4 The exact set of features available when you compile a source file is
5 controlled by which "feature test macros" you define.
7 If you compile your programs using `gcc -ansi', you get only the
8 ISO C library features, unless you explicitly request additional
9 features by defining one or more of the feature macros. *Note GNU CC
10 Command Options: (gcc.info)Invoking GCC, for more information about GCC
13 You should define these macros by using `#define' preprocessor
14 directives at the top of your source code files. These directives
15 _must_ come before any `#include' of a system header file. It is best
16 to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by
17 comments. You could also use the `-D' option to GCC, but it's better
18 if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a
21 This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple
22 standards. Although the different standards are often described as
23 supersets of each other, they are usually incompatible because larger
24 standards require functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the
25 user program. This is not mere pedantry -- it has been a problem in
26 practice. For instance, some non-GNU programs define functions named
27 `getline' that have nothing to do with this library's `getline'. They
28 would not be compilable if all features were enabled indiscriminately.
30 This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a
31 limited standard. It is insufficient for this purpose, as it will not
32 protect you from including header files outside the standard, or
33 relying on semantics undefined within the standard.
35 -- Macro: _POSIX_SOURCE
36 If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1
37 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the
40 The state of `_POSIX_SOURCE' is irrelevant if you define the macro
41 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a positive integer.
43 -- Macro: _POSIX_C_SOURCE
44 Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX
45 functionality is made available. The greater the value of this
46 macro, the more functionality is made available.
48 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `1',
49 then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1
50 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available.
52 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to `2',
53 then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2
54 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available.
56 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to
57 `199309L', then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the
58 POSIX.1b standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available.
60 Greater values for `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' will enable future extensions.
61 The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary,
62 and the GNU C Library should support them some time after they
63 become standardized. The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:
64 1996) states that if you define `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to a value
65 greater than or equal to `199506L', then the functionality from
66 the 1996 edition is made available.
69 If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix
70 is included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material.
72 Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the
73 corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this
74 macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the
77 Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and
78 POSIX.1, you need to use a special "BSD compatibility library"
79 when linking programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is
80 because some functions must be defined in two different ways, one
81 of them in the normal C library, and one of them in the
82 compatibility library. If your program defines `_BSD_SOURCE', you
83 must give the option `-lbsd-compat' to the compiler or linker when
84 linking the program, to tell it to find functions in this special
85 compatibility library before looking for them in the normal C
88 -- Macro: _SVID_SOURCE
89 If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is
90 included as well as the ISO C, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open
93 -- Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE
94 -- Macro: _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
95 If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open
96 Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1
97 and POSIX.2 functionality and in fact `_POSIX_SOURCE' and
98 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' are automatically defined.
100 As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in
101 BSD and SVID is also included.
103 If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED' is also defined, even more
104 functionality is available. The extra functions will make all
105 functions available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand.
107 If the macro `_XOPEN_SOURCE' has the value 500 this includes all
108 functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the
109 Single Unix Specification, version 2.
111 -- Macro: _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
112 If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which
113 rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards.
114 Specifically, the functions `fseeko' and `ftello' are available.
115 Without these functions the difference between the ISO C interface
116 (`fseek', `ftell') and the low-level POSIX interface (`lseek')
117 would lead to problems.
119 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
122 -- Macro: _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
123 If you define this macro an additional set of functions is made
124 available which enables 32 bit systems to use files of sizes beyond
125 the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the
126 system does not support files that large. On systems where the
127 natural file size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on 64 bit
128 systems) the new functions are identical to the replaced functions.
130 The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and
131 functions which replace the existing ones. The names of these new
132 objects contain `64' to indicate the intention, e.g., `off_t' vs.
133 `off64_t' and `fseeko' vs. `fseeko64'.
135 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
136 extension (LFS). It is a transition interface for the period when
137 64 bit offsets are not generally used (see `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS').
139 -- Macro: _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
140 This macro determines which file system interface shall be used,
141 one replacing the other. Whereas `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE' makes the
142 64 bit interface available as an additional interface,
143 `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' allows the 64 bit interface to replace the old
146 If `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' is undefined, or if it is defined to the
147 value `32', nothing changes. The 32 bit interface is used and
148 types like `off_t' have a size of 32 bits on 32 bit systems.
150 If the macro is defined to the value `64', the large file interface
151 replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made
152 available under different names (as they are with
153 `_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE'). Instead the old function names now
154 reference the new functions, e.g., a call to `fseeko' now indeed
157 This macro should only be selected if the system provides
158 mechanisms for handling large files. On 64 bit systems this macro
159 has no effect since the `*64' functions are identical to the
162 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support
165 -- Macro: _ISOC99_SOURCE
166 Until the revised ISO C standard is widely adopted the new features
167 are not automatically enabled. The GNU libc nevertheless has a
168 complete implementation of the new standard and to enable the new
169 features the macro `_ISOC99_SOURCE' should be defined.
171 -- Macro: _GNU_SOURCE
172 If you define this macro, everything is included: ISO C89,
173 ISO C99, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU
174 extensions. In the cases where POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the
175 POSIX definitions take precedence.
177 If you want to get the full effect of `_GNU_SOURCE' but make the
178 BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use
179 this sequence of definitions:
185 Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD
186 compatibility library by passing the `-lbsd-compat' option to the
187 compiler or linker. *Note:* If you forget to do this, you may get
188 very strange errors at run time.
191 -- Macro: _THREAD_SAFE
192 If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several
193 functions get declared. Some of the functions are specified in
194 POSIX.1c but many others are only available on a few other systems
195 or are unique to GNU libc. The problem is the delay in the
196 standardization of the thread safe C library interface.
198 Unlike on some other systems, no special version of the C library
199 must be used for linking. There is only one version but while
200 compiling this it must have been specified to compile as thread
203 We recommend you use `_GNU_SOURCE' in new programs. If you don't
204 specify the `-ansi' option to GCC and don't define any of these macros
205 explicitly, the effect is the same as defining `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' to 2
206 and `_POSIX_SOURCE', `_SVID_SOURCE', and `_BSD_SOURCE' to 1.
208 When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of
209 features, it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for
210 a subset of those features. For example, if you define
211 `_POSIX_C_SOURCE', then defining `_POSIX_SOURCE' as well has no effect.
212 Likewise, if you define `_GNU_SOURCE', then defining either
213 `_POSIX_SOURCE' or `_POSIX_C_SOURCE' or `_SVID_SOURCE' as well has no
216 Note, however, that the features of `_BSD_SOURCE' are not a subset of
217 any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it
218 defines BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that
219 are requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining
220 `_BSD_SOURCE' in addition to the other feature test macros does have an
221 effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting