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1 # @(#)europe 7.82
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
11 #
12 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
17 #
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
20 #
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
22 #
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
26 #
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
32 #
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
36 # std dst
37 # LMT Local Mean Time
38 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
45 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
46 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
47 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
48 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
49 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
50 #
51 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
52 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
54 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
55 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
56 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
58 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
61 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
62 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
63 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
64 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
65 # ...
66 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
67 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
68 # ...
69 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
70 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
71 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
72 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73 # in the Directive.
76 ###############################################################################
78 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
80 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
81 #
82 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
83 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
84 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
85 # of the text said:
86 #
87 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
88 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
89 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
90 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
91 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
92 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
93 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
94 #
95 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
96 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
97 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
98 #
99 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
101 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
102 #
103 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
104 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
105 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
106 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
107 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
108 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
109 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
110 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
111 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
112 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
113 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
114 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
115 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
117 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
123 #
124 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
126 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
128 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
129 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
131 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
132 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
133 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
134 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
135 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
136 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
137 # See:
138 # <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
139 # Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
140 # </a>
141 # A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
142 # near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
143 # to the public.
145 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
146 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
147 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
148 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
149 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
151 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
152 #
153 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
154 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
156 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
157 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
158 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
159 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
160 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
162 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
163 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
164 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
165 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
166 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
168 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
169 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
170 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
171 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
173 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
174 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
175 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
176 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
177 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
178 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
179 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
180 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
182 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
183 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
184 # which is to be introduced in May....
185 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
186 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
188 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
189 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
190 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
191 # so we use `BDST'.
193 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
194 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
195 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
196 # and extending this list, which can be found in
197 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
198 # History of legal time in Britain
199 # </a>
201 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
202 #
203 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
204 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
205 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
206 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
207 # </a>.
209 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
210 #
211 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
212 #
213 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
214 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
215 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
216 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
217 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
218 # It actually just had one transition.
219 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
220 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
221 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
222 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
223 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
224 #
225 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
226 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
227 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
228 # conform with Great Britain.
229 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
230 #
231 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
232 # we'll ignore it for now.
233 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
234 #
235 #
236 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
237 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
238 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
239 # to London. For example:
240 #
241 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
242 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
244 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
245 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
246 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
247 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
248 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
249 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
250 # and Frethun run in CT.
251 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
252 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
253 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
254 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
255 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
256 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
258 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
259 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
260 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
261 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
262 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
263 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
264 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
266 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
267 # Summer Time Act, 1916
268 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
269 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
270 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
271 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
272 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
273 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
274 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
275 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
276 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
277 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
278 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
279 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
280 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
281 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
282 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
283 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
284 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
285 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
286 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
287 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
288 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
289 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
290 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
291 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
292 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
293 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
294 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
295 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
296 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
297 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
298 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
299 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
300 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
301 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
302 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
303 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
304 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
305 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
306 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
307 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
308 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
309 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
310 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
311 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
312 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
313 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
314 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
315 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
316 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
317 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
318 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
319 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
320 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
321 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
322 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
324 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
325 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
327 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
328 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
329 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
330 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
331 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
332 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
334 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
335 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
336 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
337 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
338 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
339 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
340 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
348 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
349 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
350 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
352 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
353 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
354 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
355 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
357 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
359 # (no summer time)
360 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
361 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
363 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
364 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
365 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
366 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
367 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
369 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
370 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
371 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
372 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
373 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
374 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
376 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
377 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
381 0:00 EU GMT/BST
382 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
386 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
388 0:00 EU GMT/BST
389 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
390 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
391 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
394 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
395 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
396 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
397 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
398 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
399 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
401 0:00 EU GMT/IST
403 ###############################################################################
405 # Continental Europe
407 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
408 # Common Market, etc.
410 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
412 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
413 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
414 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
415 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
416 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
417 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
418 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
419 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
420 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
421 # </a>
423 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
424 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
425 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
426 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
427 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
428 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
429 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
431 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
432 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
433 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
434 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
435 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
436 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
437 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
438 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
439 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
440 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
441 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
442 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
443 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
444 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
445 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
446 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
447 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
448 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
449 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
451 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
452 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
453 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
454 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
455 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
456 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
457 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
459 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
460 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
461 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
462 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
463 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
464 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
465 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
466 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
467 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
468 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
469 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
470 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
471 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
472 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
473 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
474 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
475 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
476 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
477 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
478 #
479 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
480 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
481 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
485 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
487 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
488 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
489 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
490 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
491 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
493 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
494 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
496 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
497 # The official German names ... are
498 #
499 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
500 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
501 #
502 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
503 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
504 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
505 #
506 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
507 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
508 # Postfach 3345
509 # D-38023 Braunschweig
510 # phone: +49 531 592-0
511 #
512 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
513 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
514 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
515 #
516 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
517 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
520 # Albania
521 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
522 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
523 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
524 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
525 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
526 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
527 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
528 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
529 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
530 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
531 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
532 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
533 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
534 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
535 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
537 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
538 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
539 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
540 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
541 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
542 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
543 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
544 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
545 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
546 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
548 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
549 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
550 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
551 1:00 EU CE%sT
553 # Andorra
554 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
555 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
556 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
557 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
558 1:00 EU CE%sT
560 # Austria
561 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
562 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
563 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
564 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
565 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
567 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
568 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
569 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
571 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
573 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
576 1:00 EU CE%sT
578 # Belarus
579 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
580 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
581 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
582 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
583 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
584 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
585 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
586 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
587 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
588 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
590 2:00 Russia EE%sT
592 # Belgium
593 #
594 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
595 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
596 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
597 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
598 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
599 # pp 8-9.
600 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
601 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
602 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
603 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
604 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
605 #
606 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
607 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
608 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
609 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
610 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
611 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
612 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
613 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
614 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
615 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
616 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
617 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
619 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
620 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
621 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
622 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
623 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
624 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
625 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
626 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
627 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
628 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
629 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
630 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
631 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
632 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
633 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
634 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
635 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
636 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
637 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
638 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
639 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
640 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
641 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
642 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
643 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
644 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
645 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
646 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
647 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
648 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
649 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
650 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
651 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
653 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
654 1:00 EU CE%sT
656 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
657 # see Yugoslavia
659 # Bulgaria
660 #
661 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
662 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
663 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
664 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
665 #
666 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
667 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
668 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
669 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
670 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
671 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
672 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
673 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
674 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
675 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
677 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
678 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
679 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
680 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
681 2:00 EU EE%sT
683 # Croatia
684 # see Yugosloavia
686 # Czech Republic
687 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
688 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
689 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
690 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
691 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
692 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
693 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
694 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
695 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
697 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
699 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
700 1:00 EU CE%sT
702 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
703 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
704 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
705 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
706 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
707 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
708 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
709 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
710 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
711 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
712 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
713 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
714 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
715 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
716 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
717 #
718 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
721 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
722 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
725 1:00 EU CE%sT
726 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
727 0:00 - WET 1981
728 0:00 EU WE%sT
729 #
730 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
731 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
732 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
733 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
734 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
735 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
737 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
738 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
739 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
740 #
741 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
742 # is according to the following time line:
743 #
744 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
745 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
746 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
747 # Danmarkshavn UTC
748 #
749 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
750 # introduced.
752 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
753 #
754 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
755 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
756 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
757 # info from earlier correspondence.]
758 #
759 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
760 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
761 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
762 #
763 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
764 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
765 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
766 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
767 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
768 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
769 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
770 #
771 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
772 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
773 #
774 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
775 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
776 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
777 #
778 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
779 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
780 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
781 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
782 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
784 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
785 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
786 # there at 2:00 AM.
788 # From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19):
789 # The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
790 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
791 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
792 # so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions.
793 #
794 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
795 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
796 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
797 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
798 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
799 #
800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
802 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
803 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
804 0:00 - GMT
805 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
806 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
807 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
808 -1:00 EU EG%sT
809 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
810 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
811 -3:00 EU WG%sT
812 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
813 -4:00 Thule A%sT
815 # Estonia
816 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
817 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
818 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
819 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
820 #
821 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
822 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
823 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
824 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
825 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
826 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
827 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
828 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
829 # summer time next spring.''
831 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
832 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
833 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
834 # </a>
835 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
836 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
837 #
838 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
839 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
840 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
842 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
843 # via Steffen Thorsen:
844 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
845 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
846 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
847 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
848 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
849 # after that.
851 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
852 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
853 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
854 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
856 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
857 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
858 # Now we are using again EU rules.
859 #
860 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
861 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
863 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
864 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
865 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
867 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
868 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
869 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
871 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
872 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
873 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
874 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
875 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
876 2:00 EU EE%sT
878 # Finland
879 #
880 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
881 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
882 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
883 #
884 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
885 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
886 # Go with Strang instead.
887 #
888 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
889 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
890 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
893 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
894 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
895 2:00 EU EE%sT
897 # France
899 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
900 #
901 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
902 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
903 #
904 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
905 # Paris, 1991
906 #
907 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
908 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
911 #
912 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
913 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
914 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
916 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
921 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
923 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
924 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
925 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
926 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
927 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
928 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
946 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
947 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
948 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
949 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
950 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
951 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
952 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
953 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
954 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
955 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
956 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
957 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
958 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
959 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
960 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
961 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
962 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
963 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
964 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
965 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
966 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
967 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
968 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
969 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
970 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
971 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
972 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
973 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
974 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
975 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
976 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
977 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
978 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
979 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
980 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
981 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
982 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
983 # go with Shanks.
984 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
985 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
986 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
987 1:00 EU CE%sT
989 # Germany
991 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
992 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
993 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
994 #
995 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
996 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
997 # </a>
999 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1000 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1001 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
1002 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
1003 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
1004 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1005 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
1006 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1007 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1008 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1009 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1010 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1011 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
1012 # go with Shanks.
1013 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1014 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1015 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1016 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1017 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1018 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1019 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1020 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1021 1:00 EU CE%sT
1023 # Gibraltar
1024 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1025 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1026 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1027 1:00 - CET 1982
1028 1:00 EU CE%sT
1030 # Greece
1031 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1032 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1033 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1034 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1035 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1036 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1037 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1038 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1039 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1040 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1041 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1042 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1043 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1044 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1045 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1046 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1047 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1048 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1049 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1050 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1051 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1052 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1053 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1054 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1055 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1056 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1057 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1058 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1059 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1060 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1061 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1062 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1063 2:00 EU EE%sT
1065 # Hungary
1066 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1067 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1068 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1069 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1070 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1071 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1072 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1073 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1074 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1075 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1076 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1077 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1078 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1079 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1080 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1081 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1082 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1083 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1084 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1085 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1086 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1087 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1088 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1089 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1090 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1091 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1092 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1093 1:00 EU CE%sT
1095 # Iceland
1096 #
1097 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1098 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1099 #
1100 # (1993-12-05):
1101 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1102 # Iceland Almanak.
1103 #
1104 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1105 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1106 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1107 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1108 #
1109 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1110 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1111 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1112 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1113 #
1114 # (1993-12-10):
1115 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1116 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1117 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1118 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1119 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1120 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1121 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1122 # might mean something else (???).
1123 #
1124 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1125 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1126 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1127 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1128 #
1129 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1130 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1131 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1132 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1133 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1134 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1135 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1136 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1137 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1139 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1140 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1141 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1142 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1143 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1144 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1145 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1146 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1147 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1148 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1149 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1151 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1152 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1153 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1154 0:00 - GMT
1156 # Italy
1157 #
1158 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1159 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1160 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1161 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1162 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1163 # so record only the time in Rome.
1164 #
1165 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1166 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1167 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1168 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1169 # </a>
1170 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1171 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1172 #
1173 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1174 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1175 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1176 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1177 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1178 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1179 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1180 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1181 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1182 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1183 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1184 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1185 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1186 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1187 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1188 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1189 #
1190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1191 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1192 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1193 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1194 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1195 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1196 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1197 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1198 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1199 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1200 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1201 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1202 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1204 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1205 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1206 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1207 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1208 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1209 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1210 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1211 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1212 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1213 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1214 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1215 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1216 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1217 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1218 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1219 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1220 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1221 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1223 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1226 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1227 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1228 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1229 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1230 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1231 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1232 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1233 1:00 EU CE%sT
1235 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1236 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1238 # Latvia
1240 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1242 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1243 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1244 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1245 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1246 #
1247 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1248 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1249 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1250 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1251 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1252 #
1253 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1254 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1255 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1256 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1257 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1258 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1259 #
1260 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1261 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1262 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1263 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1264 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1265 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1266 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1267 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1268 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1269 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1270 #
1271 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1272 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1273 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1275 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1276 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1277 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1278 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1279 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1281 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1282 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1283 # </a>
1284 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1285 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1286 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1287 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1288 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1289 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1290 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1291 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1292 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1293 # appears that they will not do so....
1295 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1296 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1299 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1300 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1301 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1302 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1303 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1304 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1305 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1306 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1307 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1308 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1309 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1310 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1311 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1312 2:00 - EET 2001
1313 2:00 EU EE%sT
1315 # Liechtenstein
1316 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1317 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1318 1:00 - CET 1981
1319 1:00 EU CE%sT
1321 # Lithuania
1323 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1324 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1325 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1327 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1328 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1329 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1331 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1332 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1333 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1334 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1335 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1336 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1337 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1338 # already done by Estonia.
1340 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1341 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1342 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1344 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1345 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1346 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1347 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1348 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1349 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1350 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1351 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1352 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1353 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1354 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1355 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1356 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1357 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1358 2:00 - EET
1360 # Luxembourg
1361 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1362 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1363 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1364 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1365 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1366 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1367 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1368 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1369 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1370 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1371 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1372 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1373 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1374 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1375 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1377 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1379 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1380 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1381 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1382 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1383 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1384 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1385 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1386 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1387 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1388 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1389 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1390 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1391 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1392 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1393 1:00 EU CE%sT
1395 # Macedonia
1396 # see Yugoslavia
1398 # Malta
1399 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1400 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1401 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1402 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1403 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1404 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1405 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1406 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1407 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1409 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1410 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1411 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1412 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1413 1:00 EU CE%sT
1415 # Moldova
1417 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1418 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1419 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1420 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1421 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1422 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1423 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1424 # But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1425 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1426 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1429 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1430 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1431 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1432 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1433 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1434 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1435 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1436 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1437 2:00 - EET 1991
1438 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1439 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1440 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1441 2:00 EU EE%sT
1443 # Monaco
1444 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1445 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1446 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1447 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1448 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1449 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1450 1:00 EU CE%sT
1452 # Netherlands
1454 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1455 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1457 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1458 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1459 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1460 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1461 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1462 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1463 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1464 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1465 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1466 #
1467 # (2001-04-08):
1468 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1469 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1470 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1471 #
1472 # (2001-04-09):
1473 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1474 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1475 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1476 # actually followed.
1477 #
1478 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1479 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1480 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1481 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1482 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1483 #
1484 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1485 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1486 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1487 # Amsterdam mean time.
1489 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1490 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1492 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1493 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1494 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1495 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1496 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1497 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1498 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1499 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1500 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1501 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1502 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1503 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1504 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1505 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1506 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1507 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1508 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1509 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1510 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1511 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1512 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1513 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1514 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1515 #
1516 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1517 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1518 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1519 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1520 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1521 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1522 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1523 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1524 1:00 EU CE%sT
1526 # Norway
1527 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1528 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1529 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1531 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1532 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1533 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1534 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1535 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1536 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1537 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1538 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1539 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1540 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1541 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1542 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1543 1:00 EU CE%sT
1545 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1547 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1548 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1549 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1550 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1551 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1552 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1553 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1554 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1555 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1556 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1557 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1558 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1559 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1560 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1561 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1562 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1563 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1564 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1566 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1567 #
1568 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1569 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1570 # keeping Berlin time.
1571 #
1572 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1573 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1574 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1575 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1576 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1577 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1578 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1579 #
1580 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1581 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1582 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1583 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1584 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1585 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1586 # <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1587 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1588 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1589 #
1590 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1591 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1592 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1593 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1594 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1596 # Poland
1597 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1598 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1599 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1600 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1601 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1602 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1603 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1604 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1605 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1606 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1607 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1608 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1609 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1610 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1611 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1612 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1613 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1614 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1615 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1616 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1617 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1618 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1619 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1620 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1621 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1622 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1623 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1624 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1626 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1627 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1628 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1629 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1630 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1631 # </a>
1632 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1633 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1634 #
1635 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1636 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1637 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1638 # worth further discussion.
1639 #
1640 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1641 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1642 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1643 # EU rules in 1999.
1644 1:00 EU CE%sT
1646 # Portugal
1647 #
1648 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1649 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1650 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1651 #
1652 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1653 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1654 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1655 #
1656 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1657 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1658 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1659 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1660 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1661 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1662 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1663 #
1664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1665 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1666 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1667 # Go with Shanks.
1668 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1669 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1670 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1671 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1672 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1673 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1674 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1675 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1676 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1677 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1678 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1679 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1680 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1681 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1682 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1683 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1684 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1685 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1686 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1687 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1688 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1689 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1690 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1691 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1692 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1693 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1694 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1695 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1696 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1697 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1698 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1699 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1700 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1701 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1702 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1703 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1704 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1705 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1706 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1707 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1708 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1709 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1710 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1711 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1712 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1713 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1714 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1715 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1716 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1717 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1718 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1719 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1720 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1721 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1722 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1724 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1725 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1726 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1727 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1728 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1729 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1730 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1731 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1732 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1733 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1734 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1735 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1736 0:00 EU WE%sT
1737 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1738 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1739 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1740 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1741 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1742 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1743 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1744 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1745 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1746 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1747 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1748 0:00 EU WE%sT
1750 # Romania
1751 #
1752 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1753 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1754 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1755 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1756 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1757 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1758 #
1759 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1760 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1761 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1762 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1763 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1764 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1765 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1766 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1767 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1769 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1770 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1771 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1772 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1773 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1774 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1775 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1776 2:00 EU EE%sT
1778 # Russia
1780 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1781 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1782 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1783 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1784 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1785 #
1786 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1787 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1788 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1789 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1790 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1791 #
1792 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1793 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1794 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1795 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1796 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1797 #
1798 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1799 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1800 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1801 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1802 #
1803 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1804 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1805 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1806 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1807 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1808 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1809 #
1810 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1811 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1812 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1813 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1814 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1815 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1816 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1817 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1818 #
1819 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1820 #
1821 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1822 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1824 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1825 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1826 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1827 #
1828 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1829 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
1830 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1831 # Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1832 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1833 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1834 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1835 # Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
1836 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1837 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1838 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1839 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1840 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1841 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1842 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
1843 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1844 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1845 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1846 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1847 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1848 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1849 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1850 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1851 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1852 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1853 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1854 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1855 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1856 #
1857 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1858 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1859 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1860 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1861 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1862 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1863 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1864 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1865 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1866 #
1867 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1868 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1869 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
1870 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
1871 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
1872 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1873 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1874 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1875 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1876 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1877 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1878 #
1879 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1880 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
1881 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1882 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1883 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1884 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1885 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1886 #
1887 # Novosibirskaya oblast'.
1888 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1889 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1890 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1891 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1892 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1893 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1894 #
1895 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1896 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
1897 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
1898 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1899 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1900 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1901 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1902 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1903 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1904 #
1905 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1906 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
1907 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1908 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1909 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1910 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1911 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1912 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1913 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1914 #
1915 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1916 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
1917 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
1918 #
1919 # From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1920 # Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
1921 # Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
1922 # Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
1923 # Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
1924 # Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
1925 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1926 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1927 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1928 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1929 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1930 #
1931 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1932 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
1933 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1934 #
1935 # From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1936 # Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
1937 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1938 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1939 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1940 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1941 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1942 #
1943 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
1944 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
1945 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
1946 9:00 - CJT 1938
1947 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
1948 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
1949 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1950 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1951 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
1952 #
1953 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1954 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
1955 #
1956 # From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
1957 # Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
1958 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1959 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1960 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1961 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1962 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1963 #
1964 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1965 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
1966 #
1967 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1968 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1969 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1970 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1971 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1972 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1973 #
1974 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
1975 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1976 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1977 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1978 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1979 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1980 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
1982 # Slovakia
1983 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1985 # Slovenia
1986 # see Yugoslavia
1988 # Spain
1989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1990 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1991 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1993 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1994 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1995 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1996 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1997 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1998 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1999 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2001 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2002 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2003 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2004 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2005 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2006 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2007 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2008 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2010 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2011 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2012 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2013 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2015 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2016 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2017 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2018 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2019 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2020 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2021 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2022 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2023 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2024 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2025 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2026 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2027 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2028 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2029 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2030 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2031 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2032 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2033 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2034 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2035 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2036 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2037 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2038 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2039 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2040 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2041 1:00 EU CE%sT
2042 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2043 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2044 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2045 0:00 - WET 1924
2046 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2047 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2048 1:00 - CET 1986
2049 1:00 EU CE%sT
2050 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2051 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2052 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2053 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2054 0:00 EU WE%sT
2055 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2056 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2058 # Sweden
2060 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
2061 #
2062 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2063 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2064 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2065 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2066 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2067 #
2068 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2069 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2070 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2071 #
2072 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2073 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2074 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2075 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2076 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2077 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2078 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2079 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2080 #
2081 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2082 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2083 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2084 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2085 #
2086 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2087 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2088 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2089 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2090 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2091 # the Sok-button).
2092 #
2093 # (2001-05-13):
2094 #
2095 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2096 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2097 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2098 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2099 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2100 # hour before the event took place.
2101 #
2102 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2104 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2105 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2106 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2107 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2108 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2109 1:00 - CET 1980
2110 1:00 EU CE%sT
2112 # Switzerland
2113 # From Howse:
2114 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2115 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2116 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2117 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2118 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2119 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2120 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2121 # From Shanks:
2122 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2123 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2124 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2125 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2126 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2127 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2128 1:00 EU CE%sT
2130 # Turkey
2131 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2132 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2133 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2134 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2135 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2136 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2137 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2138 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2139 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2140 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2141 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2142 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2143 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2144 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2145 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2146 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2147 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2148 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2149 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2150 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2151 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2152 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2153 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2154 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2155 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2156 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2157 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2158 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2159 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2160 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2161 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2162 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2163 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2164 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2165 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2166 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2167 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2168 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2169 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2170 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2171 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2172 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2173 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2174 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2175 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2176 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2177 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2178 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2179 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2180 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2181 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2182 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2183 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2184 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2185 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2186 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2187 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2188 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2189 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2190 2:00 EU EE%sT
2191 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2193 # Ukraine
2194 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2195 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2196 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2197 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2198 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2199 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2200 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2201 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2202 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2203 2:00 - EET 1992
2204 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2205 2:00 EU EE%sT
2206 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2207 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2208 1:00 - CET 1940
2209 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2210 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2211 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2212 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2213 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2214 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2215 2:00 - EET 1992
2216 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2217 2:00 EU EE%sT
2218 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2219 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2220 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2221 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2222 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2223 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2224 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2225 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2226 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2227 2:00 EU EE%sT
2228 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2229 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2230 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2231 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2232 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2233 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2234 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2235 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2236 2:00 - EET 1992
2237 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2238 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2239 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2240 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2241 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2242 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2243 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2244 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2245 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2246 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2247 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2248 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2249 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2250 2:00 EU EE%sT
2252 # Yugoslavia
2253 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2254 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2255 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2256 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2257 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2258 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2259 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2260 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2261 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2262 1:00 EU CE%sT
2263 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2264 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2265 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2266 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2268 ###############################################################################
2270 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2271 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2272 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2273 #
2274 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2275 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2276 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2277 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2278 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2279 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2281 # ...
2282 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2283 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2284 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2285 # ...
2286 #
2287 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2288 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2289 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2290 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2291 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2292 # years...
2293 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2294 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2295 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2296 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2297 #
2298 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2299 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2300 #
2301 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2302 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2303 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2305 # ...
2306 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2307 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2308 # ...
2309 #
2310 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2311 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2312 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2313 #
2314 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2315 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2316 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2317 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2318 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2319 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2320 # dates...
2321 #
2322 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2323 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2324 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2325 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2326 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2327 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2328 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2329 # in advance of normal time.
2330 #
2331 # ...
2332 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2333 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2334 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2336 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2337 # ...
2338 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2339 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2340 # ...
2341 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2342 # ...