MET%s
1801 # Spain
1802 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1803 Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
1804 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1805 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1806 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1807 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1808 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1809 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1810 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1811 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1812 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1813 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1814 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1815 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1816 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1817 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1818 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1819 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1820 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1821 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1822 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1823 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1824 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1825 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1826 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1827 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1828 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1829 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1830 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1831 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1832 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1833 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1834 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1835 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1836 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1837 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1838 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1839 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1840 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1841 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1842 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1843 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1844 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1845 1:00 EC MET%s
1846 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1847 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1848 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1849 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1850 0:00 EC WET%s
1852 # Sweden
1853 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1854 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1855 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1856 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1857 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1858 1:00 - MET 1980
1859 1:00 EC MET%s
1861 # Switzerland
1862 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
1863 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1864 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1865 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1866 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1867 Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 -
1868 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1869 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1870 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1871 # From Shanks (1991):
1872 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1873 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1874 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1875 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1876 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1877 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
1878 1:00 EC MET%s
1880 # Turkey
1881 # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1882 # Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1883 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1884 Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1885 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1886 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1887 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1888 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1889 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1890 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1891 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1892 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1893 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1894 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1895 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1896 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1897 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1898 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1899 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1900 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1901 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1902 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1903 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1904 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1905 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1906 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1907 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1908 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1909 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1910 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1911 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1912 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1913 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1914 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1915 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1916 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1917 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1918 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1919 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1920 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1921 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1922 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1923 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1924 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1925 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1926 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1927 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1928 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1929 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1930 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1931 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1932 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1933 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1934 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1935 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1936 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1937 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1938 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1939 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1940 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1941 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1942 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1943 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1944 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1945 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1947 # Ukraine
1948 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1949 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1950 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
1951 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1952 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
1953 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1954 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1955 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1956 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
1957 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1958 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1959 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1960 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
1961 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1962 # This may change to `EC' soon.
1963 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
1964 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1965 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1966 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1967 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1968 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1969 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1970 # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
1971 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
1972 # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
1973 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1974 3:00 Russia MS%s
1976 # Yugoslavia
1977 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1978 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1979 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1980 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1981 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1982 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1983 1:00 - MET 1983
1984 1:00 EC MET%s
1986 ###############################################################################
1988 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
1989 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
1990 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
1991 #
1992 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
1993 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
1994 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
1995 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
1996 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
1997 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
1999 # ...
2000 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2001 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2002 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2003 # ...
2004 #
2005 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2006 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2007 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2008 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2009 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2010 # years...
2011 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2012 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2013 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2014 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2015 #
2016 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2017 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2018 #
2019 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2020 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2021 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2023 # ...
2024 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2025 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2026 # ...
2027 #
2028 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2029 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2030 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2031 #
2032 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2033 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2034 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2035 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2036 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2037 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2038 # dates...
2039 #
2040 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2041 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2042 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2043 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2044 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2045 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2046 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2047 # in advance of normal time.
2048 #
2049 # ...
2050 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2051 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2052 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2054 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2055 # ...
2056 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2057 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2058 # ...
2059 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2060 # ...
2062 # ...
2063 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2064 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2065 # ...
2066 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2067 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2068 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2069 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2070 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2071 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2072 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2073 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2074 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2075 #
2076 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2077 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2078 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.