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1 # @(#)europe 7.37
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12 #
13 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15 # I found in the UCLA library.
16 #
17 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19 # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome!
20 # std dst
21 # LMT Local Mean Time
22 # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
23 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
24 # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland*
25 # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland*
26 # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland*
27 # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries*
28 # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)*
29 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
30 # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe
31 # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe
32 # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe
33 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
34 # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)*
35 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)*
36 # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)*
37 # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)*
38 # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00)
39 # 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00)
40 # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)*
41 # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)*
42 # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)*
43 # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)*
44 # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)*
45 # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)*
46 #
47 # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
48 #
49 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
50 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
51 # Oxford University Press (1980).
53 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
54 # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
56 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
57 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
58 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
63 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
64 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
65 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
66 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
67 # ...
68 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
69 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
70 # ...
71 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
72 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
73 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
74 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75 # in the Directive.
77 ###############################################################################
79 # United Kingdom
81 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
82 #
83 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
84 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
85 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86 # of the text said:
87 #
88 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
89 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
90 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
91 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
92 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
93 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
94 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95 #
96 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
97 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
98 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99 #
100 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
102 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
103 #
104 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
105 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
106 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
107 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
108 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
109 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
110 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
111 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
112 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
113 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
114 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
115 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
117 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
123 #
124 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
126 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
128 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
129 #
130 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
131 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
133 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
134 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
135 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
136 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
137 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
139 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
140 #
141 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
142 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
143 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
144 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
145 # and 1994 are:
146 # Start End
147 # 1993 28 March 24 October
148 # 1994 27 March 23 October
149 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
150 #
151 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
152 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
153 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
154 #
155 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
156 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
157 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
158 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
159 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
160 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
161 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
162 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
163 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
164 # to specify the EC specified dates.
166 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
167 #
168 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
169 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
170 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
171 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
172 #
173 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
174 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
175 # regarding double summer time.
176 #
177 # [two other similar questions omitted]
178 #
179 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
180 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
181 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
182 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
183 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
184 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
185 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
186 # Monday, 2nd April.'
188 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
189 #
190 # > # Current rules
191 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
192 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
193 #
194 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
195 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
196 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
197 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
198 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
199 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
200 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
201 # what will happen.
202 #
203 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
204 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
205 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
206 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
207 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
208 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
209 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
210 # be the end of it.
212 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
213 #
214 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
215 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
216 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
217 # summer months'.
218 #
219 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
220 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
221 #
222 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
223 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
224 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
225 #
226 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
227 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
228 #
229 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
230 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
231 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
232 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
233 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
234 #
235 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
236 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
237 #
238 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
239 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
240 # was different.
241 #
242 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
243 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
245 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
246 #
247 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
248 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
249 #
250 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
251 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
252 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
253 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
254 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
255 # sequence would have been:
256 # Dublin London
257 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
258 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
259 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
260 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
261 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
262 #
263 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
264 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
265 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
266 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
268 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
269 #
270 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
271 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
272 # ever since it first started in 1916.
273 #
274 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
275 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
276 #
277 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
278 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
279 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
280 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
281 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
282 # except for wartime double summer time.
283 #
284 # As evidence I would cite:
285 #
286 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
287 #
288 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
289 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
290 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
291 #
292 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
293 #
294 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
295 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
296 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
297 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
298 #
299 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
300 #
301 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
302 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
303 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
304 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
305 # so approved.
306 #
307 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
308 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
309 #
310 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
311 #
312 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
313 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
314 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
315 #
316 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
317 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
318 #
319 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
320 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
321 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
322 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
323 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
324 #
325 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
326 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
327 #
328 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
329 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
330 #
331 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
332 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
333 #
334 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
335 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
336 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
337 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
338 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
339 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
340 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
341 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
342 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
343 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
344 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
345 # England and Wales were indivisible.
346 #
347 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
348 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
349 #
350 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
351 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
352 #
353 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
354 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
355 #
356 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
357 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
358 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
359 #
360 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
361 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
362 #
363 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
364 #
365 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
366 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
367 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
368 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
369 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
370 # measures saying it didn't.
371 #
372 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
373 #
374 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
375 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
376 #
377 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
378 #
379 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
380 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
381 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
382 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
383 # 1 hour.
384 #
385 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
386 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
387 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
388 #
389 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
390 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
391 # to 01:00 GMT.)
392 #
393 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
394 #
395 # This specifies dates of:
396 # Start End
397 # 1993 28 March 24 October
398 # 1994 27 March 23 October
399 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
400 #
401 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
402 #
403 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
404 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
405 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
406 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
407 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
408 #
409 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
410 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
411 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
412 # throughout the UK.
413 #
414 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
415 #
416 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
417 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
418 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
419 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
421 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
422 #
423 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
424 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
425 # all the Acts.
426 #
427 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
428 #
429 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
430 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
431 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
432 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
433 #
434 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
435 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
436 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
437 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
438 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
439 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
440 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
441 # again so they leave it out.
442 #
443 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
444 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
445 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
446 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
447 #
448 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
449 #
450 #
451 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
452 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
453 # ## Lines like this are comments.
454 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
455 # ## Control lines are of the form
456 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
457 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
458 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
459 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
460 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
461 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
462 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
463 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
464 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
465 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
466 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
467 #
468 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
469 #
470 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
471 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
472 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
473 #
474 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
475 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
476 #
477 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
478 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
479 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
480 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
481 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
482 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
483 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
484 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
485 #
486 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
487 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
488 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
489 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
490 #
491 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
492 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
493 #
494 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
495 # 1939 3 April 3 November
496 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
497 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
498 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
499 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
500 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
501 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
502 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
503 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
504 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
505 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
506 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
507 #
508 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
509 # 1946 3 April 1 October
510 #
511 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
512 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
513 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
514 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
515 # # Unknown Order ???
516 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
517 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
518 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
519 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
520 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
521 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
522 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
523 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
524 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
525 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
526 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
527 #
528 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
529 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
530 #
531 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
532 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
533 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
534 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
535 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
536 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
537 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
538 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
539 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
540 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
541 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
542 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
543 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
544 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
545 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
546 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
547 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
548 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
549 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
550 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
551 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
552 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
553 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
554 #
555 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
556 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
557 #
558 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
559 # # First EC Directive ???
560 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
561 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
562 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
563 # # Second EC Directive ???
564 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
565 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
566 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
568 # # Third EC Directive ???
569 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
570 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
571 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
572 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
573 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
574 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
575 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
576 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
577 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
578 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
579 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
580 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
581 # # Sixth EC Directive
582 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
583 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
584 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
586 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
587 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
588 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
589 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
590 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
591 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
592 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
593 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
594 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
595 # 1996 31 March 27 October
596 # 1997 30 March 26 October
597 #
598 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
599 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
600 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
601 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
602 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
603 #
604 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
605 # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
606 # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
607 # before Easter).
609 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
610 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
611 # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
612 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
613 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
614 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
615 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
616 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
617 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
618 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
620 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
621 #
622 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
623 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
624 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
625 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
626 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
627 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
628 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
629 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
630 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
631 #
632 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
633 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
634 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
635 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
636 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
637 # It actually just had one transition.
638 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
639 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
640 #
641 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
642 # we'll ignore it for now.
643 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
644 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
645 # conform with Great Britain.
646 #
647 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
649 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
650 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
651 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
652 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
653 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
654 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
655 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
656 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
657 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
658 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
659 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
660 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
661 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
662 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
663 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
664 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
665 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
666 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
667 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
668 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
669 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
670 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
671 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
672 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
673 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
674 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
675 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
676 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
677 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
678 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
679 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
680 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
681 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
682 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
683 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
684 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
685 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
686 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST
687 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
688 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
689 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST
690 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
691 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
692 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
693 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
694 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
695 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST
696 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
697 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
698 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
699 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
700 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
701 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
702 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
703 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
704 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
705 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
706 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
707 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
709 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
711 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
712 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
713 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
714 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
715 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
716 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
717 Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT
718 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
719 # 1981 on
720 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
721 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
722 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
723 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
725 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
726 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
727 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
728 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00
729 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
730 0:00 EU GMT/BST
731 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
732 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
733 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
734 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
735 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
736 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
737 0:00 EU GMT/BST
738 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
739 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
740 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
741 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00
742 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
743 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
744 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
745 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
746 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00
747 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00
748 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
749 0:00 EU GMT/BST
751 ###############################################################################
753 # Continental Europe
755 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
756 # Common Market, etc.
758 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
759 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
760 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
761 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
762 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
763 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST"
764 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
766 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
767 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
768 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
769 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
770 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
771 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
772 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
774 # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
775 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time.
776 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
777 Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
778 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
779 Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
780 Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
781 # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
782 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
783 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
784 Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
785 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
786 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
787 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
788 Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
789 Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
790 Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
791 Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
792 Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
793 Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
795 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
796 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
797 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 -
798 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST"
799 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST"
800 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
801 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D
802 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K
803 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D
804 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
805 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
806 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
807 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD
808 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
809 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
810 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
811 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K
812 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K
813 Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
815 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
817 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
818 Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s
819 Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s
820 Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s
822 # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
824 Link MET CET
826 # Albania
827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
828 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
829 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
830 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST"
831 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
832 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
833 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
834 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
835 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
836 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
837 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
838 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST"
839 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
840 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST"
841 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
842 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST"
843 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
844 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
845 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
846 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
847 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
848 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
849 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
850 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
851 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
852 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
853 Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
854 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
855 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
856 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16
857 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00
858 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
859 # This may change to `EU' soon.
861 # Andorra
862 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
863 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
864 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
865 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
866 1:00 EU MET%s
868 # Austria
869 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
870 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
871 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
872 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
873 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
874 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
875 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
876 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
877 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
878 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
879 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
880 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00
881 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00
882 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
883 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981
884 1:00 EU MET%s
886 # Belarus
887 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
888 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
889 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
890 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
891 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
892 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
893 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
894 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
895 # This may change to `EU' soon.
897 # Belgium
898 # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
899 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
900 # From Whitman:
901 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
902 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
903 # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
904 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
905 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
906 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
907 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
908 # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
909 Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
910 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
911 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
912 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
913 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
914 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
915 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
916 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
917 Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
918 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
919 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
920 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
921 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
922 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
923 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
924 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
925 # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
926 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
927 # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
928 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
929 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
930 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
931 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
932 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
934 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
935 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
937 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00
938 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
939 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00
940 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00
941 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
942 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
943 1:00 EU MET%s
945 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
946 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
947 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
948 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
949 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
950 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
951 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
952 1:00 - MET 1983
953 1:00 EU MET%s
955 # Bulgaria
956 # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
957 # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
958 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
959 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST"
960 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
961 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST"
962 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
963 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
964 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
965 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
966 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30
967 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
968 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00
969 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
970 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00
971 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
972 # This may change to `EU' soon.
974 # Croatia
975 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
976 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
977 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
978 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
979 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
980 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
981 1:00 - MET 1983
982 1:00 EU MET%s
984 # Czech Republic
985 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
986 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
987 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
988 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
989 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
990 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
991 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
992 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
993 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
994 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
995 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
996 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
997 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979
998 1:00 EU MET%s
1000 # Denmark
1001 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1002 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1003 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1004 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1005 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1006 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1007 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1008 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1009 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1010 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1011 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1012 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1013 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1014 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1015 #
1016 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1017 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1018 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1019 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1020 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1021 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1022 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980
1023 1:00 EU MET%s
1024 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1025 0:00 - WET 1981
1026 0:00 EU WET%s
1027 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1028 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1029 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29
1030 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s
1031 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1032 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1033 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s
1034 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1035 -4:00 - AST
1037 # Estonia
1038 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1039 #
1040 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1041 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1042 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1043 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1044 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1045 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1046 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb
1047 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul
1048 1:39 - LST 1921 May
1049 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1050 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1051 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22
1052 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1053 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1054 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1055 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1057 # Finland
1058 #
1059 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1060 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1061 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1062 #
1063 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1064 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1065 # Go with Strang instead.
1066 #
1067 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1068 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1069 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1070 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1071 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1072 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1073 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1074 2:00 EU EET%s
1076 # France
1077 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1078 # From Shanks (1991):
1079 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1080 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1081 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1082 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1083 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1084 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1085 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1086 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1087 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1088 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1089 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1090 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1091 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1092 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1093 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1094 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1095 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1096 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1097 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1098 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1099 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1100 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1101 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1102 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1103 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1104 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1105 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1106 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1107 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1108 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1109 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1110 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1111 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1112 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1113 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1114 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST"
1115 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1116 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1117 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1118 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1119 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1120 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1121 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1122 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1123 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1124 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1125 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1126 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1127 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1129 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1130 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1131 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14
1132 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25
1133 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1134 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1135 1:00 EU MET%s
1137 # Germany
1138 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1139 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1140 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST"
1141 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1142 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1143 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1144 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1145 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1146 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1147 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1148 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1149 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1150 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1152 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1153 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1154 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980
1155 1:00 EU MET%s
1157 # Gibraltar
1158 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1159 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1160 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1161 1:00 - MET 1982
1162 1:00 EU MET%s
1164 # Greece
1165 # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
1166 # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
1167 # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1168 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1169 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1170 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1171 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1172 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1173 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1174 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1175 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1176 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1177 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1178 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1179 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1180 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1181 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1182 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1183 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1184 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1185 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1186 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1187 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1188 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST"
1189 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1190 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1191 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1192 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1193 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1194 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1195 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30
1196 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4
1197 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981
1198 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981;
1199 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1200 2:00 EU EET%s
1202 # Hungary
1203 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1204 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1205 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1206 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1207 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1208 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1209 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1210 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1211 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1212 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1213 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1214 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1215 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1216 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1217 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1218 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1219 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1220 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1221 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1222 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1223 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1225 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1226 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918
1227 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1228 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00
1229 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1230 1:00 EU MET%s
1232 # Iceland
1233 #
1234 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1235 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1236 #
1237 # (December 5, 1993):
1238 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1239 # Iceland Almanak.
1240 #
1241 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1242 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1243 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1244 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1245 #
1246 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1247 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1248 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1249 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1250 #
1251 # (December 10, 1993):
1252 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1253 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1254 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1255 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1256 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1257 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1258 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1259 # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
1260 # in Iceland until 1700.
1261 #
1262 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1263 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1264 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1265 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1266 #
1267 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1268 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D
1269 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S
1270 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S
1271 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D
1272 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S
1273 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D
1274 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S
1275 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D
1276 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S
1277 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D
1278 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S
1279 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1280 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1281 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1282 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1283 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D
1284 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1285 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S
1286 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S
1287 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S
1288 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1289 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1290 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time
1291 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1292 0:00 - GMT
1294 # Italy
1295 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1296 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1297 # <http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/it/ienitlt.html> (see `FP' below),
1298 # taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute.
1299 # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1300 #
1301 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1302 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1303 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1304 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1305 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1306 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1307 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1308 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1309 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1310 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1311 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1312 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur)
1313 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1314 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1315 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1316 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1317 #
1318 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1319 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1320 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1322 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1323 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1324 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1325 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1326 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1327 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1328 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1329 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1330 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1331 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1332 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1333 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1334 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1335 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1336 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1337 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1339 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1340 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1341 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1342 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1343 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1344 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1345 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1346 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1347 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1348 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1349 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1350 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1351 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1352 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1353 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1354 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1356 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1357 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1358 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1359 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul
1360 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980
1361 1:00 EU MET%s
1363 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1364 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1366 # Latvia
1367 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1369 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1370 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00
1371 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1372 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00
1373 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11
1374 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1375 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1376 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8
1377 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1378 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1379 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1380 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1382 # Liechtenstein
1383 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1385 1:00 - MET 1981
1386 1:00 EU MET%s
1388 # Lithuania
1389 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
1390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1392 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas
1393 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10
1394 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12
1395 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1396 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3
1397 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1398 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug
1399 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1400 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1401 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1402 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1404 # Luxembourg
1405 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1406 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1407 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1408 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1409 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1410 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1411 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1412 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1413 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1414 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1415 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1416 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1417 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1418 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1419 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1420 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1421 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1422 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1423 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1424 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1425 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1426 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1427 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1428 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1429 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1431 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1432 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25
1433 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1434 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00
1435 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1436 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977
1437 1:00 EU MET%s
1439 # Macedonia
1440 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1442 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1443 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1444 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1445 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1446 1:00 - MET 1983
1447 1:00 EU MET%s
1449 # Malta
1450 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1451 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1452 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1454 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1455 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1456 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1457 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1458 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1459 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1460 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1461 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1462 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31
1463 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981
1464 1:00 EU MET%s
1466 # Moldova
1467 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
1468 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1469 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1470 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1471 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1474 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1476 # Monaco
1477 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1480 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1481 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1482 1:00 France MET%s 1977
1483 1:00 EU MET%s
1485 # Netherlands
1486 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1487 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1488 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1489 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1490 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1491 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT
1492 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1493 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1494 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1495 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1496 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1497 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1498 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1499 Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1500 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1501 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1502 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1503 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1504 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1505 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1506 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1507 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1508 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1509 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1510 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1511 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1512 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1513 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1514 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1515 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1516 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1517 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40
1518 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1519 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977
1520 1:00 EU MET%s
1522 # Norway
1523 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1524 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1525 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1526 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1527 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1528 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1529 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1530 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1531 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1532 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1533 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1534 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1535 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1538 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1539 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1540 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980
1541 1:00 EU MET%s
1542 # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
1543 #
1544 # From Whitman:
1545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1546 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1548 # Poland
1549 # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1550 # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
1551 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1552 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1553 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1554 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1555 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1556 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1557 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1558 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1559 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1560 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1561 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1562 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1563 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1564 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1565 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1566 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1567 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1568 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1569 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1570 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1571 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1572 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1573 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1574 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1575 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1576 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1577 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun
1578 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1579 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct
1580 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1581 1:00 W-Eur MET%s
1582 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1584 # Portugal
1585 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1586 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1587 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1588 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1589 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1590 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1591 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1592 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1593 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1594 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1595 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1596 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1597 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1598 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1599 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1600 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1601 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1602 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1603 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1604 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1605 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1606 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1607 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1608 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1609 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1610 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1611 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1612 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1613 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1614 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1615 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1616 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1617 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1618 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1619 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1620 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1621 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1622 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1623 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1624 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1625 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1626 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1627 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1628 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1629 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1630 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1631 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1632 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1633 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1634 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1635 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1636 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1637 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1639 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1640 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1641 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1642 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1643 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1644 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST"
1645 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST"
1646 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1647 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1648 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1649 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1650 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1651 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1652 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1653 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1654 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1655 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1656 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1657 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1658 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1659 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1660 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u
1661 0:00 EU WET%s
1662 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1663 # so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1664 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1665 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1666 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1667 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1668 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27
1669 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1670 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s
1671 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1672 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1673 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1674 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27
1675 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1676 0:00 EU WET%s
1678 # Romania
1679 # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
1680 # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1682 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1683 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1684 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST"
1685 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1686 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1687 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1688 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1689 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1690 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1691 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1692 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1693 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1694 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1696 # Russia
1697 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1698 # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1699 # are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1700 # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1701 # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1702 # The rest is from Shanks.
1703 #
1704 # From Shanks (1991):
1705 # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
1706 # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
1707 # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1708 # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1709 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1710 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1711 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1712 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct
1713 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1714 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1715 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1716 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1717 3:00 Russia MS%s
1718 Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1719 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar
1720 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1721 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1722 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1723 4:00 Russia KS%s
1724 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1725 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar
1726 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1727 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1728 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1729 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk
1730 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1731 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar
1732 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1733 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1734 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1735 6:00 Russia OS%s
1736 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1737 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1738 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1739 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1740 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1741 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1742 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar
1743 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1744 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1745 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1746 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1747 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1748 6:00 Russia NS%s
1749 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1750 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar
1751 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1752 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1753 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1754 7:00 Russia KRS%s
1755 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1756 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2
1757 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar
1758 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1759 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1760 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1761 8:00 Russia IS%s
1762 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1763 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar
1764 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1765 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1766 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1767 9:00 Russia YS%s
1768 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1769 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2
1770 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar
1771 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1772 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1773 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1774 10:00 Russia VS%s
1775 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1776 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar
1777 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1778 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1779 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1780 11:00 Russia MS%s
1781 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1782 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1783 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar
1784 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1785 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1786 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1787 12:00 Russia PS%s
1788 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1789 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar
1790 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1791 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1792 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1793 13:00 Russia AS%s
1795 # Slovakia
1796 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1798 # Slovenia
1799 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1801 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1802 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1803 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1804 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1805 1:00 - MET 1983
1806 1:00 EU MET%s
1808 # Spain
1809 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1810 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1811 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1812 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1813 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1814 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1815 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1816 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1817 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1818 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1819 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1820 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1821 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1822 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1823 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1824 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1825 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1826 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1827 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1828 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1829 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1830 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST"
1831 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1832 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1833 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1834 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST"
1835 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1836 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST"
1837 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1838 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1839 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1840 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1841 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1842 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1843 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1844 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1845 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1846 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1848 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1849 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30
1850 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979
1851 1:00 EU MET%s
1852 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1853 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00
1854 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1855 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1856 0:00 EU WET%s
1858 # Sweden
1859 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1860 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1861 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1862 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1863 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1864 1:00 - MET 1980
1865 1:00 EU MET%s
1867 # Switzerland
1868 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
1869 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1870 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1871 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1872 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1873 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1874 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1875 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1876 # From Shanks (1991):
1877 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1878 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1879 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1880 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1881 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time
1882 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981
1883 1:00 EU MET%s
1885 # Turkey
1886 # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
1887 # Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
1888 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1889 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1890 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1891 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1892 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1893 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1894 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1895 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1896 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1897 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1898 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1899 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1900 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1901 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1902 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1903 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1904 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1905 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1906 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1907 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1908 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1909 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1910 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1911 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1912 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1913 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1914 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1915 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1916 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1917 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1918 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1919 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1920 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1921 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1922 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1923 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1924 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1925 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST"
1926 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1927 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1928 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1929 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1930 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1931 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1932 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1933 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1934 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1935 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1936 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST"
1937 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1938 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1939 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1940 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1941 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1942 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1943 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time
1944 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15
1945 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20
1946 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986
1947 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1948 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1949 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1951 # Ukraine
1952 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1953 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST"
1954 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
1955 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST"
1956 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST"
1957 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST"
1958 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1959 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1960 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
1961 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1962 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1963 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1964 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17
1965 2:00 M-Eur EET%s
1966 # This may change to `EU' soon.
1967 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
1968 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1969 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2
1970 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1971 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1972 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1973 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
1974 # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
1975 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
1976 # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
1977 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1978 3:00 Russia MS%s
1980 # Yugoslavia
1981 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
1982 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1983 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1984 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1985 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s
1986 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1987 1:00 - MET 1983
1988 1:00 EU MET%s
1990 ###############################################################################
1992 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
1993 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
1994 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
1995 #
1996 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
1997 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
1998 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
1999 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2000 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2001 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2003 # ...
2004 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2005 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2006 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2007 # ...
2008 #
2009 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2010 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2011 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2012 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2013 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2014 # years...
2015 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2016 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2017 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2018 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2019 #
2020 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2021 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2022 #
2023 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2024 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2025 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2027 # ...
2028 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2029 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2030 # ...
2031 #
2032 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2033 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2034 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2035 #
2036 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2037 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2038 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2039 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2040 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2041 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2042 # dates...
2043 #
2044 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2045 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2046 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2047 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2048 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2049 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2050 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2051 # in advance of normal time.
2052 #
2053 # ...
2054 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2055 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2056 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2058 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2059 # ...
2060 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2061 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2062 # ...
2063 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2064 # ...
2066 # ...
2067 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2068 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2069 # ...
2070 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2071 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2072 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2073 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2074 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2075 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2076 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2077 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2078 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2079 #
2080 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2081 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2082 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.