| blob | 09d8747c30b7d7344208f339fe4e7c4520fe8080 |
1 # @(#)australasia 7.66
2 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
4 # Notes are at the end of this file
6 ###############################################################################
8 # Australia
10 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
12 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
24 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
25 # Northern Territory
26 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
27 9:00 - CST 1899 May
28 9:30 Aus CST
29 # Western Australia
30 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
31 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
38 8:00 - WST
39 # Queensland
40 #
41 # From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
42 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44 # Queensland ceased to.
45 #
46 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
50 # so use Lindeman.
51 #
52 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
60 10:00 Aus EST 1971
61 10:00 AQ EST
62 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
63 10:00 Aus EST 1971
64 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
65 10:00 Holiday EST
67 # South Australia
68 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
82 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
83 9:00 - CST 1899 May
84 9:30 Aus CST 1971
85 9:30 AS CST
87 # Tasmania
88 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
89 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
90 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
92 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
98 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
99 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
100 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
101 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
102 Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
104 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
105 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
107 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
108 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
109 10:00 Aus EST 1967
110 10:00 AT EST
112 # Victoria
113 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
114 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
115 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
122 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
125 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
126 10:00 Aus EST 1971
127 10:00 AV EST
129 # New South Wales
130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
131 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
132 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
133 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
136 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
137 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
138 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
139 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
140 Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
145 10:00 Aus EST 1971
146 10:00 AN EST
147 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
148 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
149 9:00 - CST 1899 May
150 9:30 Aus CST 1971
151 9:30 AN CST 2000
152 9:30 AS CST
154 # Lord Howe Island
155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
156 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
157 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
158 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
159 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
160 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
161 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
162 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
163 Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
164 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
165 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
166 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
167 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
168 10:30 LH LHST
170 # Australian miscellany
171 #
172 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
173 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
174 # like Australia/Perth, says Turner
175 #
176 # Coral Sea Is
177 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
178 # no information
179 #
180 # Macquarie
181 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
182 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
183 # like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
185 # Christmas
186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
190 # Cook Is
191 # From Shanks:
192 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
194 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
195 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
196 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
197 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
198 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
199 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
201 # Cocos
202 # From USNO (1989):
203 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
204 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
206 # Fiji
207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
208 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
209 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
210 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
211 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
212 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
214 # French Polynesia
215 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
216 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
217 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
218 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
219 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
220 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
221 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
222 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
223 # it is uninhabited.
225 # Guam
226 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
228 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
229 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
230 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
232 # Kiribati
233 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
234 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
235 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
236 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
237 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
238 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
239 13:00 - PHOT
240 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
241 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
242 -10:00 - LINT 1995
243 14:00 - LINT
245 # N Mariana Is
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
248 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
249 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
250 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
251 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
253 # Marshall Is
254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
256 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
257 12:00 - MHT
258 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
259 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
260 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
261 12:00 - MHT
263 # Micronesia
264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265 Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
266 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
267 10:00 - YAPT
268 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
269 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
270 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
271 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
272 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
273 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
274 12:00 - KOST 1999
275 11:00 - KOST
277 # Nauru
278 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
280 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
281 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
282 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
283 12:00 - NRT
285 # New Caledonia
286 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
287 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
288 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
289 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
290 # Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
291 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
292 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
293 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
294 11:00 NC NC%sT
297 ###############################################################################
299 # New Zealand
301 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
302 # Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
303 # 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
304 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
305 Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
306 Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
307 Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
308 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
309 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
310 # Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
311 # didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
312 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
313 Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
314 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov 3 2:00s 1:00 D
315 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
316 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct 8 2:00s 1:00 D
317 Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
318 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00s 0 S
319 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
320 Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
321 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
322 Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
323 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
324 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868
325 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
326 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
327 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
330 # Auckland Is
331 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
332 # and scientific personnel have wintered
334 # Campbell I
335 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
336 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
337 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
338 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
340 ###############################################################################
343 # Niue
344 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
345 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
346 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
347 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
348 -11:00 - NUT
350 # Norfolk
351 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
352 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
353 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
354 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
356 # Palau (Belau)
357 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
358 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
359 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
361 # Papua New Guinea
362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
364 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
365 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
367 # Pitcairn
368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
369 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
370 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
371 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
373 # American Samoa
374 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
375 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
376 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
377 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
378 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
379 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
381 # W Samoa
382 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
383 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
384 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
385 -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
387 # Solomon Is
388 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
389 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
390 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
391 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
393 # Tokelau Is
394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
395 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
396 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
398 # Tonga
399 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
400 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
401 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
402 Rule Tonga 2000 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
403 Rule Tonga 2001 max - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
404 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
405 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
406 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
407 13:00 - TOT 1999
408 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
410 # Tuvalu
411 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
412 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
413 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
416 # US minor outlying islands
418 # Howland, Baker
419 # uninhabited since World War II
420 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
422 # Jarvis
423 # uninhabited since 1958
424 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
426 # Johnston
427 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
428 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
430 # Kingman
431 # uninhabited
433 # Midway
434 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
435 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
436 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
437 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
439 # Palmyra
440 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
442 # Wake
443 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
444 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
445 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
448 # Vanuatu
449 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
450 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
451 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
452 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
453 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
454 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
455 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
456 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
457 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
458 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
460 # Wallis and Futuna
461 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
462 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
463 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
465 ###############################################################################
467 # NOTES
469 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
470 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
471 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
473 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
474 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
475 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
476 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
477 #
478 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
479 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
480 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
481 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
482 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
483 #
484 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
485 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
486 #
487 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
488 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
489 # I found in the UCLA library.
490 #
491 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
492 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
493 #
494 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
495 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
496 # Corrections are welcome!
497 # std dst
498 # LMT Local Mean Time
499 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
500 # 9:00 JST Japan
501 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
502 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
503 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
504 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
505 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
506 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
507 # -11:00 SST Samoa
508 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
509 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
510 #
511 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
512 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
514 ###############################################################################
516 # Australia
518 # <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
519 # Australia's Daylight Saving Times
520 # </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
522 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
523 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
524 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
525 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
526 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
527 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
528 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
529 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
530 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
531 # time'.
532 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
533 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
534 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
535 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
536 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
537 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
538 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
540 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
541 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
542 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
543 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
544 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
546 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
547 # versus "AEST" etc.:
548 #
549 # I see the following points of dispute:
550 #
551 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
552 #
553 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
554 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
555 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
556 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
557 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
558 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
559 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
560 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
561 #
562 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
563 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
564 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
565 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
566 #
567 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
568 #
569 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
570 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
571 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
572 # Time, for example.
573 #
574 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
575 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
576 # tiebreaker.
577 #
578 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
579 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
580 # the word "Australian"?
581 #
582 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
583 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
584 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
585 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
586 # following count of page hits:
587 #
588 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
589 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
590 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
591 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
592 #
593 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
594 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
595 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
596 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
597 #
598 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
599 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
600 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
601 # are the hit counts anyway:
602 #
603 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
604 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
605 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
606 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
607 #
608 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
609 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
610 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
611 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
612 #
613 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
614 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
615 #
616 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
617 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
618 # the ambiguities involved.
619 #
620 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
621 #
622 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
623 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
624 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
625 # understood in Australia.
627 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
628 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
629 # Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
630 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
631 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
632 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
633 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
635 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
636 #
637 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
638 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
639 # relevant entries in this database.
640 #
641 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
642 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
643 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
644 # </a>
645 # ACT
646 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
647 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
648 # </a>
649 # SA
650 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
651 # Standard Time Act, 1898
652 # </a>
654 # Northern Territory
656 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
657 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
658 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
659 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
660 # ...
661 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
663 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
664 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
665 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
667 # Western Australia
669 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
670 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
671 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
672 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
673 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
674 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
675 # # before reaching parliament.
676 # ...
677 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
678 # ...
679 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
680 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
681 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
682 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
684 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
685 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
686 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
688 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
689 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
690 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
691 # work at 9.00am.)
692 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
693 # everybody again.
695 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
696 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
697 # it matches what was used in the past.
699 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
700 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
701 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
702 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
704 # Queensland
705 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
706 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
707 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
708 # ...
709 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
710 # ...
711 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
712 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
713 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
714 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
716 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
717 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
718 # October 1989).
720 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
721 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
722 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
723 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
725 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
726 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
727 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
728 # me.)
730 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
731 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
732 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
733 # ...
734 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
735 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
736 # ...
738 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
739 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
741 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
743 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
744 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
745 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
746 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
747 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
748 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
749 #
750 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
751 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
752 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
753 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
754 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
755 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
756 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
757 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
758 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
759 # 10:00 Oz EST
761 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
762 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
763 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
764 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
765 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
766 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
767 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
769 # South Australia
771 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
772 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
773 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
774 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
776 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
777 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
778 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
779 # ...
780 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
781 # ...
782 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
783 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
784 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
785 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
787 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
788 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
789 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
790 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
792 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
793 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
794 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
795 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
796 # is on...
798 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
799 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
800 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
801 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
803 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
804 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
805 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
806 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
808 # From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
809 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
810 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
811 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
813 # Tasmania
815 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
816 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
817 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
818 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
820 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
821 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
822 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
823 # (but nothing new about that).
825 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
826 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
827 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
828 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
829 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
830 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
832 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
833 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
835 # Victoria
837 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
838 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
839 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
840 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
842 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
843 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
844 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
845 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
846 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
847 # in Melbourne, Australia.
848 #
849 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
850 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
851 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
852 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
853 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
854 # expected time.
855 #
856 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
857 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
858 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
859 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
860 #
861 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
862 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
864 # New South Wales
866 # From Arthur David Olson:
867 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
868 # Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
869 # who notes:
870 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
871 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
872 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
873 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
874 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
875 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
877 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
878 # The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
879 # <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
880 # Daylight Saving
881 # </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
882 # The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
883 # publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
884 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
885 # Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
886 # </a>
888 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
889 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
890 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
891 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
892 # Two months more daylight saving
893 # </a>
894 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
896 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
897 # See the following official NSW source:
898 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
899 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
900 # </a>
901 #
902 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
903 # daylight saving next year. See:
904 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
905 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
906 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
907 #
908 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
909 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
910 # Vic to extend daylight saving
911 # </a> (1999-07-28).
912 #
913 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
914 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
915 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
916 # </a> (1999-07-19).
917 #
918 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
919 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
920 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
921 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
922 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
923 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
924 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
925 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
926 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
927 #
928 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
929 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
930 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
931 # </a> (1999-07-21).
933 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
934 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
935 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
937 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
938 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
939 # towns to use Queensland time.
941 # Yancowinna
943 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
944 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
946 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
947 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
948 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
949 # ...
950 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
951 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
952 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
953 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
954 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
955 # # presently available.
956 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
957 # ...
958 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
959 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
960 # [followed by other Rules]
962 # Lord Howe Island
964 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
965 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
966 # [ Dec 1990 ]
967 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
968 # hour ahead of NSW time.
970 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
971 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
972 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
973 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
974 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
975 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
976 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
977 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
978 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
979 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
981 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
982 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
983 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
984 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
985 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
986 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
988 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
989 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
990 # For times we use Lonergan.
992 ###############################################################################
994 # New Zealand
996 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
997 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
998 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
999 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1000 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1002 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1003 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1004 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1005 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1006 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1007 # ...
1008 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1009 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1010 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1011 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1012 # ...
1013 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1014 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1016 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1017 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1018 # rather than the October 1 value.
1020 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1021 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1022 # Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1023 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1024 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1025 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1026 #
1027 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1028 # Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
1029 # usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
1030 # gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
1031 # Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
1033 ###############################################################################
1036 # Fiji
1038 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1039 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1040 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1042 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1043 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1044 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1045 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1047 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1048 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1050 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1051 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1052 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1053 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1054 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1055 # millenium.
1057 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1058 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1060 # Johnston
1062 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1065 # Kiribati
1067 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1068 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1069 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1070 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1073 # Kwajalein
1075 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1076 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1077 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1078 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1079 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1082 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1084 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1085 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1086 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1087 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1088 # see Asia/Manila.
1090 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1091 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1092 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1093 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1096 # Micronesia
1098 # Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
1099 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1100 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1101 #
1102 # Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1103 # ignore this for now.
1105 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1106 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1107 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1108 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1109 # </a> (1999-01-26)
1110 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1111 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1114 # Pitcairn
1116 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1117 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1118 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1119 #
1120 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1121 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1122 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1123 #
1124 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1125 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1126 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1128 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1129 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1130 # ... at midnight.
1132 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1133 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1134 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1135 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1138 # Samoa
1140 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1141 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1142 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1143 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1144 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1147 # Tonga
1149 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1150 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1151 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1152 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1154 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1155 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1156 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1157 # </a>:
1159 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1160 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1161 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1162 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1163 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1164 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1165 #
1166 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1167 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1168 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1169 #
1170 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1171 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1172 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1173 # minutes we have lost?"
1174 #
1175 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1176 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1177 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1179 # From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1180 # Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1182 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1183 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1184 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1185 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1186 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1187 # Government.
1189 # From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1190 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1191 #
1192 # I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1193 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1194 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1195 # </a>
1196 #
1197 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1198 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1199 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1200 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1202 # From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1203 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1204 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1205 # </a>:
1206 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1207 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1208 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1209 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1210 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1211 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1213 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1214 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1215 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1217 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1218 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1219 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1220 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1221 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1222 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1223 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1225 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1226 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1228 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1229 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1230 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1231 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1232 # hour to 1:00am.
1235 ###############################################################################
1237 # The International Date Line
1239 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1240 #
1241 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1242 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1243 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1244 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1245 #
1246 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1247 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1248 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1249 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1250 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1251 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1252 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1253 #
1254 # An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1255 # legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1256 # the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1257 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1258 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1259 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1260 # correct date is ambiguous.