4 The exact set of features available when you compile a source file
5 is controlled by which "feature test macros" you define.
7 If you compile your programs using `gcc -ansi', you get only the
8 ISO C library features, unless you explicitly request additional
9 features by defining one or more of the feature macros. *Note GNU CC
10 Command Options: (gcc.info)Invoking GCC, for more information about GCC
13 You should define these macros by using `#define' preprocessor
14 directives at the top of your source code files. These directives
15 _must_ come before any `#include' of a system header file. It is best
16 to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by
17 comments. You could also use the `-D' option to GCC, but it's better
18 if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a
21 This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple
22 standards. Although the different standards are often described as
23 supersets of each other, they are usually incompatible because larger
24 standards require functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the
25 user program. This is not mere pedantry -- it has been a problem in
26 practice. For instance, some non-GNU programs define functions named
27 `getline' that have nothing to do with this library's `getline'. They
28 would not be compilable if all features were enabled indiscriminately.
30 This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a
31 limited standard. It is insufficient for this purpose, as it will not
32 protect you from including header files outside the standard, or
33 relying on semantics undefined within the standard.
35 - Macro: _POSIX_SOURCE
36 If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1
37 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the
40 The state of `_POSIX_SOURCE' is irrelevant if you define the macro
41 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a positive integer.
43 - Macro: _POSIX_C_SOURCE
44 Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX
45 functionality is made available. The greater the value of this
46 macro, the more functionality is made available.
48 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `1',
49 then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1
50 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available.
52 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `2',
53 then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2
54 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available.
56 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to
57 `199309L', then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the
58 POSIX.1b standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available.
60 Greater values for `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' will enable future extensions.
61 The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary,
62 and the GNU C Library should support them some time after they
63 become standardized. The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:
64 1996) states that if you define `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a value
65 greater than or equal to `199506L', then the functionality from
66 the 1996 edition is made available.
68 The Single Unix Specification specify that setting this macro to
69 the value `199506L' selects all the values specified by the POSIX
70 standards plus those of the Single Unix Specification, i.e., is the
71 same as if `_XOPEN_SOURCE' is set to `500' (see below).
74 If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix
75 is included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material.
77 Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the
78 corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this
79 macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the
82 Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and
83 POSIX.1, you need to use a special "BSD compatibility library"
84 when linking programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is
85 because some functions must be defined in two different ways, one
86 of them in the normal C library, and one of them in the
87 compatibility library. If your program defines `_BSD_SOURCE', you
88 must give the option `-lbsd-compat' to the compiler or linker when
89 linking the program, to tell it to find functions in this special
90 compatibility library before looking for them in the normal C
94 If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is
95 included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open
98 - Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE
99 - Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
100 If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open
101 Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1
102 and POSIX.2 functionality and in fact `_POSIX_SOURCE' and
103 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' are automatically defined.
105 As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in
106 BSD and SVID is also included.
108 If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED' is also defined, even more
109 functionality is available. The extra functions will make all
110 functions available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand.
112 If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE' has the value 500 this includes all
113 functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the
114 Single Unix Specification, version 2.
116 - Macro: _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
117 If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which
118 rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards. More
119 concrete the functions `fseeko' and `ftello' are available.
120 Without these functions the difference between the ISO C interface
121 (`fseek', `ftell') and the low-level POSIX interface (`lseek')
122 would lead to problems.
124 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
127 - Macro: _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
128 If you define this macro an additional set of function is made
129 available which enables 32 bit systems to use files of sizes beyond
130 the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the
131 system does not support files that large. On systems where the
132 natural file size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on 64 bit
133 systems) the new functions are identical to the replaced functions.
135 The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and
136 functions which replace the existing ones. The names of these new
137 objects contain `64' to indicate the intention, e.g., `off_t' vs.
138 `off64_t' and `fseeko' vs. `fseeko64'.
140 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
141 extension (LFS). It is a transition interface for the time 64 bit
142 offsets are not generally used (see `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS'.
144 - Macro: _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
145 This macro determines which file system interface shall be used,
146 one replacing the other. While `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' makes the
147 64 bit interface available as an additional interface
148 `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' allows the 64 bit interface to replace the old
151 If `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' is undefined, or if it is defined to the
152 value `32', nothing changes. The 32 bit interface is used and
153 types like `off_t' have a size of 32 bits on 32 bit systems.
155 If the macro is defined to the value `64', the large file interface
156 replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made
157 available under different names as `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' does.
158 Instead the old function names now reference the new functions,
159 e.g., a call to `fseeko' now indeed calls `fseeko64'.
161 This macro should only be selected if the system provides
162 mechanisms for handling large files. On 64 bit systems this macro
163 has no effect since the `*64' functions are identical to the
166 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
169 - Macro: _ISOC99_SOURCE
170 Until the revised ISO C standard is widely adopted the new features
171 are not automatically enabled. The GNU libc nevertheless has a
172 complete implementation of the new standard and to enable the new
173 features the macro `_ISOC99_SOURCE' should be defined.
176 If you define this macro, everything is included: ISO C89,
177 ISO C99, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU
178 extensions. In the cases where POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the
179 POSIX definitions take precedence.
181 If you want to get the full effect of `_GNU_SOURCE' but make the
182 BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use
183 this sequence of definitions:
189 Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD
190 compatibility library by passing the `-lbsd-compat' option to the
191 compiler or linker. *Note:* If you forget to do this, you may get
192 very strange errors at run time.
195 - Macro: _THREAD_SAFE
196 If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several
197 functions get declared. Some of the functions are specified in
198 POSIX.1c but many others are only available on a few other systems
199 or are unique to GNU libc. The problem is the delay in the
200 standardization of the thread safe C library interface.
202 Unlike on some other systems, no special version of the C library
203 must be used for linking. There is only one version but while
204 compiling this it must have been specified to compile as thread
207 We recommend you use `_GNU_SOURCE' in new programs. If you don't
208 specify the `-ansi' option to GCC and don't define any of these macros
209 explicitly, the effect is the same as defining `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to 2
210 and `_POSIX_SOURCE', `_SVID_SOURCE', and `_BSD_SOURCE' to 1.
212 When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of
213 features, it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for
214 a subset of those features. For example, if you define
215 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE', then defining `_POSIX_SOURCE' as well has no effect.
216 Likewise, if you define `_GNU_SOURCE', then defining either
217 `_POSIX_SOURCE' or `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' or `_SVID_SOURCE' as well has no
220 Note, however, that the features of `_BSD_SOURCE' are not a subset of
221 any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it
222 defines BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that
223 are requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining
224 `_BSD_SOURCE' in addition to the other feature test macros does have an
225 effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting