Replace an alloca use with a variable-length array.

[glibc.git] / manual / argp.texi

@node Argp, Suboptions, Getopt, Parsing Program Arguments
@need 5000
@section Parsing Program Options with Argp
@cindex argp (program argument parser)
@cindex argument parsing with argp
@cindex option parsing with argp

@dfn{Argp} is an interface for parsing unix-style argument vectors.
@xref{Program Arguments}.

Argp provides features unavailable in the more commonly used
@code{getopt} interface.  These features include automatically producing
output in response to the @samp{--help} and @samp{--version} options, as
described in the GNU coding standards.  Using argp makes it less likely
that programmers will neglect to implement these additional options or
keep them up to date.

Argp also provides the ability to merge several independently defined
option parsers into one, mediating conflicts between them and making the
result appear seamless.  A library can export an argp option parser that
user programs might employ in conjunction with their own option parsers,
resulting in less work for the user programs.  Some programs may use only
argument parsers exported by libraries, thereby achieving consistent and
efficient option-parsing for abstractions implemented by the libraries.

@pindex argp.h
The header file @file{<argp.h>} should be included to use argp.

@subsection The @code{argp_parse} Function

The main interface to argp is the @code{argp_parse} function.  In many
cases, calling @code{argp_parse} is the only argument-parsing code
needed in @code{main}.
@xref{Program Arguments}.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun {error_t} argp_parse (const struct argp *@var{argp}, int @var{argc}, char **@var{argv}, unsigned @var{flags}, int *@var{arg_index}, void *@var{input})
The @code{argp_parse} function parses the arguments in @var{argv}, of
length @var{argc}, using the argp parser @var{argp}.  @xref{Argp
Parsers}.  Passing a null pointer for @var{argp} is the same as using
a @code{struct argp} containing all zeros.

@var{flags} is a set of flag bits that modify the parsing behavior.
@xref{Argp Flags}.  @var{input} is passed through to the argp parser
@var{argp}, and has meaning defined by @var{argp}.  A typical usage is
to pass a pointer to a structure which is used for specifying
parameters to the parser and passing back the results.

Unless the @code{ARGP_NO_EXIT} or @code{ARGP_NO_HELP} flags are included
in @var{flags}, calling @code{argp_parse} may result in the program
exiting.  This behavior is true if an error is detected, or when an
unknown option is encountered.  @xref{Program Termination}.

If @var{arg_index} is non-null, the index of the first unparsed option
in @var{argv} is returned as a value.

The return value is zero for successful parsing, or an error code
(@pxref{Error Codes}) if an error is detected.  Different argp parsers
may return arbitrary error codes, but the standard error codes are:
@code{ENOMEM} if a memory allocation error occurred, or @code{EINVAL} if
an unknown option or option argument is encountered.
@end deftypefun

@menu
* Globals: Argp Global Variables.  Global argp parameters.
* Parsers: Argp Parsers.        Defining parsers for use with @code{argp_parse}.
* Flags: Argp Flags.            Flags that modify the behavior of @code{argp_parse}.
* Help: Argp Help.              Printing help messages when not parsing.
* Examples: Argp Examples.      Simple examples of programs using argp.
* Customization: Argp User Customization.
                                Users may control the @samp{--help} output format.
@end menu

@node Argp Global Variables, Argp Parsers, , Argp
@subsection Argp Global Variables

These variables make it easy for user programs to implement the
@samp{--version} option and provide a bug-reporting address in the
@samp{--help} output.  These are implemented in argp by default.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypevar {const char *} argp_program_version
If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, then a
@samp{--version} option is added when parsing with @code{argp_parse},
which will print the @samp{--version} string followed by a newline and
exit.  The exception to this is if the @code{ARGP_NO_EXIT} flag is used.
@end deftypevar

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypevar {const char *} argp_program_bug_address
If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value,
@code{argp_program_bug_address} should point to a string that will be
printed at the end of the standard output for the @samp{--help} option,
embedded in a sentence that says @samp{Report bugs to @var{address}.}.
@end deftypevar

@need 1500
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@defvar argp_program_version_hook
If defined or set by the user program to a non-zero value, a
@samp{--version} option is added when parsing with @code{arg_parse},
which prints the program version and exits with a status of zero.  This
is not the case if the @code{ARGP_NO_HELP} flag is used.  If the
@code{ARGP_NO_EXIT} flag is set, the exit behavior of the program is
suppressed or modified, as when the argp parser is going to be used by
other programs.

It should point to a function with this type of signature:

@smallexample
void @var{print-version} (FILE *@var{stream}, struct argp_state *@var{state})
@end smallexample

@noindent
@xref{Argp Parsing State}, for an explanation of @var{state}.

This variable takes precedence over @code{argp_program_version}, and is
useful if a program has version information not easily expressed in a
simple string.
@end defvar

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypevar error_t argp_err_exit_status
This is the exit status used when argp exits due to a parsing error.  If
not defined or set by the user program, this defaults to:
@code{EX_USAGE} from @file{<sysexits.h>}.
@end deftypevar

@node Argp Parsers, Argp Flags, Argp Global Variables, Argp
@subsection Specifying Argp Parsers

The first argument to the @code{argp_parse} function is a pointer to a
@code{struct argp}, which is known as an @dfn{argp parser}:

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftp {Data Type} {struct argp}
This structure specifies how to parse a given set of options and
arguments, perhaps in conjunction with other argp parsers.  It has the
following fields:

@table @code
@item const struct argp_option *options
A pointer to a vector of @code{argp_option} structures specifying which
options this argp parser understands; it may be zero if there are no
options at all.  @xref{Argp Option Vectors}.

@item argp_parser_t parser
A pointer to a function that defines actions for this parser; it is
called for each option parsed, and at other well-defined points in the
parsing process.  A value of zero is the same as a pointer to a function
that always returns @code{ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN}.  @xref{Argp Parser
Functions}.

@item const char *args_doc
If non-zero, a string describing what non-option arguments are called by
this parser.  This is only used to print the @samp{Usage:} message.  If
it contains newlines, the strings separated by them are considered
alternative usage patterns and printed on separate lines.  Lines after
the first are prefixed by @samp{ or: } instead of @samp{Usage:}.

@item const char *doc
If non-zero, a string containing extra text to be printed before and
after the options in a long help message, with the two sections
separated by a vertical tab (@code{'\v'}, @code{'\013'}) character.  By
convention, the documentation before the options is just a short string
explaining what the program does.  Documentation printed after the
options describe behavior in more detail.

@item const struct argp_child *children
A pointer to a vector of @code{argp_children} structures.  This pointer
specifies which additional argp parsers should be combined with this
one.  @xref{Argp Children}.

@item char *(*help_filter)(int @var{key}, const char *@var{text}, void *@var{input})
If non-zero, a pointer to a function that filters the output of help
messages.  @xref{Argp Help Filtering}.

@item const char *argp_domain
If non-zero, the strings used in the argp library are translated using
the domain described by this string.  If zero, the current default domain
is used.

@end table
@end deftp

Of the above group, @code{options}, @code{parser}, @code{args_doc}, and
the @code{doc} fields are usually all that are needed.  If an argp
parser is defined as an initialized C variable, only the fields used
need be specified in the initializer.  The rest will default to zero due
to the way C structure initialization works.  This design is exploited in
most argp structures; the most-used fields are grouped near the
beginning, the unused fields left unspecified.

@menu
* Options: Argp Option Vectors.   Specifying options in an argp parser.
* Argp Parser Functions::         Defining actions for an argp parser.
* Children: Argp Children.        Combining multiple argp parsers.
* Help Filtering: Argp Help Filtering.  Customizing help output for an argp parser.
@end menu

@node Argp Option Vectors, Argp Parser Functions, Argp Parsers, Argp Parsers
@subsection Specifying Options in an Argp Parser

The @code{options} field in a @code{struct argp} points to a vector of
@code{struct argp_option} structures, each of which specifies an option
that the argp parser supports.  Multiple entries may be used for a single
option provided it has multiple names.  This should be terminated by an
entry with zero in all fields.  Note that when using an initialized C
array for options, writing @code{@{ 0 @}} is enough to achieve this.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftp {Data Type} {struct argp_option}
This structure specifies a single option that an argp parser
understands, as well as how to parse and document that option.  It has
the following fields:

@table @code
@item const char *name
The long name for this option, corresponding to the long option
@samp{--@var{name}}; this field may be zero if this option @emph{only}
has a short name.  To specify multiple names for an option, additional
entries may follow this one, with the @code{OPTION_ALIAS} flag
set.  @xref{Argp Option Flags}.

@item int key
The integer key provided by the current option to the option parser.  If
@var{key} has a value that is a printable @sc{ascii} character (i.e.,
@code{isascii (@var{key})} is true), it @emph{also} specifies a short
option @samp{-@var{char}}, where @var{char} is the @sc{ascii} character
with the code @var{key}.

@item const char *arg
If non-zero, this is the name of an argument associated with this
option, which must be provided (e.g., with the
@samp{--@var{name}=@var{value}} or @samp{-@var{char} @var{value}}
syntaxes), unless the @code{OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL} flag (@pxref{Argp
Option Flags}) is set, in which case it @emph{may} be provided.

@item int flags
Flags associated with this option, some of which are referred to above.
@xref{Argp Option Flags}.

@item const char *doc
A documentation string for this option, for printing in help messages.

If both the @code{name} and @code{key} fields are zero, this string
will be printed tabbed left from the normal option column, making it
useful as a group header.  This will be the first thing printed in its
group.  In this usage, it's conventional to end the string with a
@samp{:} character.

@item int group
Group identity for this option.

In a long help message, options are sorted alphabetically within each
group, and the groups presented in the order 0, 1, 2, @dots{}, @var{n},
@minus{}@var{m}, @dots{}, @minus{}2, @minus{}1.

Every entry in an options array with this field 0 will inherit the group
number of the previous entry, or zero if it's the first one.  If it's a
group header with @code{name} and @code{key} fields both zero, the
previous entry + 1 is the default.  Automagic options such as
@samp{--help} are put into group @minus{}1.

Note that because of C structure initialization rules, this field often
need not be specified, because 0 is the correct value.
@end table
@end deftp


@menu
* Flags: Argp Option Flags.     Flags for options.
@end menu

@node Argp Option Flags, , , Argp Option Vectors
@subsubsection Flags for Argp Options

The following flags may be or'd together in the @code{flags} field of a
@code{struct argp_option}.  These flags control various aspects of how
that option is parsed or displayed in help messages:


@vtable @code
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL
The argument associated with this option is optional.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item OPTION_HIDDEN
This option isn't displayed in any help messages.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item OPTION_ALIAS
This option is an alias for the closest previous non-alias option.  This
means that it will be displayed in the same help entry, and will inherit
fields other than @code{name} and @code{key} from the option being
aliased.


@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item OPTION_DOC
This option isn't actually an option and should be ignored by the actual
option parser.  It is an arbitrary section of documentation that should
be displayed in much the same manner as the options.  This is known as a
@dfn{documentation option}.

If this flag is set, then the option @code{name} field is displayed
unmodified (e.g., no @samp{--} prefix is added) at the left-margin where
a @emph{short} option would normally be displayed, and this
documentation string is left in it's usual place.  For purposes of
sorting, any leading whitespace and punctuation is ignored, unless the
first non-whitespace character is @samp{-}.  This entry is displayed
after all options, after @code{OPTION_DOC} entries with a leading
@samp{-}, in the same group.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item OPTION_NO_USAGE
This option shouldn't be included in `long' usage messages, but should
still be included in other help messages.  This is intended for options
that are completely documented in an argp's @code{args_doc}
field.  @xref{Argp Parsers}.  Including this option in the generic usage
list would be redundant, and should be avoided.

For instance, if @code{args_doc} is @code{"FOO BAR\n-x BLAH"}, and the
@samp{-x} option's purpose is to distinguish these two cases, @samp{-x}
should probably be marked @code{OPTION_NO_USAGE}.
@end vtable

@node Argp Parser Functions, Argp Children, Argp Option Vectors, Argp Parsers
@subsection Argp Parser Functions

The function pointed to by the @code{parser} field in a @code{struct
argp} (@pxref{Argp Parsers}) defines what actions take place in response
to each option or argument parsed.  It is also used as a hook, allowing a
parser to perform tasks at certain other points during parsing.

@need 2000
Argp parser functions have the following type signature:

@cindex argp parser functions
@smallexample
error_t @var{parser} (int @var{key}, char *@var{arg}, struct argp_state *@var{state})
@end smallexample

@noindent
where the arguments are as follows:

@table @var
@item key
For each option that is parsed, @var{parser} is called with a value of
@var{key} from that option's @code{key} field in the option
vector.  @xref{Argp Option Vectors}.  @var{parser} is also called at
other times with special reserved keys, such as @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG} for
non-option arguments.  @xref{Argp Special Keys}.

@item arg
If @var{key} is an option, @var{arg} is its given value.  This defaults
to zero if no value is specified.  Only options that have a non-zero
@code{arg} field can ever have a value.  These must @emph{always} have a
value unless the @code{OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL} flag is specified.  If the
input being parsed specifies a value for an option that doesn't allow
one, an error results before @var{parser} ever gets called.

If @var{key} is @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG}, @var{arg} is a non-option
argument.  Other special keys always have a zero @var{arg}.

@item state
@var{state} points to a @code{struct argp_state}, containing useful
information about the current parsing state for use by
@var{parser}.  @xref{Argp Parsing State}.
@end table

When @var{parser} is called, it should perform whatever action is
appropriate for @var{key}, and return @code{0} for success,
@code{ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN} if the value of @var{key} is not handled by this
parser function, or a unix error code if a real error
occurred.  @xref{Error Codes}.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypevr Macro int ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN
Argp parser functions should return @code{ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN} for any
@var{key} value they do not recognize, or for non-option arguments
(@code{@var{key} == ARGP_KEY_ARG}) that they are not equipped to handle.
@end deftypevr

@need 3000
A typical parser function uses a switch statement on @var{key}:

@smallexample
error_t
parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
@{
  switch (key)
    @{
    case @var{option_key}:
      @var{action}
      break;
    @dots{}
    default:
      return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
    @}
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample

@menu
* Keys: Argp Special Keys.           Special values for the @var{key} argument.
* State: Argp Parsing State.         What the @var{state} argument refers to.
* Functions: Argp Helper Functions.  Functions to help during argp parsing.
@end menu

@node Argp Special Keys, Argp Parsing State, , Argp Parser Functions
@subsubsection Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions

In addition to key values corresponding to user options, the @var{key}
argument to argp parser functions may have a number of other special
values.  In the following example @var{arg} and @var{state} refer to
parser function arguments.  @xref{Argp Parser Functions}.

@vtable @code
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_ARG
This is not an option at all, but rather a command line argument, whose
value is pointed to by @var{arg}.

When there are multiple parser functions in play due to argp parsers
being combined, it's impossible to know which one will handle a specific
argument.  Each is called until one returns 0 or an error other than
@code{ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN}; if an argument is not handled,
@code{argp_parse} immediately returns success, without parsing any more
arguments.

Once a parser function returns success for this key, that fact is
recorded, and the @code{ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS} case won't be
used.  @emph{However}, if while processing the argument a parser function
decrements the @code{next} field of its @var{state} argument, the option
won't be considered processed; this is to allow you to actually modify
the argument, perhaps into an option, and have it processed again.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_ARGS
If a parser function returns @code{ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN} for
@code{ARGP_KEY_ARG}, it is immediately called again with the key
@code{ARGP_KEY_ARGS}, which has a similar meaning, but is slightly more
convenient for consuming all remaining arguments.  @var{arg} is 0, and
the tail of the argument vector may be found at @code{@var{state}->argv
+ @var{state}->next}.  If success is returned for this key, and
@code{@var{state}->next} is unchanged, all remaining arguments are
considered to have been consumed.  Otherwise, the amount by which
@code{@var{state}->next} has been adjusted indicates how many were used.
Here's an example that uses both, for different args:


@smallexample
@dots{}
case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
  if (@var{state}->arg_num == 0)
    /* First argument */
    first_arg = @var{arg};
  else
    /* Let the next case parse it.  */
    return ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN;
  break;
case ARGP_KEY_ARGS:
  remaining_args = @var{state}->argv + @var{state}->next;
  num_remaining_args = @var{state}->argc - @var{state}->next;
  break;
@end smallexample

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_END
This indicates that there are no more command line arguments.  Parser
functions are called in a different order, children first.  This allows
each parser to clean up its state for the parent.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS
Because it's common to do some special processing if there aren't any
non-option args, parser functions are called with this key if they
didn't successfully process any non-option arguments.  This is called
just before @code{ARGP_KEY_END}, where more general validity checks on
previously parsed arguments take place.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_INIT
This is passed in before any parsing is done.  Afterwards, the values of
each element of the @code{child_input} field of @var{state}, if any, are
copied to each child's state to be the initial value of the @code{input}
when @emph{their} parsers are called.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS
Passed in when parsing has successfully been completed, even if
arguments remain.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_ERROR
Passed in if an error has occurred and parsing is terminated.  In this
case a call with a key of @code{ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS} is never made.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_FINI
The final key ever seen by any parser, even after
@code{ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS} and @code{ARGP_KEY_ERROR}.  Any resources
allocated by @code{ARGP_KEY_INIT} may be freed here.  At times, certain
resources allocated are to be returned to the caller after a successful
parse.  In that case, those particular resources can be freed in the
@code{ARGP_KEY_ERROR} case.
@end vtable

In all cases, @code{ARGP_KEY_INIT} is the first key seen by parser
functions, and @code{ARGP_KEY_FINI} the last, unless an error was
returned by the parser for @code{ARGP_KEY_INIT}.  Other keys can occur
in one the following orders.  @var{opt} refers to an arbitrary option
key:

@table @asis
@item @var{opt}@dots{} @code{ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS} @code{ARGP_KEY_END} @code{ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS}
The arguments being parsed did not contain any non-option arguments.

@item ( @var{opt} | @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG} )@dots{} @code{ARGP_KEY_END} @code{ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS}
All non-option arguments were successfully handled by a parser
function.  There may be multiple parser functions if multiple argp
parsers were combined.

@item ( @var{opt} | @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG} )@dots{} @code{ARGP_KEY_SUCCESS}
Some non-option argument went unrecognized.

This occurs when every parser function returns @code{ARGP_KEY_UNKNOWN}
for an argument, in which case parsing stops at that argument if
@var{arg_index} is a null pointer.  Otherwise an error occurs.
@end table

In all cases, if a non-null value for @var{arg_index} gets passed to
@code{argp_parse}, the index of the first unparsed command-line argument
is passed back in that value.

If an error occurs and is either detected by argp or because a parser
function returned an error value, each parser is called with
@code{ARGP_KEY_ERROR}.  No further calls are made, except the final call
with @code{ARGP_KEY_FINI}.

@node Argp Parsing State, Argp Helper Functions, Argp Special Keys, Argp Parser Functions
@subsubsection Argp Parsing State

The third argument to argp parser functions (@pxref{Argp Parser
Functions}) is a pointer to a @code{struct argp_state}, which contains
information about the state of the option parsing.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftp {Data Type} {struct argp_state}
This structure has the following fields, which may be modified as noted:

@table @code
@item const struct argp *const root_argp
The top level argp parser being parsed.  Note that this is often
@emph{not} the same @code{struct argp} passed into @code{argp_parse} by
the invoking program.  @xref{Argp}.  It is an internal argp parser that
contains options implemented by @code{argp_parse} itself, such as
@samp{--help}.

@item int argc
@itemx char **argv
The argument vector being parsed.  This may be modified.

@item int next
The index in @code{argv} of the next argument to be parsed.  This may be
modified.

One way to consume all remaining arguments in the input is to set
@code{@var{state}->next = @var{state}->argc}, perhaps after recording
the value of the @code{next} field to find the consumed arguments.  The
current option can be re-parsed immediately by decrementing this field,
then modifying @code{@var{state}->argv[@var{state}->next]} to reflect
the option that should be reexamined.

@item unsigned flags
The flags supplied to @code{argp_parse}.  These may be modified, although
some flags may only take effect when @code{argp_parse} is first
invoked.  @xref{Argp Flags}.

@item unsigned arg_num
While calling a parsing function with the @var{key} argument
@code{ARGP_KEY_ARG}, this represents the number of the current arg,
starting at 0.  It is incremented after each @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG} call
returns.  At all other times, this is the number of @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG}
arguments that have been processed.

@item int quoted
If non-zero, the index in @code{argv} of the first argument following a
special @samp{--} argument.  This prevents anything that follows from
being interpreted as an option.  It is only set after argument parsing
has proceeded past this point.

@item void *input
An arbitrary pointer passed in from the caller of @code{argp_parse}, in
the @var{input} argument.

@item void **child_inputs
These are values that will be passed to child parsers.  This vector will
be the same length as the number of children in the current parser.  Each
child parser will be given the value of
@code{@var{state}->child_inputs[@var{i}]} as @emph{its}
@code{@var{state}->input} field, where @var{i} is the index of the child
in the this parser's @code{children} field.  @xref{Argp Children}.

@item void *hook
For the parser function's use.  Initialized to 0, but otherwise ignored
by argp.

@item char *name
The name used when printing messages.  This is initialized to
@code{argv[0]}, or @code{program_invocation_name} if @code{argv[0]} is
unavailable.

@item FILE *err_stream
@itemx FILE *out_stream
The stdio streams used when argp prints.  Error messages are printed to
@code{err_stream}, all other output, such as @samp{--help} output) to
@code{out_stream}.  These are initialized to @code{stderr} and
@code{stdout} respectively.  @xref{Standard Streams}.

@item void *pstate
Private, for use by the argp implementation.
@end table
@end deftp

@node Argp Helper Functions, , Argp Parsing State, Argp Parser Functions
@subsubsection Functions For Use in Argp Parsers

Argp provides a number of functions available to the user of argp
(@pxref{Argp Parser Functions}), mostly for producing error messages.
These take as their first argument the @var{state} argument to the
parser function.  @xref{Argp Parsing State}.


@cindex usage messages, in argp
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun void argp_usage (const struct argp_state *@var{state})
Outputs the standard usage message for the argp parser referred to by
@var{state} to @code{@var{state}->err_stream} and terminate the program
with @code{exit (argp_err_exit_status)}.  @xref{Argp Global Variables}.
@end deftypefun

@cindex syntax error messages, in argp
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun void argp_error (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, const char *@var{fmt}, @dots{})
Prints the printf format string @var{fmt} and following args, preceded
by the program name and @samp{:}, and followed by a @w{@samp{Try @dots{}
--help}} message, and terminates the program with an exit status of
@code{argp_err_exit_status}.  @xref{Argp Global Variables}.
@end deftypefun

@cindex error messages, in argp
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun void argp_failure (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, int @var{status}, int @var{errnum}, const char *@var{fmt}, @dots{})
Similar to the standard gnu error-reporting function @code{error}, this
prints the program name and @samp{:}, the printf format string
@var{fmt}, and the appropriate following args.  If it is non-zero, the
standard unix error text for @var{errnum} is printed.  If @var{status} is
non-zero, it terminates the program with that value as its exit status.

The difference between @code{argp_failure} and @code{argp_error} is that
@code{argp_error} is for @emph{parsing errors}, whereas
@code{argp_failure} is for other problems that occur during parsing but
don't reflect a syntactic problem with the input, such as illegal values
for options, bad phase of the moon, etc.
@end deftypefun

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun void argp_state_help (const struct argp_state *@var{state}, FILE *@var{stream}, unsigned @var{flags})
Outputs a help message for the argp parser referred to by @var{state},
to @var{stream}.  The @var{flags} argument determines what sort of help
message is produced.  @xref{Argp Help Flags}.
@end deftypefun

Error output is sent to @code{@var{state}->err_stream}, and the program
name printed is @code{@var{state}->name}.

The output or program termination behavior of these functions may be
suppressed if the @code{ARGP_NO_EXIT} or @code{ARGP_NO_ERRS} flags are
passed to @code{argp_parse}.  @xref{Argp Flags}.

This behavior is useful if an argp parser is exported for use by other
programs (e.g., by a library), and may be used in a context where it is
not desirable to terminate the program in response to parsing errors.  In
argp parsers intended for such general use, and for the case where the
program @emph{doesn't} terminate, calls to any of these functions should
be followed by code that returns the appropriate error code:

@smallexample
if (@var{bad argument syntax})
  @{
     argp_usage (@var{state});
     return EINVAL;
  @}
@end smallexample

@noindent
If a parser function will @emph{only} be used when @code{ARGP_NO_EXIT}
is not set, the return may be omitted.

@node Argp Children, Argp Help Filtering, Argp Parser Functions, Argp Parsers
@subsection Combining Multiple Argp Parsers

The @code{children} field in a @code{struct argp} enables other argp
parsers to be combined with the referencing one for the parsing of a
single set of arguments.  This field should point to a vector of
@code{struct argp_child}, which is terminated by an entry having a value
of zero in the @code{argp} field.

Where conflicts between combined parsers arise, as when two specify an
option with the same name, the parser conflicts are resolved in favor of
the parent argp parser(s), or the earlier of the argp parsers in the
list of children.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftp {Data Type} {struct argp_child}
An entry in the list of subsidiary argp parsers pointed to by the
@code{children} field in a @code{struct argp}.  The fields are as
follows:

@table @code
@item const struct argp *argp
The child argp parser, or zero to end of the list.

@item int flags
Flags for this child.

@item const char *header
If non-zero, this is an optional header to be printed within help output
before the child options.  As a side-effect, a non-zero value forces the
child options to be grouped together.  To achieve this effect without
actually printing a header string, use a value of @code{""}.  As with
header strings specified in an option entry, the conventional value of
the last character is @samp{:}.  @xref{Argp Option Vectors}.

@item int group
This is where the child options are grouped relative to the other
`consolidated' options in the parent argp parser.  The values are the
same as the @code{group} field in @code{struct argp_option}.  @xref{Argp
Option Vectors}.  All child-groupings follow parent options at a
particular group level.  If both this field and @code{header} are zero,
then the child's options aren't grouped together, they are merged with
parent options at the parent option group level.

@end table
@end deftp

@node Argp Flags, Argp Help, Argp Parsers, Argp
@subsection Flags for @code{argp_parse}

The default behavior of @code{argp_parse} is designed to be convenient
for the most common case of parsing program command line argument.  To
modify these defaults, the following flags may be or'd together in the
@var{flags} argument to @code{argp_parse}:

@vtable @code
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0
Don't ignore the first element of the @var{argv} argument to
@code{argp_parse}.  Unless @code{ARGP_NO_ERRS} is set, the first element
of the argument vector is skipped for option parsing purposes, as it
corresponds to the program name in a command line.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_NO_ERRS
Don't print error messages for unknown options to @code{stderr}; unless
this flag is set, @code{ARGP_PARSE_ARGV0} is ignored, as @code{argv[0]}
is used as the program name in the error messages.  This flag implies
@code{ARGP_NO_EXIT}.  This is based on the assumption that silent exiting
upon errors is bad behavior.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_NO_ARGS
Don't parse any non-option args.  Normally these are parsed by calling
the parse functions with a key of @code{ARGP_KEY_ARG}, the actual
argument being the value.  This flag needn't normally be set, as the
default behavior is to stop parsing as soon as an argument fails to be
parsed.  @xref{Argp Parser Functions}.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_IN_ORDER
Parse options and arguments in the same order they occur on the command
line.  Normally they're rearranged so that all options come first.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_NO_HELP
Don't provide the standard long option @samp{--help}, which ordinarily
causes usage and option help information to be output to @code{stdout}
and @code{exit (0)}.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_NO_EXIT
Don't exit on errors, although they may still result in error messages.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_LONG_ONLY
Use the gnu getopt `long-only' rules for parsing arguments.  This allows
long-options to be recognized with only a single @samp{-}
(i.e., @samp{-help}).  This results in a less useful interface, and its
use is discouraged as it conflicts with the way most GNU programs work
as well as the GNU coding standards.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_SILENT
Turns off any message-printing/exiting options, specifically
@code{ARGP_NO_EXIT}, @code{ARGP_NO_ERRS}, and @code{ARGP_NO_HELP}.
@end vtable

@node Argp Help Filtering, , Argp Children, Argp Parsers
@need 2000
@subsection Customizing Argp Help Output

The @code{help_filter} field in a @code{struct argp} is a pointer to a
function that filters the text of help messages before displaying
them.  They have a function signature like:

@smallexample
char *@var{help-filter} (int @var{key}, const char *@var{text}, void *@var{input})
@end smallexample


@noindent
Where @var{key} is either a key from an option, in which case @var{text}
is that option's help text.  @xref{Argp Option Vectors}.  Alternately, one
of the special keys with names beginning with @samp{ARGP_KEY_HELP_}
might be used, describing which other help text @var{text} will contain.
@xref{Argp Help Filter Keys}.

The function should return either @var{text} if it remains as-is, or a
replacement string allocated using @code{malloc}.  This will be either be
freed by argp or zero, which prints nothing.  The value of @var{text} is
supplied @emph{after} any translation has been done, so if any of the
replacement text needs translation, it will be done by the filter
function.  @var{input} is either the input supplied to @code{argp_parse}
or it is zero, if @code{argp_help} was called directly by the user.

@menu
* Keys: Argp Help Filter Keys.  Special @var{key} values for help filter functions.
@end menu

@node Argp Help Filter Keys, , , Argp Help Filtering
@subsubsection Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions

The following special values may be passed to an argp help filter
function as the first argument in addition to key values for user
options.  They specify which help text the @var{text} argument contains:

@vtable @code
@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_PRE_DOC
The help text preceding options.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_POST_DOC
The help text following options.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_HEADER
The option header string.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_EXTRA
This is used after all other documentation; @var{text} is zero for this key.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_DUP_ARGS_NOTE
The explanatory note printed when duplicate option arguments have been suppressed.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@item ARGP_KEY_HELP_ARGS_DOC
The argument doc string; formally the @code{args_doc} field from the argp parser.  @xref{Argp Parsers}.
@end vtable

@node Argp Help, Argp Examples, Argp Flags, Argp
@subsection The @code{argp_help} Function

Normally programs using argp need not be written with particular
printing argument-usage-type help messages in mind as the standard
@samp{--help} option is handled automatically by argp.  Typical error
cases can be handled using @code{argp_usage} and
@code{argp_error}.  @xref{Argp Helper Functions}.  However, if it's
desirable to print a help message in some context other than parsing the
program options, argp offers the @code{argp_help} interface.

@comment argp.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun void argp_help (const struct argp *@var{argp}, FILE *@var{stream}, unsigned @var{flags}, char *@var{name})
This outputs a help message for the argp parser @var{argp} to
@var{stream}.  The type of messages printed will be determined by
@var{flags}.

Any options such as @samp{--help} that are implemented automatically by
argp itself will @emph{not} be present in the help output; for this
reason it is best to use @code{argp_state_help} if calling from within
an argp parser function.  @xref{Argp Helper Functions}.
@end deftypefun

@menu
* Flags: Argp Help Flags.       Specifying what sort of help message to print.
@end menu

@node Argp Help Flags, , , Argp Help
@subsection Flags for the @code{argp_help} Function

When calling @code{argp_help} (@pxref{Argp Help}) or
@code{argp_state_help} (@pxref{Argp Helper Functions}) the exact output
is determined by the @var{flags} argument.  This should consist of any of
the following flags, or'd together:

@vtable @code
@item ARGP_HELP_USAGE
A unix @samp{Usage:} message that explicitly lists all options.

@item ARGP_HELP_SHORT_USAGE
A unix @samp{Usage:} message that displays an appropriate placeholder to
indicate where the options go; useful for showing the non-option
argument syntax.

@item ARGP_HELP_SEE
A @samp{Try @dots{} for more help} message; @samp{@dots{}} contains the
program name and @samp{--help}.

@item ARGP_HELP_LONG
A verbose option help message that gives each option available along
with its documentation string.

@item ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC
The part of the argp parser doc string preceding the verbose option help.

@item ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC
The part of the argp parser doc string that following the verbose option help.

@item ARGP_HELP_DOC
@code{(ARGP_HELP_PRE_DOC | ARGP_HELP_POST_DOC)}

@item ARGP_HELP_BUG_ADDR
A message that prints where to report bugs for this program, if the
@code{argp_program_bug_address} variable contains this information.

@item ARGP_HELP_LONG_ONLY
This will modify any output to reflect the @code{ARGP_LONG_ONLY} mode.
@end vtable

The following flags are only understood when used with
@code{argp_state_help}.  They control whether the function returns after
printing its output, or terminates the program:

@vtable @code
@item ARGP_HELP_EXIT_ERR
This will terminate the program with @code{exit (argp_err_exit_status)}.

@item ARGP_HELP_EXIT_OK
This will terminate the program with @code{exit (0)}.
@end vtable

The following flags are combinations of the basic flags for printing
standard messages:

@vtable @code
@item ARGP_HELP_STD_ERR
Assuming that an error message for a parsing error has printed, this
prints a message on how to get help, and terminates the program with an
error.

@item ARGP_HELP_STD_USAGE
This prints a standard usage message and terminates the program with an
error.  This is used when no other specific error messages are
appropriate or available.

@item ARGP_HELP_STD_HELP
This prints the standard response for a @samp{--help} option, and
terminates the program successfully.
@end vtable

@node Argp Examples, Argp User Customization, Argp Help, Argp
@subsection Argp Examples

These example programs demonstrate the basic usage of argp.

@menu
* 1: Argp Example 1.            A minimal program using argp.
* 2: Argp Example 2.            A program using only default options.
* 3: Argp Example 3.            A simple program with user options.
* 4: Argp Example 4.            Combining multiple argp parsers.
@end menu

@node Argp Example 1, Argp Example 2, , Argp Examples
@subsubsection A Minimal Program Using Argp

This is perhaps the smallest program possible that uses argp.  It won't
do much except give an error messages and exit when there are any
arguments, and prints a rather pointless message for @samp{--help}.

@smallexample
@include argp-ex1.c.texi
@end smallexample

@node Argp Example 2, Argp Example 3, Argp Example 1, Argp Examples
@subsubsection A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options

This program doesn't use any options or arguments, it uses argp to be
compliant with the GNU standard command line format.

In addition to giving no arguments and implementing a @samp{--help}
option, this example has a @samp{--version} option, which will put the
given documentation string and bug address in the @samp{--help} output,
as per GNU standards.

The variable @code{argp} contains the argument parser
specification.  Adding fields to this structure is the way most
parameters are passed to @code{argp_parse}.  The first three fields are
normally used, but they are not in this small program.  There are also
two global variables that argp can use defined here,
@code{argp_program_version} and @code{argp_program_bug_address}.  They
are considered global variables because they will almost always be
constant for a given program, even if they use different argument
parsers for various tasks.

@smallexample
@include argp-ex2.c.texi
@end smallexample

@node Argp Example 3, Argp Example 4, Argp Example 2, Argp Examples
@subsubsection A Program Using Argp with User Options

This program uses the same features as example 2, adding user options
and arguments.

We now use the first four fields in @code{argp} (@pxref{Argp Parsers})
and specify @code{parse_opt} as the parser function.  @xref{Argp Parser
Functions}.

Note that in this example, @code{main} uses a structure to communicate
with the @code{parse_opt} function, a pointer to which it passes in the
@code{input} argument to @code{argp_parse}.  @xref{Argp}.  It is retrieved
by @code{parse_opt} through the @code{input} field in its @code{state}
argument.  @xref{Argp Parsing State}.  Of course, it's also possible to
use global variables instead, but using a structure like this is
somewhat more flexible and clean.

@smallexample
@include argp-ex3.c.texi
@end smallexample

@node Argp Example 4, , Argp Example 3, Argp Examples
@subsubsection A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers

This program uses the same features as example 3, but has more options,
and presents more structure in the @samp{--help} output.  It also
illustrates how you can `steal' the remainder of the input arguments
past a certain point for programs that accept a list of items.  It also
illustrates the @var{key} value @code{ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS}, which is only
given if no non-option arguments were supplied to the
program.  @xref{Argp Special Keys}.

For structuring help output, two features are used: @emph{headers} and a
two part option string.  The @emph{headers} are entries in the options
vector.  @xref{Argp Option Vectors}.  The first four fields are zero.  The
two part documentation string are in the variable @code{doc}, which
allows documentation both before and after the options.  @xref{Argp
Parsers}, the two parts of @code{doc} are separated by a vertical-tab
character (@code{'\v'}, or @code{'\013'}).  By convention, the
documentation before the options is a short string stating what the
program does, and after any options it is longer, describing the
behavior in more detail.  All documentation strings are automatically
filled for output, although newlines may be included to force a line
break at a particular point.  In addition, documentation strings are
passed to the @code{gettext} function, for possible translation into the
current locale.

@smallexample
@include argp-ex4.c.texi
@end smallexample

@node Argp User Customization, , Argp Examples, Argp
@subsection Argp User Customization

@cindex ARGP_HELP_FMT environment variable
The formatting of argp @samp{--help} output may be controlled to some
extent by a program's users, by setting the @code{ARGP_HELP_FMT}
environment variable to a comma-separated list of tokens.  Whitespace is
ignored:

@table @samp
@item dup-args
@itemx no-dup-args
These turn @dfn{duplicate-argument-mode} on or off.  In duplicate
argument mode, if an option that accepts an argument has multiple names,
the argument is shown for each name.  Otherwise, it is only shown for the
first long option.  A note is subsequently printed so the user knows that
it applies to other names as well.  The default is @samp{no-dup-args},
which is less consistent, but prettier.

@item dup-args-note
@item no-dup-args-note
These will enable or disable the note informing the user of suppressed
option argument duplication.  The default is @samp{dup-args-note}.

@item short-opt-col=@var{n}
This prints the first short option in column @var{n}.  The default is 2.

@item long-opt-col=@var{n}
This prints the first long option in column @var{n}.  The default is 6.

@item doc-opt-col=@var{n}
This prints `documentation options' (@pxref{Argp Option Flags}) in
column @var{n}.  The default is 2.

@item opt-doc-col=@var{n}
This prints the documentation for options starting in column
@var{n}.  The default is 29.

@item header-col=@var{n}
This will indent the group headers that document groups of options to
column @var{n}.  The default is 1.

@item usage-indent=@var{n}
This will indent continuation lines in @samp{Usage:} messages to column
@var{n}.  The default is 12.

@item rmargin=@var{n}
This will word wrap help output at or before column @var{n}.  The default
is 79.
@end table