1 README for the glibc Python pretty printers
2 ===========================================
4 Pretty printers are gdb extensions that allow it to print useful, human-readable
5 information about a program's variables. For example, for a pthread_mutex_t
6 gdb would usually output something like this:
23 __size = "\000\000P\001", '\000' <repeats 12 times>, "@\002", '\000' <repeats 21 times>,
27 However, with a pretty printer gdb will output something like this:
30 $1 = pthread_mutex_t = {
32 Status = Not acquired,
35 Protocol = Priority protect,
39 Before printing a value, gdb will first check if there's a pretty printer
40 registered for it. If there is, it'll use it, otherwise it'll print the value
41 as usual. Pretty printers can be registered in various ways; for our purposes
42 we register them for the current objfile by calling
43 gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer().
45 Currently our printers are based on gdb.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter, which
46 means they'll be triggered if the type of the variable we're printing matches
47 a given regular expression. For example, MutexPrinter will be triggered if
48 our variable's type matches the regexp '^pthread_mutex_t$'.
50 Besides the printers themselves, each module may have a constants file which the
51 printers will import. These constants are generated from C headers during the
52 build process, and need to be in the Python search path when loading the
56 Installing and loading
57 ----------------------
59 The pretty printers and their constant files may be installed in different paths
60 for each distro, though gdb should be able to automatically load them by itself.
61 When in doubt, you can use the 'info pretty-printer' gdb command to list the
62 loaded pretty printers.
64 If the printers aren't automatically loaded for some reason, you should add the
65 following to your .gdbinit:
69 sys.path.insert(0, '/path/to/constants/file/directory')
72 source /path/to/printers.py
74 If you're building glibc manually, '/path/to/constants/file/directory' should be
75 '/path/to/glibc-build/submodule', where 'submodule' is e.g. nptl.
81 The pretty printers come with a small test suite based on PExpect, which is a
82 Python module with Expect-like features for spawning and controlling interactive
83 programs. Each printer has a corresponding C program and a Python script
84 that uses PExpect to drive gdb through the program and compare its output to
85 the expected printer's.
87 The tests run on the glibc host, which is assumed to have both gdb and PExpect;
88 if any of those is absent the tests will fail with code 77 (UNSUPPORTED).
89 Native builds can be tested simply by doing 'make check'; cross builds must use
90 cross-test-ssh.sh as test-wrapper, like this:
92 make test-wrapper='/path/to/scripts/cross-test-ssh.sh user@host' check
94 (Remember to share the build system's filesystem with the glibc host's through
95 NFS or something similar).
97 Running 'make check' on a cross build will only compile the test programs,
98 without running the scripts.
101 Adding new pretty printers
102 --------------------------
104 Adding new pretty printers to glibc requires following these steps:
106 1. Identify which constants must be generated from C headers, and write the
107 corresponding .pysym file. See scripts/gen-as-const.py for more information
108 on how this works. The name of the .pysym file must be added to the
109 'gen-py-const-headers' variable in your submodule's Makefile (without the .pysym
112 2. Write the pretty printer code itself. For this you can follow the gdb
113 Python API documentation, and use the existing printers as examples. The printer
114 code must import the generated constants file (which will have the same name
115 as your .pysym file). The names of the pretty printer files must be added
116 to the 'pretty-printers' variable in your submodule's Makefile (without the .py
119 3. Write the unit tests for your pretty printers. The build system calls each
120 test script passing it the paths to the test program source, the test program
121 binary, and the printer files you added to 'pretty-printers' in the previous
122 step. The test scripts, in turn, must import scripts/test_printers_common
123 and call the init_test function passing it, among other things, the name of the
124 set of pretty printers to enable (as seen by running 'info pretty-printer').
125 You can use the existing unit tests as examples.
127 4. Add the names of the pretty printer tests to the 'tests-printers' variable
128 in your submodule's Makefile (without extensions). In addition, for each test
129 program you must define a corresponding CFLAGS-* and CPPFLAGS-* variable and
130 set it to $(CFLAGS-printers-tests) to ensure they're compiled correctly. For
131 example, test-foo-printer.c requires the following:
133 CFLAGS-test-foo-printer.c := $(CFLAGS-printers-tests)
134 CPPFLAGS-test-foo-printer.c := $(CFLAGS-printers-tests)
136 Finally, if your programs need to be linked with a specific library, you can add
137 its name to the 'tests-printers-libs' variable in your submodule's Makefile.
143 * Pretty printers are inherently coupled to the code they're targeting, thus
144 any changes to the target code must also update the corresponding printers.
145 On the plus side, the printer code itself may serve as a kind of documentation
148 * There's no guarantee that the information the pretty printers provide is
149 complete, i.e. some details might be left off. For example, the pthread_mutex_t
150 printers won't report whether a thread is spin-waiting in an attempt to acquire
153 * Older versions of the gdb Python API have a bug where
154 gdb.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter would not be able to get a value's real type
155 if it was typedef'd. This would cause gdb to ignore the pretty printers for
156 types like pthread_mutex_t, which is defined as:
163 This was fixed in commit 1b588015839caafc608a6944a78aea170f5fb2f6, and released
164 as part of gdb 7.8. However, typedef'ing an already typedef'd type may cause
165 a similar issue, e.g.:
167 typedef pthread_mutex_t mutex;
170 Here, trying to print a_mutex won't trigger the pthread_mutex_t printer.
172 * The test programs must be compiled without optimizations. This is necessary
173 because the test scripts rely on the C code structure being preserved when
174 stepping through the programs. Things like aggressive instruction reordering
175 or optimizing variables out may make this kind of testing impossible.