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1 # @(#)europe 7.38
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12 #
13 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15 # I found in the UCLA library.
16 #
17 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19 # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20 # std dst
21 # LMT Local Mean Time
22 # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
24 # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25 # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26 # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27 # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28 # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30 # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31 # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32 # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34 # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
36 # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
37 # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)*
38 # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
39 # 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00)
40 # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
41 # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
42 # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
43 # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)*
44 # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
45 # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)*
46 #
47 # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48 #
49 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51 # Oxford University Press (1980).
53 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54 # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
56 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67 # ...
68 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70 # ...
71 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75 # in the Directive.
77 ###############################################################################
79 # United Kingdom
81 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
82 #
83 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
84 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
85 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86 # of the text said:
87 #
88 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
89 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
90 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
91 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
92 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
93 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
94 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95 #
96 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
97 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
98 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99 #
100 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
102 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
103 #
104 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
105 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
106 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
107 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
108 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
109 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
110 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
113 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
115 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
117 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
123 #
124 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
126 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
128 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
129 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130 # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
131 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
132 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
137 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
138 #
139 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
140 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
142 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
143 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
144 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
145 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
146 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
148 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
149 #
150 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
151 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
152 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
153 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
154 # and 1994 are:
155 # Start End
156 # 1993 28 March 24 October
157 # 1994 27 March 23 October
158 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
159 #
160 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
161 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
162 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
163 #
164 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
165 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
166 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
167 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
168 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
169 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
170 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
171 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
172 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
173 # to specify the EC specified dates.
175 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
176 #
177 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
178 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
179 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
180 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
181 #
182 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
183 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
184 # regarding double summer time.
185 #
186 # [two other similar questions omitted]
187 #
188 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
189 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
190 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
191 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
192 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
193 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
194 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
195 # Monday, 2nd April.'
197 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
198 #
199 # > # Current rules
200 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
201 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
202 #
203 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
204 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
205 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
206 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
207 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
208 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
209 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
210 # what will happen.
211 #
212 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
213 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
214 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
215 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
216 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
217 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
218 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
219 # be the end of it.
221 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
222 #
223 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
224 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
225 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
226 # summer months'.
227 #
228 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
229 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
230 #
231 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
232 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
233 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
234 #
235 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
236 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
237 #
238 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
239 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
240 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
241 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
242 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
243 #
244 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
245 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
246 #
247 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
248 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
249 # was different.
250 #
251 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
252 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
254 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
255 #
256 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
257 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
258 #
259 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
260 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
261 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
262 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
263 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
264 # sequence would have been:
265 # Dublin London
266 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
267 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
268 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
269 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
270 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
271 #
272 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
273 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
274 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
275 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
277 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
278 #
279 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
280 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
281 # ever since it first started in 1916.
282 #
283 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
284 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
285 #
286 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
287 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
288 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
289 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
290 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
291 # except for wartime double summer time.
292 #
293 # As evidence I would cite:
294 #
295 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
296 #
297 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
298 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
299 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
300 #
301 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
302 #
303 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
304 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
305 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
306 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
307 #
308 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
309 #
310 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
311 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
312 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
313 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
314 # so approved.
315 #
316 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
317 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
318 #
319 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
320 #
321 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
322 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
323 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
324 #
325 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
326 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
327 #
328 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
329 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
330 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
331 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
332 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
333 #
334 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
335 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
336 #
337 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
338 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
339 #
340 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
341 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
342 #
343 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
344 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
345 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
346 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
347 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
348 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
349 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
350 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
351 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
352 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
353 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
354 # England and Wales were indivisible.
355 #
356 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
357 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
358 #
359 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
360 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
361 #
362 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
363 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
364 #
365 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
366 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
367 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
368 #
369 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
370 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
371 #
372 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373 #
374 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
375 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
376 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
377 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
378 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
379 # measures saying it didn't.
380 #
381 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
382 #
383 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
384 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
385 #
386 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
387 #
388 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
389 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
390 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
391 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
392 # 1 hour.
393 #
394 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
395 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
396 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
397 #
398 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
399 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
400 # to 01:00 GMT.)
401 #
402 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
403 #
404 # This specifies dates of:
405 # Start End
406 # 1993 28 March 24 October
407 # 1994 27 March 23 October
408 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
409 #
410 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
411 #
412 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
413 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
414 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
415 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
416 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
417 #
418 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
419 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
420 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
421 # throughout the UK.
422 #
423 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
424 #
425 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
426 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
427 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
428 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
430 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
431 # I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
432 # It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
433 # an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
434 # No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
435 #
436 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
437 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
438 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
439 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
440 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
441 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
442 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
443 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
444 # summer time in 1968....
446 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
447 #
448 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
449 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
450 # all the Acts.
451 #
452 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
453 #
454 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
455 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
456 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
457 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
458 #
459 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
460 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
461 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
462 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
463 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
464 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
465 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
466 # again so they leave it out.
467 #
468 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
469 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
470 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
471 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
472 #
473 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
474 #
475 #
476 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
477 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
478 # ## Lines like this are comments.
479 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
480 # ## Control lines are of the form
481 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
482 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
483 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
484 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
485 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
486 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
487 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
488 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
489 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
490 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
491 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
492 #
493 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
494 #
495 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
496 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
497 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
498 #
499 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
500 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
501 #
502 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
503 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
504 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
505 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
506 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
507 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
508 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
509 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
510 #
511 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
512 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
513 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
514 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
515 #
516 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
517 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
518 #
519 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
520 # 1939 3 April 3 November
521 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
522 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
523 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
524 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
525 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
526 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
527 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
528 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
529 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
530 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
531 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
532 #
533 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
534 # 1946 3 April 1 October
535 #
536 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
537 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
538 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
539 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
540 # # Unknown Order ???
541 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
542 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
543 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
544 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
545 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
546 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
547 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
548 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
549 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
550 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
551 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
552 #
553 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
554 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
555 #
556 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
557 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
558 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
559 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
560 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
561 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
562 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
563 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
564 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
565 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
566 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
567 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
568 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
569 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
570 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
571 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
572 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
573 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
574 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
575 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
576 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
577 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
578 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
579 #
580 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
581 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
582 #
583 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
584 # # First EC Directive ???
585 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
586 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
587 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
588 # # Second EC Directive ???
589 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
590 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
591 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
592 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
593 # # Third EC Directive ???
594 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
595 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
596 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
597 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
598 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
599 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
600 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
601 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
602 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
603 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
604 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
605 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
606 # # Sixth EC Directive
607 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
608 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
609 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
611 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
612 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
613 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
614 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
615 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
616 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
617 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
618 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
619 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
620 # 1996 31 March 27 October
621 # 1997 30 March 26 October
622 #
623 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
624 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
625 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
626 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
627 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
628 #
629 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
630 # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
631 # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
632 # before Easter).
634 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
635 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
636 # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
637 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
638 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
639 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
640 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
641 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
642 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
643 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
645 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
646 #
647 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
648 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
649 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
650 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
651 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
652 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
653 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
654 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
655 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
656 #
657 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
658 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
659 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
660 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
661 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
662 # It actually just had one transition.
663 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
664 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
665 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
666 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
667 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
668 #
669 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
670 # we'll ignore them for now.
671 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
672 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
673 # conform with Great Britain.
674 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
675 #
676 #
677 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
679 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
680 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
681 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
682 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
683 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
684 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
685 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
687 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
688 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
689 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
690 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
691 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
692 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
693 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
694 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
695 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
696 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
697 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
698 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
699 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
700 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
701 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
702 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
703 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
704 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
705 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
706 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
707 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
709 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
711 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
712 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
713 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
714 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
715 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
716 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
717 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
718 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
719 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
720 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
721 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
722 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
723 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
724 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
725 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
726 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
727 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
728 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
729 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
730 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
731 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
732 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
733 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
734 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
735 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
736 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
737 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
738 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
739 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
740 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
741 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
743 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
744 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
745 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
746 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
747 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
748 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
749 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
750 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
751 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
752 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
753 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
754 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
755 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
756 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
757 # 1981 on
758 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
759 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
760 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
761 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
765 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
766 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
768 0:00 EU GMT/BST
769 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
770 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
771 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
772 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
773 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
775 0:00 EU GMT/BST
776 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
777 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
778 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
779 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6
780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
781 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
782 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
783 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
784 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
785 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
786 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
787 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
788 0:00 EU GMT/IST
790 ###############################################################################
792 # Continental Europe
794 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
795 # Common Market, etc.
797 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
798 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
799 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
800 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
801 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
802 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
803 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
805 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
806 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
807 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
808 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
809 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
810 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
811 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
813 # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
814 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
815 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
816 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
817 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
818 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
819 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
820 # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
821 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
822 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
823 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
824 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
825 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
826 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
827 Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
828 Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
829 Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
830 Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
831 Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
832 Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
836 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
837 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
838 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
839 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
840 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
841 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
842 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
843 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
844 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
845 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
846 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
847 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
848 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
849 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
850 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
851 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
852 Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
854 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
856 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
857 Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s
858 Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
859 Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s
861 # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
863 Link MET CET
865 # Albania
866 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
867 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
868 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
869 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
870 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
871 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
872 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
873 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
874 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
875 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
876 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
877 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
878 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
879 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
880 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
881 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
882 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
883 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
884 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
885 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
886 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
887 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
888 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
889 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
890 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
891 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
892 Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
893 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
894 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
895 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
896 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
897 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
898 # This may change to `EU' soon.
900 # Andorra
901 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
902 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
903 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
904 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
905 1:00 EU MET%s
907 # Austria
908 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
909 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
910 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
911 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
912 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
913 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
914 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
915 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
916 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
917 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
918 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
919 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
920 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
921 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
922 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
923 1:00 EU MET%s
925 # Belarus
926 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
927 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
928 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
929 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
930 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
931 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
932 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
933 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
934 # This may change to `EU' soon.
936 # Belgium
937 # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
938 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
939 # From Whitman:
940 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
941 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
942 # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
943 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
944 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
945 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
946 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
947 # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
948 Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
949 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
950 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
951 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
952 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
953 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
954 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
955 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
956 Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
957 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
958 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
959 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
960 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
961 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
962 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
963 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
964 # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
965 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
966 # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
967 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
968 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
969 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
970 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
971 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
972 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
973 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
974 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
975 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
976 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
977 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
978 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
979 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
980 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
981 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
982 1:00 EU MET%s
984 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
985 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
986 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
988 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
989 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
990 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
991 1:00 - MET 1983
992 1:00 EU MET%s
994 # Bulgaria
995 # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
996 # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
997 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
998 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
999 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1000 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1001 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1002 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1003 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1004 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1005 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
1006 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1007 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1008 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1009 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1010 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1011 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1013 # Croatia
1014 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1015 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1016 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1017 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1018 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1019 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1020 1:00 - MET 1983
1021 1:00 EU MET%s
1023 # Czech Republic
1024 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1025 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1026 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1027 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1028 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1029 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1030 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1031 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1032 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1033 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1034 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1035 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1036 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
1037 1:00 EU MET%s
1039 # Denmark
1040 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1041 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1042 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1043 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1044 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1045 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1046 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1047 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1048 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1049 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1050 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1051 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1052 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1053 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1054 #
1055 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1056 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1057 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1058 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1059 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1060 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1061 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1062 1:00 EU MET%s
1063 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1064 0:00 - WET 1981
1065 0:00 EU WET%s
1066 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1067 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1068 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1069 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1070 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1071 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1072 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1073 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1074 -4:00 - AST
1076 # Estonia
1077 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1078 #
1079 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1080 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1081 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1082 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1083 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1084 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1085 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1086 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1087 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1088 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1089 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1090 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1091 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1092 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1093 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1094 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1096 # Finland
1097 #
1098 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1099 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1100 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1101 #
1102 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1103 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1104 # Go with Strang instead.
1105 #
1106 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1107 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1108 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1109 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1110 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1111 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1112 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1113 2:00 EU EET%s
1115 # France
1116 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1117 # From Shanks (1991):
1118 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1119 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1120 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1121 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1122 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1123 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1124 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1125 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1126 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1127 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1128 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1129 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1130 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1131 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1132 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1133 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1134 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1135 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1136 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1137 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1138 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1139 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1140 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1141 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1142 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1143 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1144 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1145 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1146 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1147 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1148 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1149 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1150 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1151 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1152 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1153 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1154 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1155 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1156 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1157 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1158 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1159 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1160 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1161 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1162 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1163 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1164 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1165 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1166 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1167 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1168 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1169 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1170 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1171 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1172 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1173 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1174 1:00 EU MET%s
1176 # Germany
1177 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1178 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1179 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1180 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1181 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1182 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1183 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1184 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1185 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1186 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1187 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1188 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1189 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1190 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1191 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1192 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1193 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1194 1:00 EU MET%s
1196 # Gibraltar
1197 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1198 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1199 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1200 1:00 - MET 1982
1201 1:00 EU MET%s
1203 # Greece
1204 # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1205 # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1206 # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1208 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1209 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1210 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1211 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1212 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1213 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1214 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1215 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1216 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1217 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1218 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1219 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1220 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1221 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1222 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1223 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1224 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1225 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1226 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1227 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1228 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1229 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1230 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1232 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1233 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1234 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1235 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1236 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1237 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1238 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1239 2:00 EU EET%s
1241 # Hungary
1242 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1243 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1244 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1245 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1246 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1247 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1248 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1249 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1250 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1251 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1252 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1253 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1254 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1255 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1256 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1257 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1258 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1259 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1260 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1261 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1262 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1264 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1265 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918
1266 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1267 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1268 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1269 1:00 EU MET%s
1271 # Iceland
1272 #
1273 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1274 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1275 #
1276 # (December 5, 1993):
1277 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1278 # Iceland Almanak.
1279 #
1280 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1281 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1282 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1283 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1284 #
1285 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1286 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1287 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1288 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1289 #
1290 # (December 10, 1993):
1291 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1292 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1293 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1294 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1295 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1296 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1297 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1298 # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1299 # in Iceland until 1700.
1300 #
1301 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1302 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1303 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1304 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1305 #
1306 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1307 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1308 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1309 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1310 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1311 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1312 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1313 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1314 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1315 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1316 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1317 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1318 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1319 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1320 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1321 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1322 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1323 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1324 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1325 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1326 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1327 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1328 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1329 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1330 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1331 0:00 - GMT
1333 # Italy
1334 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1335 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1336 # <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (see `FP' below),
1337 # taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute.
1338 # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1339 #
1340 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1341 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1342 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1343 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1344 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1345 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1346 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1347 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1348 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1349 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1350 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1351 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur)
1352 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1353 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1354 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1355 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1356 #
1357 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1358 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1359 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1360 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1361 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1362 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1363 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1364 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1365 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1366 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1367 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1368 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1369 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1370 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1371 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1372 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1373 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1374 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1375 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1376 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1377 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1378 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1379 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1380 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1381 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1382 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1383 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1384 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1385 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1386 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1387 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1388 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1389 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1390 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1391 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1392 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1393 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1395 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1396 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1397 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1398 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul
1399 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1400 1:00 EU MET%s
1402 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1403 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1405 # Latvia
1406 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1407 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1409 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1410 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1411 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1412 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1413 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1414 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1415 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1416 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1417 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1418 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1419 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1421 # Liechtenstein
1422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1423 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1424 1:00 - MET 1981
1425 1:00 EU MET%s
1427 # Lithuania
1428 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1429 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1430 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1431 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1432 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1433 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1434 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1435 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1436 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1437 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1438 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1439 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1440 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1441 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1443 # Luxembourg
1444 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1445 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1446 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1447 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1448 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1449 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1450 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1451 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1452 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1453 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1454 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1455 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1456 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1457 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1458 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1459 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1460 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1461 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1462 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1463 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1464 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1465 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1466 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1467 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1468 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1469 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1470 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1471 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1472 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1473 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1474 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1475 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1476 1:00 EU MET%s
1478 # Macedonia
1479 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1480 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1481 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1482 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1483 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1484 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1485 1:00 - MET 1983
1486 1:00 EU MET%s
1488 # Malta
1489 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1490 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1491 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1492 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1493 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1494 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1495 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1496 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1498 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1499 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1500 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1501 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1502 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1503 1:00 EU MET%s
1505 # Moldova
1506 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1507 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1508 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1509 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1510 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1511 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1512 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1513 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1515 # Monaco
1516 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1517 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1518 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1519 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1520 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1521 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1522 1:00 EU MET%s
1524 # Netherlands
1525 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1526 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1527 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1528 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1529 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1530 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1531 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1532 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1533 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1534 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1535 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1536 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1537 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1538 Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1539 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1540 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1542 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1543 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1544 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1545 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1546 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1547 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1548 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1549 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1550 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1551 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1552 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1553 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1555 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1556 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1557 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1558 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1559 1:00 EU MET%s
1561 # Norway
1562 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1563 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1564 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1565 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1566 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1567 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1568 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1569 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1570 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1571 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1572 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1573 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1574 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1575 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1576 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1577 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1578 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1579 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1580 1:00 EU MET%s
1581 # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1582 #
1583 # From Whitman:
1584 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1585 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1587 # Poland
1588 # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1589 # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1590 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1591 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1592 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1593 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1594 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1595 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1596 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1597 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1598 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1599 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1600 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1601 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1602 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1603 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1604 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1605 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1606 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1607 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1608 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1609 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1610 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1611 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1612 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1613 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1614 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1615 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1616 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1617 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1618 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1619 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1620 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1621 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1623 # Portugal
1624 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1625 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1626 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1627 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1628 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1629 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1630 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1631 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1632 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1633 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1634 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1635 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1636 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1637 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1639 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1640 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1641 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1642 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1643 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1644 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1645 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1646 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1647 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1648 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1649 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1650 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1651 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1652 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1653 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1654 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1655 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1656 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1657 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1658 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1659 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1660 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1661 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1662 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1663 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1664 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1665 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1666 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1667 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1668 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1669 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1670 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1671 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1672 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1673 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1674 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1675 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1676 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1677 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1678 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1679 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1680 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1681 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1682 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1683 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1684 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1685 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1686 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1687 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1688 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1689 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1690 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1691 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1692 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1693 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1694 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1695 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1696 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1697 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1698 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1699 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u
1700 0:00 EU WET%s
1701 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1702 # so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1703 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1704 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1705 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1706 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1707 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1708 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1709 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1710 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1711 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1712 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1713 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1714 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1715 0:00 EU WET%s
1717 # Romania
1718 # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1719 # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1720 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1721 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1722 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1723 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1724 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1725 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1726 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1727 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1728 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1729 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1730 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1731 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1732 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1733 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1735 # Russia
1736 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1737 # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1738 # are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1739 # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1740 # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1741 # The rest is from Shanks.
1742 #
1743 # From Shanks (1991):
1744 # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1745 # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1746 # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1747 # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1748 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1749 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1750 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1751 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1752 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1753 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1754 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1755 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1756 3:00 Russia MS%s
1757 Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1758 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1759 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1760 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1761 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1762 4:00 Russia KS%s
1763 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1764 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1765 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1766 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1767 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1768 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1769 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1770 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1771 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1772 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1773 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1774 6:00 Russia OS%s
1775 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1776 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1777 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1778 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1779 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1780 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1781 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1782 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1783 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1784 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1785 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1786 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1787 6:00 Russia NS%s
1788 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1789 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1790 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1791 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1792 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1793 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1794 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1795 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1796 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1797 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1798 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1799 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1800 8:00 Russia IS%s
1801 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1802 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1803 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1804 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1805 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1806 9:00 Russia YS%s
1807 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1808 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1809 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1810 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1811 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1812 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1813 10:00 Russia VS%s
1814 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1815 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar
1816 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1817 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1818 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1819 11:00 Russia MS%s
1820 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1821 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1822 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1823 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1824 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1825 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1826 12:00 Russia PS%s
1827 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1828 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1829 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1830 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1831 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1832 13:00 Russia AS%s
1834 # Slovakia
1835 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1837 # Slovenia
1838 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1839 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1840 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1841 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1842 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1843 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1844 1:00 - MET 1983
1845 1:00 EU MET%s
1847 # Spain
1848 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1849 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1850 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1851 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1852 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1853 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1854 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1855 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1856 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1857 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1858 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1859 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1860 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1862 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1863 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1864 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1865 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1866 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1867 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1868 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1869 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1870 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1871 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1872 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1873 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1874 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1875 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1876 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1877 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1878 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1879 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1880 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1881 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1882 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1883 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1884 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1885 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1887 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1888 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1889 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1890 1:00 EU MET%s
1891 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1892 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1893 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1894 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1895 0:00 EU WET%s
1897 # Sweden
1898 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1899 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1900 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1901 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1902 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1903 1:00 - MET 1980
1904 1:00 EU MET%s
1906 # Switzerland
1907 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
1908 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1909 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1910 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1911 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1912 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1913 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1914 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1915 # From Shanks (1991):
1916 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1917 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1918 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1919 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1920 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1921 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
1922 1:00 EU MET%s
1924 # Turkey
1925 # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1926 # Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1927 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1928 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1929 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1930 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1931 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1932 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1933 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1934 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1935 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1936 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1937 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1938 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1939 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1940 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1941 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1942 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1943 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1944 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1945 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1946 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1947 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1948 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1949 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1950 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1951 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1952 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1953 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1954 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1955 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1956 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1957 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1958 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1959 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1960 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1961 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1962 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1963 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1964 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1965 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1966 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1967 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1968 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1969 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1970 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1971 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1972 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1973 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1974 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1975 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1976 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1977 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1978 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1979 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1980 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1981 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1982 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1983 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1984 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1985 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1986 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1987 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1988 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1990 # Ukraine
1991 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1992 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1993 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
1994 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1995 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
1996 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1997 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1999 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2000 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2001 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2002 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2003 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
2004 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
2005 # This may change to `EU' soon.
2006 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2007 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2008 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
2009 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2010 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2011 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2012 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2013 # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
2014 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
2015 # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2016 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2017 3:00 Russia MS%s
2019 # Yugoslavia
2020 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
2021 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2022 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2023 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2024 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
2025 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2026 1:00 - MET 1983
2027 1:00 EU MET%s
2029 ###############################################################################
2031 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2032 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2033 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2034 #
2035 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2036 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2037 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2038 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2039 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2040 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2042 # ...
2043 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2044 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2045 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2046 # ...
2047 #
2048 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2049 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2050 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2051 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2052 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2053 # years...
2054 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2055 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2056 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2057 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2058 #
2059 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2060 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2061 #
2062 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2063 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2064 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2066 # ...
2067 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2068 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2069 # ...
2070 #
2071 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2072 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2073 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2074 #
2075 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2076 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2077 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2078 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2079 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2080 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2081 # dates...
2082 #
2083 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2084 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2085 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2086 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2087 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2088 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2089 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2090 # in advance of normal time.
2091 #
2092 # ...
2093 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2094 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2095 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2097 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2098 # ...
2099 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2100 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2101 # ...
2102 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2103 # ...
2105 # ...
2106 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2107 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2108 # ...
2109 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2110 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2111 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2112 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2113 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2114 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2115 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2116 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2117 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2118 #
2119 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2120 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2121 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.