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1 # @(#)europe 7.88
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20 #
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
22 #
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
26 #
27 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
28 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
29 # </a> (1914-03)
30 #
31 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
32 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
33 # History of Summer Time
34 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
36 #
37 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
38 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
39 # Corrections are welcome!
40 # std dst 2dst
41 # LMT Local Mean Time
42 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
43 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
44 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
45 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
46 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
47 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
48 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
49 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
50 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
51 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
52 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
53 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
54 #
55 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
56 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
58 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
59 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
60 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
61 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
65 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
66 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
67 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
68 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
69 # ...
70 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
71 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
72 # ...
73 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
74 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
75 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
76 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
77 # in the Directive.
80 ###############################################################################
82 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
84 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
85 #
86 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
87 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
88 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
89 # of the text said:
90 #
91 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
92 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
93 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
94 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
95 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
96 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
97 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
98 #
99 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
100 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
101 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
102 #
103 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
105 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
106 #
107 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
108 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
109 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
110 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
111 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
112 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
113 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
114 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
115 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
116 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
117 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
118 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
119 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
120 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
121 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
122 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
123 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
124 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
125 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
126 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
127 #
128 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
129 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
130 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
132 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
133 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
134 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
135 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
136 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
137 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
138 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
139 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
140 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
141 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
142 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
143 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
144 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
145 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
146 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
147 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
149 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
150 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
151 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
152 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
153 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
154 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
155 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
156 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
157 # </a>
159 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
160 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
161 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
162 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
163 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
165 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
166 #
167 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
168 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
170 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
171 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
172 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
173 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
174 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
176 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
177 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
178 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
179 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
180 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
182 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
183 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
184 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
185 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
187 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
188 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
189 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
190 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
191 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
192 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
193 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
196 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
197 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
198 # which is to be introduced in May....
199 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
200 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
202 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
203 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
204 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
205 # so we use `BDST'.
207 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
208 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
209 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
210 # and extending this list, which can be found in
211 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
212 # History of legal time in Britain
213 # </a>
215 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
216 #
217 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
218 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
219 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
220 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
221 # </a>.
223 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
224 #
225 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
226 #
227 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
228 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
229 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
230 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
231 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
232 # It actually just had one transition.
233 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
234 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
235 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
236 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
237 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
238 #
239 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
240 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
241 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
242 # conform with Great Britain.
243 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
244 #
245 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
246 # we'll ignore it for now.
247 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
248 #
249 #
250 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
251 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
252 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
253 # to London. For example:
254 #
255 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
256 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
258 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
259 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
260 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
261 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
262 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
263 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
264 # and Frethun run in CT.
265 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
266 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
267 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
268 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
269 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
270 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
272 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
273 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
274 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
275 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
276 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
277 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
278 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
280 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
281 # Summer Time Act, 1916
282 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
283 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
284 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
285 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
286 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
287 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
288 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
289 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
290 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
291 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
292 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
293 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
294 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
295 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
296 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
297 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
298 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
299 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
300 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
301 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
302 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
303 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
304 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
305 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
306 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
307 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
308 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
309 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
310 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
311 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
312 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
313 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
314 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
316 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
319 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
320 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
321 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
323 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
325 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
327 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
328 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
329 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
330 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
331 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
332 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
334 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
335 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
336 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
338 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
340 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
342 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
343 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
345 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
346 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
348 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
349 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
350 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
351 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
353 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
354 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
356 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
359 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
362 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
363 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
364 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
365 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
366 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
367 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
368 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
369 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
371 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
372 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
373 # (no summer time)
374 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
375 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
378 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
379 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
380 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
381 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
383 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
384 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
385 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
386 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
387 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
388 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
395 0:00 EU GMT/BST
396 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
397 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
398 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
399 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
400 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
401 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
402 0:00 EU GMT/BST
403 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
404 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
405 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
406 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
407 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
408 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
409 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
410 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
411 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
412 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
413 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
414 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
415 0:00 EU GMT/IST
417 ###############################################################################
419 # Continental Europe
421 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
422 # Common Market, etc.
424 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
425 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
426 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
427 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
428 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
429 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
430 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
431 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
432 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
433 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
434 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
435 # </a>
437 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
438 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
439 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
440 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
441 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
442 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
443 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
445 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
446 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
447 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
448 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
449 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
450 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
451 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
452 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
453 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
454 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
455 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
456 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
457 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
458 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
459 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
460 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
461 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
462 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
463 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
465 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
466 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
467 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
468 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
469 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
470 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
471 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
473 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
474 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
475 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
476 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
477 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
478 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
479 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
480 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
481 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
482 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
483 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
484 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
485 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
486 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
487 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
488 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
489 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
490 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
491 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
492 #
493 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
494 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
495 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
496 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
497 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
499 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
503 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
504 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
505 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
507 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
508 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
510 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
511 # The official German names ... are
512 #
513 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
514 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
515 #
516 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
517 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
518 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
519 #
520 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
521 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
522 # Postfach 3345
523 # D-38023 Braunschweig
524 # phone: +49 531 592-0
525 #
526 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
527 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
528 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
529 #
530 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
531 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
534 # Albania
535 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
536 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
537 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
538 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
539 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
540 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
541 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
542 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
543 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
544 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
545 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
546 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
547 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
548 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
549 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
550 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
551 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
552 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
554 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
555 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
556 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
557 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
558 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
559 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
560 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
562 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
563 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
564 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
565 1:00 EU CE%sT
567 # Andorra
568 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
570 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
571 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
572 1:00 EU CE%sT
574 # Austria
576 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and
577 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
578 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
579 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
580 # Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00
581 # for 1945-04-12.
583 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
584 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
585 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
586 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
587 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
588 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
589 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
590 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
591 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
592 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
593 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
594 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
595 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
596 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
597 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
598 1:00 - CET 1946
599 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
602 # Belarus
603 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
604 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
605 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
606 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
607 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
608 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
609 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
610 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
612 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
613 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
614 2:00 Russia EE%sT
616 # Belgium
617 #
618 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
619 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
620 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
621 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
622 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
623 # pp 8-9.
624 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
625 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
626 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
627 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
628 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
629 #
630 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
631 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
632 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
633 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
634 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
635 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
636 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
637 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
638 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
639 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
640 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
641 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
642 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
643 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
644 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
645 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
646 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
647 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
648 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
649 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
650 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
651 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
652 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
653 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
655 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
657 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
658 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
659 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
660 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
661 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
662 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
663 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
664 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
665 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
666 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
667 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
668 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
669 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
671 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
672 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
673 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
674 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
675 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
677 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
680 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
681 # see Serbia and Montenegro
683 # Bulgaria
684 #
685 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
686 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
687 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
688 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
689 #
690 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
691 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
692 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
693 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
694 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
695 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
698 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
699 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
701 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
702 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
703 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
704 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
705 2:00 EU EE%sT
707 # Croatia
708 # see Serbia and Montenegro
710 # Cyprus
711 # See the `asia' file.
713 # Czech Republic
714 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
715 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
716 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
717 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
718 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
719 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
720 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
721 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
722 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
723 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
724 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
725 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
726 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
727 1:00 EU CE%sT
729 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
730 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
731 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
732 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
733 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
734 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
736 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
737 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
738 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
739 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
740 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
741 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
742 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
743 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
744 #
745 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
746 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
748 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
749 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
750 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
751 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
752 1:00 EU CE%sT
753 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
754 0:00 - WET 1981
755 0:00 EU WE%sT
756 #
757 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
758 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
759 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
760 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
761 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
762 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
764 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
765 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
766 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
767 #
768 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
769 # is according to the following time line:
770 #
771 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
772 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
773 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
774 # Danmarkshavn UTC
775 #
776 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
777 # introduced.
779 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
780 #
781 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
782 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
783 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
784 # info from earlier correspondence.]
785 #
786 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
787 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
788 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
789 #
790 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
791 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
792 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
793 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
794 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
795 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
796 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
797 #
798 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
799 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
800 #
801 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
802 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
803 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
804 #
805 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
806 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
807 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
808 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
809 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
811 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
812 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
813 # there at 2:00 AM.
815 # From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
816 # The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
817 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
818 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
819 # so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
820 #
821 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
822 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
823 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
824 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
825 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
826 #
827 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
828 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
829 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
830 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
831 0:00 - GMT
832 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
833 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
834 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
835 -1:00 EU EG%sT
836 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
837 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
838 -3:00 EU WG%sT
839 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
840 -4:00 Thule A%sT
842 # Estonia
843 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
844 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
845 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
846 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
847 #
848 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
849 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
850 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
851 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
852 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
853 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
854 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
855 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
856 # summer time next spring.''
858 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
859 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
860 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
861 # </a>
862 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
863 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
864 #
865 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
866 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
867 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
869 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
870 # via Steffen Thorsen:
871 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
872 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
873 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
874 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
875 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
876 # after that.
878 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
879 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
880 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
881 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
883 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
884 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
885 # Now we are using again EU rules.
886 #
887 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
888 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
890 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
891 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
892 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
894 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
895 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
896 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
897 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
898 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
899 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
900 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
901 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
902 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
903 2:00 EU EE%sT
905 # Finland
906 #
907 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
908 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
909 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
910 #
911 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
912 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
913 # Go with Strang instead.
914 #
915 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
917 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
918 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
919 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
920 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
921 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
922 2:00 EU EE%sT
924 # Aaland Is
925 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
928 # France
930 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
931 #
932 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
933 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
934 #
935 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
936 # Paris, 1991
937 #
938 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
939 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
942 #
943 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
944 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
945 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
946 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
947 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
948 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
951 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
952 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
953 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
954 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
955 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
956 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
957 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
958 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
959 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
960 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
962 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
963 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
964 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
965 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
966 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
967 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
968 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
969 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
970 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
972 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
974 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
976 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
977 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
978 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
979 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
980 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
981 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
982 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
983 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
984 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
985 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
986 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
987 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
988 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
989 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
990 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
991 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
992 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
993 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
994 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
995 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
996 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
997 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
998 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
999 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1000 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1001 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1002 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1003 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1004 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1005 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1006 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1007 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1008 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1009 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1010 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1011 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1012 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1013 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1014 # go with Shanks.
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1016 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1017 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1018 1:00 EU CE%sT
1020 # Germany
1022 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1023 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1024 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1025 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1027 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1028 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1029 # href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1030 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1032 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1033 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1034 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1035 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1036 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1039 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1040 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1041 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1042 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1043 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1044 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1045 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1046 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1047 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1048 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1049 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1050 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1051 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1052 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1053 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1054 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1055 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1056 1:00 EU CE%sT
1058 # Gibraltar
1059 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1060 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1061 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1062 1:00 - CET 1982
1063 1:00 EU CE%sT
1065 # Greece
1066 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1067 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1068 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1069 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1070 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1071 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1072 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1073 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1074 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1075 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1076 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1077 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1078 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1079 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1080 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1081 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1083 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1084 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1085 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1086 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1087 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1088 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1089 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1090 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1091 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1092 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1093 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1094 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1095 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1096 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1097 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1098 2:00 EU EE%sT
1100 # Hungary
1101 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1103 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1104 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1105 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1106 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1107 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1108 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1109 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1110 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1111 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1112 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1113 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1114 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1115 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1116 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1117 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1118 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1119 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1120 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1121 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1122 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1123 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1124 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1125 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1126 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1127 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1128 1:00 EU CE%sT
1130 # Iceland
1131 #
1132 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1133 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1134 #
1135 # (1993-12-05):
1136 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1137 # Iceland Almanak.
1138 #
1139 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1140 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1141 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1142 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1143 #
1144 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1145 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1146 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1147 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1148 #
1149 # (1993-12-10):
1150 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1151 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1152 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1153 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1154 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1155 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1156 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1157 # might mean something else (???).
1158 #
1159 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1160 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1161 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1162 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1163 #
1164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1165 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1166 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1167 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1168 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1169 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1170 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1171 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1172 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1174 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1176 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1177 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1179 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1180 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1181 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1182 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1183 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1184 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1185 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1186 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1187 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1188 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1189 0:00 - GMT
1191 # Italy
1192 #
1193 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1194 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1195 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1196 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1197 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1198 # so record only the time in Rome.
1199 #
1200 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1201 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1202 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1203 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1204 # </a>
1205 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1206 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1207 #
1208 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1209 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1210 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1211 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1212 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1213 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1214 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1215 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1216 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1217 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1218 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1219 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1220 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1221 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1222 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1223 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1224 #
1225 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1226 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1228 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1230 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1232 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1235 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1237 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1238 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1239 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1241 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1243 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1244 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1245 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1246 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1247 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1248 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1249 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1250 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1251 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1252 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1253 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1254 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1255 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1256 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1257 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1258 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1259 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1261 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1262 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1263 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1264 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1265 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1266 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1267 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1268 1:00 EU CE%sT
1270 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1271 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1273 # Latvia
1275 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1277 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1278 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1279 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1280 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1281 #
1282 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1283 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1284 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1285 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1286 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1287 #
1288 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1289 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1290 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1291 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1292 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1293 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1294 #
1295 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1296 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1297 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1298 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1299 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1300 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1301 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1302 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1303 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1304 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1305 #
1306 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1307 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1308 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1310 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1311 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1312 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1313 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1314 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1316 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1317 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1318 # </a>
1319 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1320 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1321 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1322 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1323 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1324 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1325 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1326 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1327 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1328 # appears that they will not do so....
1330 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1331 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1332 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1333 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1334 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1335 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1336 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1337 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1338 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1339 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1340 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1341 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1342 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1343 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1344 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1345 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1346 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1347 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1348 2:00 EU EE%sT
1350 # Liechtenstein
1351 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1352 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1353 1:00 - CET 1981
1354 1:00 EU CE%sT
1356 # Lithuania
1358 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1359 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1360 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1362 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1363 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1364 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1366 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1367 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1368 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1369 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1370 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1371 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1372 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1373 # already done by Estonia.
1375 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1376 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1377 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1379 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1380 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1381 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1382 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1383 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1384 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1385 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1388 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1389 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1390 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1391 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1392 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1393 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1394 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1395 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1396 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1397 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1398 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1399 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1400 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1401 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1402 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1403 2:00 EU EE%sT
1405 # Luxembourg
1406 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1407 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1408 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1410 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1412 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1413 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1414 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1415 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1416 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1417 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1418 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1419 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1420 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1421 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1422 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1424 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1425 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1426 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1427 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1428 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1429 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1430 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1431 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1432 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1433 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1434 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1435 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1436 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1437 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1438 1:00 EU CE%sT
1440 # Macedonia
1441 # see Serbia and Montenegro
1443 # Malta
1444 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1445 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1446 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1447 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1448 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1449 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1450 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1451 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1454 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1455 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1456 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1457 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1458 1:00 EU CE%sT
1460 # Moldova
1462 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1463 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1464 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1465 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1466 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1467 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1468 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1469 # But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1470 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1471 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1473 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1474 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1475 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1476 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1477 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1478 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1479 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1480 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1481 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1482 2:00 - EET 1991
1483 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1484 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1485 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1486 2:00 EU EE%sT
1488 # Monaco
1489 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1490 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1491 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1492 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1493 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1494 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1495 1:00 EU CE%sT
1497 # Netherlands
1499 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1500 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1502 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1503 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1504 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1505 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1506 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1507 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1508 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1509 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1510 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1511 #
1512 # (2001-04-08):
1513 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1514 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1515 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1516 #
1517 # (2001-04-09):
1518 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1519 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1520 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1521 # actually followed.
1522 #
1523 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1524 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1525 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1526 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1527 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1528 #
1529 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1530 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1531 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1532 # Amsterdam mean time.
1534 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1535 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1537 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1538 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1539 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1540 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1542 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1543 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1544 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1545 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1546 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1547 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1548 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1549 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1550 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1551 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1552 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1553 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1554 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1555 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1557 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1558 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1560 #
1561 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1562 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1563 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1564 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1565 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1566 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1567 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1568 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1569 1:00 EU CE%sT
1571 # Norway
1572 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1573 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1574 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1575 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1576 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1577 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1578 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1579 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1580 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1581 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1582 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1583 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1584 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1585 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1587 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1588 1:00 EU CE%sT
1590 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1592 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1593 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1594 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1595 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1596 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1597 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1598 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1599 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1600 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1601 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1602 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1603 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1604 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1605 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1606 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1607 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1608 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1609 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1611 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1612 #
1613 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1614 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1615 # keeping Berlin time.
1616 #
1617 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1618 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1619 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1620 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1621 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1622 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1623 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1624 #
1625 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1626 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1627 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1628 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1629 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1630 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1631 # <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1632 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1633 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1634 #
1635 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1636 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1637 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1638 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1639 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1641 # Poland
1642 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1643 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1644 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1645 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1646 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1647 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1648 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1649 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1650 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1651 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1652 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1653 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1654 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1655 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1656 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1657 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1658 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1659 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1660 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1661 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1662 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1664 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1665 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1666 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1667 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1668 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1669 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1671 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1672 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1673 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1674 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1675 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1676 # </a>
1677 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1678 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1679 #
1680 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1681 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1682 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1683 # worth further discussion.
1684 #
1685 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1686 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1687 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1688 # EU rules in 1999.
1689 1:00 EU CE%sT
1691 # Portugal
1692 #
1693 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1694 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1695 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1696 #
1697 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1698 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1699 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1700 #
1701 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1702 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1703 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1704 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1705 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1706 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1707 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1708 #
1709 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1710 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1711 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1712 # Go with Shanks.
1713 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1714 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1715 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1716 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1717 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1718 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1719 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1720 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1721 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1722 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1724 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1725 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1726 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1727 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1728 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1729 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1730 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1731 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1732 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1733 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1734 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1735 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1736 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1737 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1738 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1739 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1740 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1741 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1742 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1743 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1744 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1745 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1746 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1747 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1748 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1749 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1750 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1751 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1752 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1753 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1754 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1755 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1756 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1757 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1758 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1759 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1760 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1761 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1762 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1763 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1764 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1765 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1766 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1767 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1769 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1770 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1771 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1772 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1773 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1774 # Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1775 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1776 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1777 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1778 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1779 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1780 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1781 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1782 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1783 0:00 EU WE%sT
1784 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1785 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1786 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1787 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1788 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1789 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1790 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1791 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1792 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1793 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1794 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1795 0:00 EU WE%sT
1797 # Romania
1798 #
1799 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1800 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1801 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1802 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1803 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1804 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1805 #
1806 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1807 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1809 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1811 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1812 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1813 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1814 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1815 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1816 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1817 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1818 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1819 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1820 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1821 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1822 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1823 2:00 EU EE%sT
1825 # Russia
1827 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1828 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1829 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1830 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1831 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1832 #
1833 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1834 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1835 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1836 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1837 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1838 #
1839 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1840 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1841 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1842 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1843 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1844 #
1845 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1846 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1847 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1848 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1849 #
1850 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1851 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1852 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1853 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1854 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1855 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1856 #
1857 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1858 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1859 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1860 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1861 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1862 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1863 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1864 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1865 #
1866 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1867 #
1868 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1869 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1871 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1872 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1873 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1874 #
1875 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1876 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1877 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1878 # Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1879 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1880 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1881 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1882 # Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1883 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1884 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1885 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1886 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1887 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1888 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1889 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1890 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1891 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1892 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1893 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1894 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1895 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1896 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1897 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1898 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1899 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1900 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1901 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1902 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1903 #
1904 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1905 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1906 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1907 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1908 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1909 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1910 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1911 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1912 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1913 #
1914 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1915 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1916 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1917 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1918 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1919 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1920 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1921 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1922 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1923 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1924 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1925 #
1926 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1927 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1928 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1929 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1930 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1931 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1932 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1933 #
1934 # Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1935 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1936 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1937 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1938 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1939 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1940 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1941 #
1942 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1943 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1944 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1945 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1946 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1947 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1948 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1949 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1950 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1951 #
1952 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1953 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1954 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1955 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1956 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1957 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1958 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1959 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1960 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1961 #
1962 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
1963 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1964 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
1965 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
1966 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
1967 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
1968 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
1969 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
1970 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
1971 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1972 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1973 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1974 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1975 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1976 #
1977 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
1978 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1979 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1980 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
1981 # Ust'-Yanskij.
1982 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1983 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1984 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1985 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1986 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1987 #
1988 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1989 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1990 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1991 9:00 - CJT 1938
1992 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1993 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1994 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1995 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1996 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1997 #
1998 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
1999 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2000 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2001 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2002 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2003 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2004 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2005 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2006 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2007 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2008 #
2009 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2010 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2011 #
2012 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2013 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2014 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2015 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2016 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2017 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2018 #
2019 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2020 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2021 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2022 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2023 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2024 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2025 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2027 # Serbia and Montenegro
2028 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2029 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2030 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2031 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2032 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2033 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2034 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2035 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2036 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2037 1:00 EU CE%sT
2038 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2039 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2040 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2041 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2043 # Slovakia
2044 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2046 # Slovenia
2047 # see Serbia and Montenegro
2049 # Spain
2050 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2051 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2052 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2053 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2054 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2056 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2057 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2058 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2059 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2060 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2061 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2062 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2063 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2064 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2065 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2066 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2067 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2068 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2069 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2070 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2072 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2073 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2074 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2076 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2079 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2080 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2081 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2082 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2083 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2084 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2085 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2086 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2087 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2088 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2089 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2090 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2091 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2092 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2093 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2094 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2095 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2096 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2097 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2098 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2099 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2100 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2101 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2102 1:00 EU CE%sT
2103 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2104 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2105 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2106 0:00 - WET 1924
2107 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2108 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2109 1:00 - CET 1986
2110 1:00 EU CE%sT
2111 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2112 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2113 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2114 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2115 0:00 EU WE%sT
2116 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2117 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2119 # Sweden
2121 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2122 #
2123 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2124 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2125 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2126 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2127 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2128 #
2129 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2130 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2131 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2132 #
2133 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2134 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2135 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2136 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2137 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2138 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2139 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2140 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2141 #
2142 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2143 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2144 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2145 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2146 #
2147 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2148 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2149 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2150 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2151 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2152 # the Sok-button).
2153 #
2154 # (2001-05-13):
2155 #
2156 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2157 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2158 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2159 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2160 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2161 # hour before the event took place.
2162 #
2163 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2165 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2166 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2167 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2168 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2169 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2170 1:00 - CET 1980
2171 1:00 EU CE%sT
2173 # Switzerland
2174 # From Howse:
2175 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2176 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2177 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2178 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2179 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2180 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2181 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2182 # From Shanks:
2183 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2184 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2185 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2186 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2187 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2188 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2189 1:00 EU CE%sT
2191 # Turkey
2192 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2193 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2194 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2195 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2196 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2197 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2198 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2199 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2200 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2201 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2202 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2203 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2204 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2205 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2206 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2207 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2208 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2209 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2210 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2211 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2212 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2213 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2214 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2215 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2216 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2217 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2218 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2219 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2220 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2221 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2222 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2223 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2224 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2225 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2226 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2227 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2228 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2229 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2230 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2231 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2232 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2233 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2234 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2235 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2236 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2237 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2238 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2239 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2240 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2241 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2242 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2243 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2245 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2246 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2247 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2248 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2249 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2250 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2251 2:00 EU EE%sT
2252 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2254 # Ukraine
2255 #
2256 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2257 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2258 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2259 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2260 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2261 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2262 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2265 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2266 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2267 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2268 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2269 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2270 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2271 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2272 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2273 2:00 - EET 1992
2274 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2275 2:00 EU EE%sT
2276 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2277 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2278 1:00 - CET 1940
2279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2280 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2281 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2282 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2283 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2284 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2285 2:00 - EET 1992
2286 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2287 2:00 EU EE%sT
2288 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2289 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2290 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2291 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2292 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2293 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2294 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2295 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2296 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2297 2:00 EU EE%sT
2298 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2299 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2300 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2301 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2302 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2303 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2304 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2305 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2306 2:00 - EET 1992
2307 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2308 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2309 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2310 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2311 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2312 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2313 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2314 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2315 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2316 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2317 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2319 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2320 2:00 EU EE%sT
2322 ###############################################################################
2324 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2325 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2326 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2327 #
2328 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2329 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2330 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2331 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2332 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2333 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2335 # ...
2336 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2337 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2338 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2339 # ...
2340 #
2341 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2342 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2343 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2344 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2345 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2346 # years...
2347 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2348 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2349 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2350 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2351 #
2352 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2353 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2354 #
2355 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2356 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2357 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2359 # ...
2360 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2361 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2362 # ...
2363 #
2364 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2365 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2366 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2367 #
2368 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2369 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2370 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2371 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2372 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2373 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2374 # dates...
2375 #
2376 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2377 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2378 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2379 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2380 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2381 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2382 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2383 # in advance of normal time.
2384 #
2385 # ...
2386 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2387 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2388 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2390 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2391 # ...
2392 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2393 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2394 # ...
2395 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2396 # ...