string/strchr.c

   1 /* Copyright (C) 1991,1993-1997,1999,2000,2003,2006
   2    Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   3    This file is part of the GNU C Library.
   4    Based on strlen implementation by Torbjorn Granlund (tege@sics.se),
   5    with help from Dan Sahlin (dan@sics.se) and
   6    bug fix and commentary by Jim Blandy (jimb@ai.mit.edu);
   7    adaptation to strchr suggested by Dick Karpinski (dick@cca.ucsf.edu),
   8    and implemented by Roland McGrath (roland@ai.mit.edu).
   9
  10    The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  11    modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
  12    License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  13    version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  14
  15    The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  16    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  17    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  18    Lesser General Public License for more details.
  19
  20    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
  21    License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
  22    <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
  23
  24 #include <string.h>
  25 #include <memcopy.h>
  26 #include <stdlib.h>
  27
  28 #undef strchr
  29
  30 /* Find the first occurrence of C in S.  */
  31 char *
  32 strchr (s, c_in)
  33      const char *s;
  34      int c_in;
  35 {
  36   const unsigned char *char_ptr;
  37   const unsigned long int *longword_ptr;
  38   unsigned long int longword, magic_bits, charmask;
  39   unsigned char c;
  40
  41   c = (unsigned char) c_in;
  42
  43   /* Handle the first few characters by reading one character at a time.
  44      Do this until CHAR_PTR is aligned on a longword boundary.  */
  45   for (char_ptr = (const unsigned char *) s;
  46        ((unsigned long int) char_ptr & (sizeof (longword) - 1)) != 0;
  47        ++char_ptr)
  48     if (*char_ptr == c)
  49       return (void *) char_ptr;
  50     else if (*char_ptr == '\0')
  51       return NULL;
  52
  53   /* All these elucidatory comments refer to 4-byte longwords,
  54      but the theory applies equally well to 8-byte longwords.  */
  55
  56   longword_ptr = (unsigned long int *) char_ptr;
  57
  58   /* Bits 31, 24, 16, and 8 of this number are zero.  Call these bits
  59      the "holes."  Note that there is a hole just to the left of
  60      each byte, with an extra at the end:
  61
  62      bits:  01111110 11111110 11111110 11111111
  63      bytes: AAAAAAAA BBBBBBBB CCCCCCCC DDDDDDDD
  64
  65      The 1-bits make sure that carries propagate to the next 0-bit.
  66      The 0-bits provide holes for carries to fall into.  */
  67   switch (sizeof (longword))
  68     {
  69     case 4: magic_bits = 0x7efefeffL; break;
  70     case 8: magic_bits = ((0x7efefefeL << 16) << 16) | 0xfefefeffL; break;
  71     default:
  72       abort ();
  73     }
  74
  75   /* Set up a longword, each of whose bytes is C.  */
  76   charmask = c | (c << 8);
  77   charmask |= charmask << 16;
  78   if (sizeof (longword) > 4)
  79     /* Do the shift in two steps to avoid a warning if long has 32 bits.  */
  80     charmask |= (charmask << 16) << 16;
  81   if (sizeof (longword) > 8)
  82     abort ();
  83
  84   /* Instead of the traditional loop which tests each character,
  85      we will test a longword at a time.  The tricky part is testing
  86      if *any of the four* bytes in the longword in question are zero.  */
  87   for (;;)
  88     {
  89       /* We tentatively exit the loop if adding MAGIC_BITS to
  90          LONGWORD fails to change any of the hole bits of LONGWORD.
  91
  92          1) Is this safe?  Will it catch all the zero bytes?
  93          Suppose there is a byte with all zeros.  Any carry bits
  94          propagating from its left will fall into the hole at its
  95          least significant bit and stop.  Since there will be no
  96          carry from its most significant bit, the LSB of the
  97          byte to the left will be unchanged, and the zero will be
  98          detected.
  99
 100          2) Is this worthwhile?  Will it ignore everything except
 101          zero bytes?  Suppose every byte of LONGWORD has a bit set
 102          somewhere.  There will be a carry into bit 8.  If bit 8
 103          is set, this will carry into bit 16.  If bit 8 is clear,
 104          one of bits 9-15 must be set, so there will be a carry
 105          into bit 16.  Similarly, there will be a carry into bit
 106          24.  If one of bits 24-30 is set, there will be a carry
 107          into bit 31, so all of the hole bits will be changed.
 108
 109          The one misfire occurs when bits 24-30 are clear and bit
 110          31 is set; in this case, the hole at bit 31 is not
 111          changed.  If we had access to the processor carry flag,
 112          we could close this loophole by putting the fourth hole
 113          at bit 32!
 114
 115          So it ignores everything except 128's, when they're aligned
 116          properly.
 117
 118          3) But wait!  Aren't we looking for C as well as zero?
 119          Good point.  So what we do is XOR LONGWORD with a longword,
 120          each of whose bytes is C.  This turns each byte that is C
 121          into a zero.  */
 122
 123       longword = *longword_ptr++;
 124
 125       /* Add MAGIC_BITS to LONGWORD.  */
 126       if ((((longword + magic_bits)
 127
 128             /* Set those bits that were unchanged by the addition.  */
 129             ^ ~longword)
 130
 131            /* Look at only the hole bits.  If any of the hole bits
 132               are unchanged, most likely one of the bytes was a
 133               zero.  */
 134            & ~magic_bits) != 0 ||
 135
 136           /* That caught zeroes.  Now test for C.  */
 137           ((((longword ^ charmask) + magic_bits) ^ ~(longword ^ charmask))
 138            & ~magic_bits) != 0)
 139         {
 140           /* Which of the bytes was C or zero?
 141              If none of them were, it was a misfire; continue the search.  */
 142
 143           const unsigned char *cp = (const unsigned char *) (longword_ptr - 1);
 144
 145           if (*cp == c)
 146             return (char *) cp;
 147           else if (*cp == '\0')
 148             return NULL;
 149           if (*++cp == c)
 150             return (char *) cp;
 151           else if (*cp == '\0')
 152             return NULL;
 153           if (*++cp == c)
 154             return (char *) cp;
 155           else if (*cp == '\0')
 156             return NULL;
 157           if (*++cp == c)
 158             return (char *) cp;
 159           else if (*cp == '\0')
 160             return NULL;
 161           if (sizeof (longword) > 4)
 162             {
 163               if (*++cp == c)
 164                 return (char *) cp;
 165               else if (*cp == '\0')
 166                 return NULL;
 167               if (*++cp == c)
 168                 return (char *) cp;
 169               else if (*cp == '\0')
 170                 return NULL;
 171               if (*++cp == c)
 172                 return (char *) cp;
 173               else if (*cp == '\0')
 174                 return NULL;
 175               if (*++cp == c)
 176                 return (char *) cp;
 177               else if (*cp == '\0')
 178                 return NULL;
 179             }
 180         }
 181     }
 182
 183   return NULL;
 184 }
 185
 186 #ifdef weak_alias
 187 #undef index
 188 weak_alias (strchr, index)
 189 #endif
 190 libc_hidden_builtin_def (strchr)