1 @node Consistency Checking, Mathematics, Low-Level Terminal Interface, Top
2 @chapter Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
3 @cindex consistency checking
4 @cindex impossible events
7 When you're writing a program, it's often a good idea to put in checks
8 at strategic places for ``impossible'' errors or violations of basic
9 assumptions. These kinds of checks are helpful in debugging problems
10 with the interfaces between different parts of the program, for example.
13 The @code{assert} macro, defined in the header file @file{assert.h},
14 provides a convenient way to abort the program while printing some
15 debugging information about where in the program the error was detected.
18 Once you think your program is debugged, you can disable the error
19 checks performed by the @code{assert} macro by recompiling with the
20 macro @code{NDEBUG} defined. This means you don't actually have to
21 change the program source code to disable these checks.
23 But disabling these consistency checks is undesirable unless they make
24 the program significantly slower. All else being equal, more error
25 checking is good no matter who is running the program. A wise user
26 would rather have a program crash, visibly, than have it return nonsense
27 without indicating anything might be wrong.
31 @deftypefn Macro void assert (int @var{expression})
32 Verify the programmer's belief that @var{expression} should be nonzero
33 at a certain point in the program.
35 If @code{NDEBUG} is not defined, @code{assert} tests the value of
36 @var{expression}. If it is false (zero), @code{assert} aborts the
37 program (@pxref{Aborting a Program}) after printing a message of the
41 @file{@var{file}}:@var{linenum}: @var{function}: Assertion `@var{expression}' failed.
45 on the standard error stream @code{stderr} (@pxref{Standard Streams}).
46 The filename and line number are taken from the C preprocessor macros
47 @code{__FILE__} and @code{__LINE__} and specify where the call to
48 @code{assert} was written. When using the GNU C compiler, the name of
49 the function which calls @code{assert} is taken from the built-in
50 variable @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__}; with older compilers, the function
51 name and following colon are omitted.
53 If the preprocessor macro @code{NDEBUG} is defined before
54 @file{assert.h} is included, the @code{assert} macro is defined to do
55 absolutely nothing. Even the argument expression @var{expression} is
56 not evaluated, so you should avoid calling @code{assert} with arguments
57 that involve side effects.
59 For example, @code{assert (++i > 0);} is a bad idea, because @code{i}
60 will not be incremented if @code{NDEBUG} is defined.
63 Sometimes the ``impossible'' condition you want to check for is an error
64 return from an operating system function. Then it is useful to display
65 not only where the program crashes, but also what error was returned.
66 The @code{assert_perror} macro makes this easy.
70 @deftypefn Macro void assert_perror (int @var{errnum})
71 Similar to @code{assert}, but verifies that @var{errnum} is zero.
73 If @code{NDEBUG} is defined, @code{assert_perror} tests the value of
74 @var{errnum}. If it is nonzero, @code{assert_perror} aborts the program
75 after a printing a message of the form:
78 @file{@var{file}}:@var{linenum}: @var{function}: @var{error text}
82 on the standard error stream. The file name, line number, and function
83 name are as for @code{assert}. The error text is the result of
84 @w{@code{strerror (@var{errnum})}}. @xref{Error Messages}.
86 Like @code{assert}, if @code{NDEBUG} is defined before @file{assert.h}
87 is included, the @code{assert_perror} macro does absolutely nothing. It
88 does not evaluate the argument, so @var{errnum} should not have any side
89 effects. It is best for @var{errnum} to be a just simple variable
90 reference; often it will be @code{errno}.
92 This macro is a GNU extension.
95 @strong{Usage note:} The @code{assert} facility is designed for
96 detecting @emph{internal inconsistency}; it is not suitable for
97 reporting invalid input or improper usage.
99 The information in the diagnostic messages provided by the @code{assert}
100 macro is intended to to help you, the programmer, track down the cause
101 of a bug, but is not really useful in telling a user of your program why
102 his or her input was invalid or why a command could not be carried out.
103 So you can't use @code{assert} to print the error messages for these
106 What's more, your program should not abort when given invalid input, as
107 @code{assert} would do---it should exit with nonzero status after
108 printing its error messages, or perhaps read another command or move
109 on to the next input file.
111 @xref{Error Messages}, for information on printing error messages for
112 problems that @emph{do not} represent bugs in the program.