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[glibc.git] / timezone / europe

# @(#)europe    7.66

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
#       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
#       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
#       which I found in the UCLA library.
#
#       Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
#       <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
#       History of Summer Time
#       </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)

#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#               std dst
#               LMT     Local Mean Time
#       -4:00   AST     Atlantic
#       -3:00   WGT WGST Western Greenland*
#       -1:00   EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
#        0:00   GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
#        0:00   GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
#        0:00   WET WEST Western Europe
#        1:00   CET CEST Central Europe
#        2:00   EET EEST Eastern Europe
#        3:00   MSK MSD Moscow
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
#
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST'; let's assume this is a typo.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
#
# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
# volumes.
#
# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
#
# Some definitions:
#
# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
# Ireland (since 1922)
# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
#
# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
# or the Channel Islands.
#
# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
# check these documents again.
#
# ---
#
# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
#
# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
# various forms of local mean time.
#
# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
#
# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
#
# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
#
# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
# to the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
#
# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
# of the then current war.
#
# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
#
# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
# would have been:
# Dublin        London
# 02:34:38 IST  02:59:59 BST
# 02:34:39 IST  02:00:00 GMT
# 02:59:59 IST  02:25:20 GMT
# 02:25:21 GMT  02:25:21 GMT
# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
#
# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
#
# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
#   (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
#
# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
#
# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
#
# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
#
# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
#
# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
#
# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
#
# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
#
# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
# 31 December 1924.
#
# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
#
# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
# 31 December 1925.
#
# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
#
# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
# accordingly.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
#
# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
#
# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
#
# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
#
# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
#
# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
#
# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
# (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
#
# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
#
# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
#
# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
# unusual start on a Monday:
#
#  `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
#   Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
#   regarding double summer time.
#
#   [two other similar questions omitted]
#
#   Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
#   considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
#   double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
#   maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
#   when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
#   double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
#   Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
#   Monday, 2nd April.'
#
# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
#
# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
#
# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
# not continued after 1947.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
#
# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
#
# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
#
# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
#
# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
#
# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
#
# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
#
# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
#
# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
#
# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
#
# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
#
# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
#
# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
#
# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
#   1965: 21 March to 24 October
#   1966: 20 March to 23 October
#   1967: 19 March to 29 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
#
# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
#
# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
#
# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
#
# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
# summer time in 1968.
#
# - The Manx Time Act 1968
#
# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
#
# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
#
# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
#
# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
#
# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
#
# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
#
# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
# time. The dates:
#   1981: 29 March
#   1982: 28 March
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
#
# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
#   1981: 29 March to 25 October
#   1982: 28 March to 24 October
#
# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
#   (82/399/EEC)
#
# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
#   1983: 25 September or 23 October
#   1984: 30 September or 28 october
#   1985: 29 September or 27 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
#
# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
#   1983: 27 March to 23 October
#   1984: 25 March to 28 october
#   1985: 31 March to 27 October
#
# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
#   (84/634/EEC)
#
# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
#   1986: 28 September or 26 October
#   1987: 27 September or 25 October
#   1988: 25 September or 23 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
#
# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
#   1986: 30 March to 26 October
#   1987: 29 March to 25 October
#   1988: 27 March to 23 October
#
# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
#   on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
#
# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
# without any change to the dates themselves.
#
# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
#   (88/14/EEC)
#
# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
#   1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
#
# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
#
# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
#   (89/47/EEC)
#
# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
# in October) and specific dates:
#   1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
#   1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
#   1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
#
# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
#
# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
#   arrangements
#
# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
#   1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
#   1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
#
# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
#
# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
#   of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
#
# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
#   1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
#   1996: 31 March to 27 October
#   1997: 30 March to 26 October
#
# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
#
# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
# on the subject.
#
# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
#   of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
#
# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
#   1998: 29 March to 25 October
#   1999: 28 March to 31 October
#   2000: 26 March to 29 October
#   2001: 25 March to 28 October
#
# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# </a>
#
# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
# I today found the 1916 summer time orders for the Channel Islands in
# the Public Record Office (HO 45/10811/312364)....  Alderney,
# Jersey and Guernsey all enacted summer time for 1916 (and the
# enactment for the Isle of Man is already noted).  This doesn't
# complete the resolution of timekeeping in the Channel Islands, since
# 1917-1921 need to be resolved for the Channel Islands, and it isn't
# clear whether the islands were using GMT or local time then.  The
# changes in Alderney and Guernsey were at the same 2am GMT time as
# for Great Britain; the order for Jersey is more interesting.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-22):
# Mark Brader kindly translated the 1916 Jersey order from the French.
# It says that the 1916 transitions were 05-20 and 09-30 at midnight.
# No doubt this was 24:00, two or three hours earlier than Great Britain.
# It also says that after 1916 they'll sync with Great Britain.

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-28):
# I have the 1918 orders for Guernsey, Alderney (both changing on same
# dates as UK, 2am GMT) and Sark (same dates; start and end at 2am,
# start "temps de Greenwich" (not specified as "temps moyen de
# Greenwich" which was used in the other orders) and end in an
# unspecified zone).  For Jersey the same file (Public Record Office: HO
# 45/10892/357138) includes letters to the effect that in 1918 and 1919
# the States of Jersey agreed the same start and end dates as the UK
# (times unspecified, and it was the 1916 Jersey order that specified
# change at midnight of an unspecified zone).

# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
# </a>.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
#
# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
#       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#       to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#       conform with Great Britain.
# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
#
# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
#
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
# and Frethun run in CT.
# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16 2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     Sun>=16 2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     Sun>=23 2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9  1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16 1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     Sun>=9  1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    1946    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Oct     31      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Oct     30      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Apr     Sun>=14 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21 2:00s   0       GMT
# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule    GB-Eire 1953    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19 2:00s   1:00    BST
# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#       (no summer time)
# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23 1:00u   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22 1:00u   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Dec  1
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/BST
Zone    Europe/Belfast  -0:23:40 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
                        -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/BST
Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:21 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
                        -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 2:00s
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6 2:00
                         0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16 2:00
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2 2:00
                         0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18 2:00
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/IST

###############################################################################

# Continental Europe

# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
# Common Market, etc.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST     # Moscow Summer Time
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT     # Moscow Mean Time
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST    # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    MST
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       -
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
Rule    Russia  1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Russia  1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
#
Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat  23:00  1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat  23:00  0       -
Rule    Russia  1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Russia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
#       Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
#       Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
#       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
#       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
#       Postfach 3345
#       D-38023 Braunschweig
#       phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
#       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
#       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
# The following transition is from Shanks.
                        1:00    Albania CE%sT   1984 Jul
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
                        0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
                        1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31 2:00
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Austria
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:20 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Jun 16 3:00
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1 2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Belarus
# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:50    -       MMT     1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul  3
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
                        3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    -       EET     1992 Mar 29 0:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1992 Sep 27 0:00s
                        2:00    Russia  EE%sT

# Belgium
#
# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
#       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
#       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
#       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
#       pp 8-9.
# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
#       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
# 
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Belgium 1918    only    -       Mar      9       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1918    1919    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1922    1927    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1928    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 -       LMT     1880
                        0:17:30 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
                        0:00    -       WET     1914 Nov  8
                        1:00    -       CET     1916 May  1  0:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Nov 11 11:00u
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 20  2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep  3
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# see Yugoslavia

# Bulgaria
#
# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat<=7  23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
                        2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  3:00
                        2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
                        2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  2:00
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Croatia
# see Yugosloavia

# Czech Republic
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1947    only    -       Apr     20      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
                        0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 17 2:00s
                        1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
                         0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe    -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Torshavn
                         0:00   -       WET     1981
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Thule   1993    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Thule   1993    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
                        -2:00   -       CGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
                        -2:00   C-Eur   CG%sT   1981 Mar 29
                        -1:00   EU      EG%sT
Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
                        -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
                        -3:00   EU      WG%sT
Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
                        -4:00   Thule   A%sT

# Estonia
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring.''

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
# </a>
# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
#
# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).

# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
# after that. 

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998 Sep 22
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2000
                        2:00    -       EET

# Finland
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
# Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 -       LMT     1878 May 31
                        1:39:52 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
                        2:00    Finland EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# France
#
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks.
Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     26       1:00   0       -
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15  0:01
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Germany

# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
#
#       <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
#       Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
#       </a>

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only.  Guess 3:00 transition times.
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       May     31      3:00    2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Sep     23      3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
# go with Shanks.
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    M
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr 2 2:00
                        1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Gibraltar
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14 2:00
                        1:00    -       CET     1982
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
                        1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
                        1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
                        # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
                        # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Hungary
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     29       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Sep     15       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Apr      5       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Sep     30       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      3       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   1:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  6  2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  1 23:00
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (1993-12-10):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Iceland 1917    1918    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1918    only    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Nov     29       2:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Nov      3       2:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Mar      2       1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Nov      2       1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Mar      8       1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Oct     25       1:00s  0       -
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1943    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 -      LMT     1837
                        -1:27:48 -      RMT     1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
                        -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr 7 1:00s
                         0:00   -       GMT

# Italy
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
# </a>
# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
#
# year  FP      Shanks (S)      Whitman (W)     Go with:
# 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W
#       09-30   09-30 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1917  04-01   03-31 24:00     03-31 00:00     FP & S
#       09-30   09-29 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP & W
# 1918  03-09   03-09 24:00     03-09 00:00     FP & S
#       10-06   10-05 24:00     10-06 01:00     FP & W
# 1919  03-01   03-01 24:00     03-01 00:00     FP & S
#       10-04   10-04 24:00     10-04 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1920  03-20   03-20 24:00     03-20 00:00     FP & S
#       09-18   09-18 24:00     10-01 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1944  04-02   04-03 02:00                     S (see C-Eur)
#       09-16   10-02 03:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1945  09-14   09-16 24:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1970  05-21   05-31 00:00                     S
#       09-20   09-27 00:00                     S
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Apr      1      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar     10      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1918    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      2      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     21      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     19      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     15      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1966    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
                        0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Nov        # Rome Mean Time
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia

# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):

# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
#
# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
#
# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
#
# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
#
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:24 -       LMT     1880
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1926 May 11
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
                        2:00    Latvia  EE%sT   1997 Jan 21
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Liechtenstein
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vaduz    0:38:04 -       LMT     1894 Jun
                        1:00    -       CET     1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Lithuania

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.

# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
# to be valid here starting from October 31,
# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
# already done by Estonia. 

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
                        1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
                        2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998
                        2:00    -       EET     1998 Mar 29 1:00u
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT   1999 Oct 31 1:00u
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
                        1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
                        0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6 2:00s
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14 3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18 3:00
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Macedonia
# see Yugoslavia

# Malta
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00    0       -
Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2     # Valletta
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
                        1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Moldova
# see commentary for Romania
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16 3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Shanks gives 1916 Apr 30 24:00 and 1916 Oct 1 00:00; go with Whitman.
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      2:00s   1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      2      2:00s   0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1  2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     Mon>=24 2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun      1      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    NST
# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun      5      2:00s   1:00    NST
# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       -
# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       May     20      2:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:28 -       LMT     1892 May
                        0:19:28 Neth    %s      1937 Jul
                        0:20    Neth    NE%sT   1940 May 16 0:40
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                        1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Norway
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15 2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
# From Whitman:
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00   -       EGT

# Poland
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1947    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1  1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     Sun>=25 1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16 3:00
                        2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23 2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977 Apr  3 1:00
                        1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1999
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
# </a>
# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
# Stick with W-Eur for now.
#
# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
# worth further discussion.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details.  Assume they switched to
# EU rules in 1999.
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Portugal
#
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
# Go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24 23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    M
Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25 22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21 22:00s  2:00    M
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:32 -      LMT     1884
                        -0:36:32 -      LMT     1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3 2:00
                         1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26 1:00
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                         0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27 1:00s
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31 1:00u
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884            # Ponta Delgada
                        -1:55   -       HMT     1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
                        -2:00   Port    AZO%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
                        -1:00   Port    AZO%sT  1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                        -1:00   W-Eur   AZO%sT  1992 Sep 27 1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28 1:00u
                        -1:00   EU      AZO%sT
Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884            # Funchal
                        -1:08   -       FMT     1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
                        -1:00   Port    MAD%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT

# Romania
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
# the same year as Bulgaria.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1   0:00s  0       -
Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
                        1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24     # Bucharest MT
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Russia

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                         2:00   Poland  CET     1946
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         2:00   1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         2:00   -       EET     1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1994
# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
                         2:00   Russia  EE%sT
Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:20 -      LMT     1880
                         2:30:20 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
                         2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         2:00   1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         2:00   -       EET     1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD
Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         3:00   -       KUYT    1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
                         4:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         3:00   1:00    KUYST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         3:00   -       SAMT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
                         4:00   Russia  SAM%sT
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:34 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         4:00   -       SVET    1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
                         5:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         4:00   1:00    SVEST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         4:00   -       SVET    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         5:00   Russia  YEK%sT  # Yekaterinburg Time
Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         5:00   -       OMST    1957 Mar # Omsk Time
                         6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         5:00   1:00    OMSST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         5:00   -       OMST    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  OMS%sT
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         6:00   -       NOVT    1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
                         7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    NOVST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         6:00   -       NOVT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1994 Mar 27 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    NOVST   1994 Sep 25 2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  NOV%sT
Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:20 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         6:00   -       KRAT    1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
                         7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    KRAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         6:00   -       KRAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  KRA%sT
Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:20 -      LMT     1880
                         6:57:20 -      IMT     1924 May  2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
                         7:00   -       IRKT    1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
                         8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         7:00   1:00    IRKST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         7:00   -       IRKT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  IRK%sT
Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:40 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         8:00   -       YAKT    1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         8:00   1:00    YAKST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         8:00   -       YAKT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT
Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:44 -      LMT     1880
                         8:47:44 -      VMT     1924 May  2 # Vladivostok MT
                         9:00   -       VLAT    1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
                        10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         9:00   1:00    VLAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         9:00   -       VLAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  VLA%sT
Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        10:00   -       MAGT    1957 Mar # Magadan Time
                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        10:00   1:00    MAGST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        10:00   -       MAGT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        11:00   -       PETT    1957 Mar # P-K Time
                        12:00   Russia  PET%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        11:00   1:00    PETST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        11:00   -       PETT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        12:00   Russia  PET%sT
Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        12:00   -       ANAT    1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
                        13:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        12:00   1:00    ANAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        12:00   -       ANAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        13:00   Russia  ANA%sT

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# see Yugoslavia

# Spain
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1917    only    -       May      5      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1917    1919    -       Oct      6      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       May     22      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1937    1939    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Mar     22      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1940    only    -       Mar     16      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13 22:00s  2:00    M
Rule    Spain   1943    only    -       Oct      3      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1944    only    -       Oct     10      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1945    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1946    only    -       Sep     30       0:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=13 23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1   1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1977    1978    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1901
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1946 Sep 30
                         1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1901
                         0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
                         0:00   -       WET     1924
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
                         0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
                         1:00   -       CET     1986
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
                        -1:00   -       CANT    1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
                         0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6 0:00s
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28 0:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1878 May 31
                        1:12:12 -       SMT     1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
                        1:00    -       CET     1916 Apr 14 23:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Sep 30 23:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Switzerland
# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
# From Shanks:
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
                        0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
                        1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Turkey
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1  3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
                        3:00    Turkey  TR%sT   1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1986
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Ukraine 1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    UST     # Ukrainian Summer Time
Rule    Ukraine 1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       KMT     # Kiev Mean Time
Rule    Ukraine 1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    UDST    # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
Rule    Ukraine 1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    UDST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       KMT
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Mar     21      23:00   2:00    UDST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       KMT
Rule    Crimea  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    CST     # Crimean Summer Time
Rule    Crimea  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       NMT     # Nikolayev Mean Time
Rule    Crimea  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    CDST    # Crimean Double Summer Time
Rule    Crimea  1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    CDST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       NMT
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Mar     21      23:00   2:00    CDST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       NMT
Rule    Crimea  1996    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00u  1:00    -
Rule    Crimea  1996    only    -       Oct     lastSun  0:00u  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
                        2:02:04 Ukraine %s      1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1996
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
Zone Europe/Simferopol  2:16:24 -       LMT     1880
                        2:08:00 Crimea  %s      1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1994 Feb
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
                        3:00    E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
                        3:00    Crimea  MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Yugoslavia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
                        1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje      # Macedonia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb      # Croatia

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...