1 @node Feature Test Macros
2 @subsection Feature Test Macros
4 @cindex feature test macros
5 The exact set of features available when you compile a source file
6 is controlled by which @dfn{feature test macros} you define.
8 If you compile your programs using @samp{gcc -ansi}, you get only the
9 @w{ISO C} library features, unless you explicitly request additional
10 features by defining one or more of the feature macros.
11 @xref{Invoking GCC,, GNU CC Command Options, gcc.info, The GNU CC Manual},
12 for more information about GCC options.@refill
14 You should define these macros by using @samp{#define} preprocessor
15 directives at the top of your source code files. These directives
16 @emph{must} come before any @code{#include} of a system header file. It
17 is best to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by
18 comments. You could also use the @samp{-D} option to GCC, but it's
19 better if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a
22 This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple standards.
23 Although the different standards are often described as supersets of each
24 other, they are usually incompatible because larger standards require
25 functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the user program. This
26 is not mere pedantry --- it has been a problem in practice. For instance,
27 some non-GNU programs define functions named @code{getline} that have
28 nothing to do with this library's @code{getline}. They would not be
29 compilable if all features were enabled indiscriminately.
31 This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a limited
32 standard. It is insufficient for this purpose, as it will not protect you
33 from including header files outside the standard, or relying on semantics
34 undefined within the standard.
38 @defvr Macro _POSIX_SOURCE
39 If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1
40 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the
43 The state of @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} is irrelevant if you define the
44 macro @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to a positive integer.
49 @defvr Macro _POSIX_C_SOURCE
50 Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX
51 functionality is made available. The greater the value of this macro,
52 the more functionality is made available.
54 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{1},
55 then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1 standard
56 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available.
58 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{2},
59 then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2 standard
60 (IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available.
62 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{199309L},
63 then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the POSIX.1b standard
64 (IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available.
66 Greater values for @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} will enable future extensions.
67 The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary, and
68 @theglibc{} should support them some time after they become standardized.
69 The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1: 1996) states that
70 if you define @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to a value greater than
71 or equal to @code{199506L}, then the functionality from the 1996
72 edition is made available.
77 @defvr Macro _BSD_SOURCE
78 If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix is
79 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material.
84 @defvr Macro _SVID_SOURCE
85 If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is
86 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open material.
91 @defvr Macro _XOPEN_SOURCE
94 @defvrx Macro _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
95 If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open
96 Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1 and
97 POSIX.2 functionality and in fact @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} and
98 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} are automatically defined.
100 As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in
101 BSD and SVID is also included.
103 If the macro @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED} is also defined, even more
104 functionality is available. The extra functions will make all functions
105 available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand.
107 If the macro @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE} has the value @math{500} this includes
108 all functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the
109 Single Unix Specification, @w{version 2}.
114 @defvr Macro _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
115 If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which
116 rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards. Specifically,
117 the functions @code{fseeko} and @code{ftello} are available. Without
118 these functions the difference between the @w{ISO C} interface
119 (@code{fseek}, @code{ftell}) and the low-level POSIX interface
120 (@code{lseek}) would lead to problems.
122 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension (LFS).
127 @defvr Macro _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
128 If you define this macro an additional set of functions is made available
129 which enables @w{32 bit} systems to use files of sizes beyond
130 the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the system
131 does not support files that large. On systems where the natural file
132 size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on @w{64 bit} systems) the new
133 functions are identical to the replaced functions.
135 The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and
136 functions which replace the existing ones. The names of these new objects
137 contain @code{64} to indicate the intention, e.g., @code{off_t}
138 vs. @code{off64_t} and @code{fseeko} vs. @code{fseeko64}.
140 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension
141 (LFS). It is a transition interface for the period when @w{64 bit}
142 offsets are not generally used (see @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS}).
147 @defvr Macro _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
148 This macro determines which file system interface shall be used, one
149 replacing the other. Whereas @code{_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE} makes the @w{64
150 bit} interface available as an additional interface,
151 @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS} allows the @w{64 bit} interface to
152 replace the old interface.
154 If @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS} is undefined, or if it is defined to the
155 value @code{32}, nothing changes. The @w{32 bit} interface is used and
156 types like @code{off_t} have a size of @w{32 bits} on @w{32 bit}
159 If the macro is defined to the value @code{64}, the large file interface
160 replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made available
161 under different names (as they are with @code{_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE}).
162 Instead the old function names now reference the new functions, e.g., a
163 call to @code{fseeko} now indeed calls @code{fseeko64}.
165 This macro should only be selected if the system provides mechanisms for
166 handling large files. On @w{64 bit} systems this macro has no effect
167 since the @code{*64} functions are identical to the normal functions.
169 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension
175 @defvr Macro _ISOC99_SOURCE
176 Until the revised @w{ISO C} standard is widely adopted the new features
177 are not automatically enabled. @Theglibc{} nevertheless has a complete
178 implementation of the new standard and to enable the new features the
179 macro @code{_ISOC99_SOURCE} should be defined.
184 @defvr Macro _GNU_SOURCE
185 If you define this macro, everything is included: @w{ISO C89}, @w{ISO
186 C99}, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU extensions. In
187 the cases where POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the POSIX definitions take
193 @defvr Macro _DEFAULT_SOURCE
194 If you define this macro, most features are included apart from
195 X/Open, LFS and GNU extensions; the effect is similar to defining
196 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to @code{200809L} and @code{_POSIX_SOURCE},
197 @code{_SVID_SOURCE}, and @code{_BSD_SOURCE} to 1. Defining this
198 macro, on its own and without using compiler options such as
199 @option{-ansi} or @option{-std=c99}, has the same effect as not
200 defining any feature test macros; defining it together with other
201 feature test macros, or when options such as @option{-ansi} are used,
202 enables those features even when the other options would otherwise
203 cause them to be disabled.
208 @defvr Macro _REENTRANT
209 @defvrx Macro _THREAD_SAFE
210 If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several functions get
211 declared. Some of the functions are specified in POSIX.1c but many others
212 are only available on a few other systems or are unique to @theglibc{}.
213 The problem is the delay in the standardization of the thread safe C library
216 Unlike on some other systems, no special version of the C library must be
217 used for linking. There is only one version but while compiling this
218 it must have been specified to compile as thread safe.
221 We recommend you use @code{_GNU_SOURCE} in new programs. If you don't
222 specify the @samp{-ansi} option to GCC, or other conformance options
223 such as @option{-std=c99}, and don't define any of these macros
224 explicitly, the effect is the same as defining @code{_DEFAULT_SOURCE}
227 When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of features,
228 it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for a subset of
229 those features. For example, if you define @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE}, then
230 defining @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} as well has no effect. Likewise, if you
231 define @code{_GNU_SOURCE}, then defining either @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} or
232 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} or @code{_SVID_SOURCE} as well has no effect.