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1 # @(#)europe 7.39
3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
12 #
13 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
14 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
15 # I found in the UCLA library.
16 #
17 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
18 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
19 # Corrections are welcome!
20 # std dst
21 # LMT Local Mean Time
22 # -4:00 AST Atlantic
23 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
24 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
25 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
26 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
27 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
28 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
29 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
30 #
31 # See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
32 #
33 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
34 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
35 # Oxford University Press (1980).
37 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994),
38 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
39 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
40 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
41 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
42 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
43 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
44 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
45 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
46 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
47 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
48 # ...
49 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
50 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
51 # ...
52 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
53 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
54 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
55 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
56 # in the Directive.
59 ###############################################################################
61 # United Kingdom
62 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
64 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
65 #
66 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
67 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
68 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
69 # of the text said:
70 #
71 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
72 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
73 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
74 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
75 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
76 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
77 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
78 #
79 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
80 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
81 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
82 #
83 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
85 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
86 #
87 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
88 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
89 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
90 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
91 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
92 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
93 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
94 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
95 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
96 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
97 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
98 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
99 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
100 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
101 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
102 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
103 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
104 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
105 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
106 #
107 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
108 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
109 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
111 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
112 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
113 # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
114 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
115 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
116 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
117 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
118 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
120 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
121 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
122 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
123 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
124 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
126 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
127 #
128 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
129 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
131 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
132 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
133 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
134 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
135 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
137 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
138 #
139 # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
140 # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
141 # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
142 # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
143 # and 1994 are:
144 # Start End
145 # 1993 28 March 24 October
146 # 1994 27 March 23 October
147 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
148 #
149 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
150 # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
151 # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
152 #
153 # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
154 # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
155 # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
156 # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
157 # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
158 # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
159 # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
160 # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
161 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
162 # to specify the EC specified dates.
164 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
165 #
166 # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
167 # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
168 # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
169 # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
170 #
171 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
172 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
173 # regarding double summer time.
174 #
175 # [two other similar questions omitted]
176 #
177 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
178 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
179 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
180 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
181 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
182 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
183 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
184 # Monday, 2nd April.'
186 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
187 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
188 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
189 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
190 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
192 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
193 #
194 # > # Current rules
195 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
196 # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
197 #
198 # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
199 # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
200 # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
201 # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
202 # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
203 # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
204 # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
205 # what will happen.
206 #
207 # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
208 # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
209 # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
210 # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
211 # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
212 # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
213 # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
214 # be the end of it.
216 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
217 #
218 # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
219 # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
220 # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
221 # summer months'.
222 #
223 # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
224 # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
225 #
226 # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
227 # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
228 # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
229 #
230 # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
231 # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
232 #
233 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
234 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
235 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
236 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
237 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
238 #
239 # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
240 # the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
241 #
242 # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
243 # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
244 # was different.
245 #
246 # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
247 # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
249 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
250 #
251 # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
252 # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
253 #
254 # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
255 # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
256 # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
257 # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
258 # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
259 # sequence would have been:
260 # Dublin London
261 # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
262 # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
263 # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
264 # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
265 # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
266 #
267 # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
268 # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
269 # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
270 # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
272 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
273 #
274 # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
275 # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
276 # ever since it first started in 1916.
277 #
278 # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
279 # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
280 #
281 # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
282 # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
283 # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
284 # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
285 # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
286 # except for wartime double summer time.
287 #
288 # As evidence I would cite:
289 #
290 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
291 #
292 # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
293 # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
294 # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
295 #
296 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
297 #
298 # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
299 # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
300 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
301 # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
302 #
303 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922
304 #
305 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
306 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
307 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
308 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
309 # so approved.
310 #
311 # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
312 # Islands, and the Isle of Man.
313 #
314 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925
315 #
316 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
317 # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
318 # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
319 #
320 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
321 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
322 #
323 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
324 # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
325 # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
326 # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
327 # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
328 #
329 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
330 # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
331 #
332 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
333 # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
334 #
335 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
336 # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
337 #
338 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
339 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
340 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
341 # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
342 # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
343 # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
344 # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
345 # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
346 # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
347 # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
348 # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
349 # England and Wales were indivisible.
350 #
351 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
352 # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
353 #
354 # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
355 # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
356 #
357 # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
358 # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
359 #
360 # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
361 # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
362 # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
363 #
364 # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
365 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
366 #
367 # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
368 #
369 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
370 # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
371 # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
372 # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
373 # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
374 # measures saying it didn't.
375 #
376 # - The Manx Time Act, 1968
377 #
378 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
379 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
380 #
381 # - The Summer Time Act, 1972
382 #
383 # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
384 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
385 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
386 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
387 # 1 hour.
388 #
389 # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
390 # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
391 # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
392 #
393 # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
394 # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
395 # to 01:00 GMT.)
396 #
397 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
398 #
399 # This specifies dates of:
400 # Start End
401 # 1993 28 March 24 October
402 # 1994 27 March 23 October
403 # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
404 #
405 # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
406 #
407 # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
408 # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
409 # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
410 # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
411 # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
412 #
413 # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
414 # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
415 # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
416 # throughout the UK.
417 #
418 # With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
419 #
420 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
421 # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
422 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
423 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
425 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
426 # I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
427 # It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
428 # an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
429 # No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
430 #
431 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
432 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
433 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
434 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
435 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
436 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
437 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
438 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
439 # summer time in 1968....
441 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
442 #
443 # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
444 # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
445 # all the Acts.
446 #
447 # There are no changes to the dates we already have.
448 #
449 # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
450 # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
451 # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
452 # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
453 #
454 # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
455 # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
456 # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
457 # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
458 # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
459 # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
460 # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
461 # again so they leave it out.
462 #
463 # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
464 # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
465 # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
466 # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
467 #
468 # Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
469 #
470 #
471 # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
472 # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
473 # ## Lines like this are comments.
474 # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
475 # ## Control lines are of the form
476 # ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
477 # ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
478 # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
479 # ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
480 # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
481 # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
482 # ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
483 # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
484 # ## At present double requires fixed as well.
485 # ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
486 # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
487 #
488 # ## Blank lines are also ignored.
489 #
490 # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
491 # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
492 # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
493 #
494 # # Summer Time Act, 1916
495 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
496 #
497 # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
498 # # unknown Order or Orders ???
499 # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
500 # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
501 # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
502 # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
503 # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
504 # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
505 #
506 # # Summer Time Act, 1922
507 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
508 # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
509 # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
510 #
511 # # Summer Time Act, 1925
512 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
513 #
514 # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
515 # 1939 3 April 3 November
516 # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
517 # 1940 4 feb 0 none
518 # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
519 # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
520 # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
521 # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
522 # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
523 # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
524 # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
525 # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
526 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
527 #
528 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
529 # 1946 3 April 1 October
530 #
531 # # Summer Time Act, 1947
532 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
533 # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
534 # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
535 # # Unknown Order ???
536 # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
537 # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
538 # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
539 # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
540 # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
541 # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
542 # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
543 # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
544 # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
545 # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
546 # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
547 #
548 # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
549 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
550 #
551 # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
552 # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
553 # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
554 # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
555 # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
556 # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
557 # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
558 # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
559 # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
560 # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
561 # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
562 # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
563 # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
564 # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
565 # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
566 # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
567 # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
568 # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
569 # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
570 # # British Standard Time Act, 1968
571 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
572 # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
573 # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
574 #
575 # # Summer Time Act, 1972
576 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
577 #
578 # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
579 # # First EC Directive ???
580 # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
581 # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
582 # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
583 # # Second EC Directive ???
584 # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
585 # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
586 # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
587 # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
588 # # Third EC Directive ???
589 # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
590 # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
591 # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
592 # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
593 # # Fourth EC Directive ???
594 # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
595 # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
596 # # Fifth EC Directive ???
597 # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
598 # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
599 # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
600 # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
601 # # Sixth EC Directive
602 # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
603 # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
604 # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
606 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994):
607 # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
608 # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
609 # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
610 # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
611 # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
612 # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
613 # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
614 # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
615 # 1996 31 March 27 October
616 # 1997 30 March 26 October
617 #
618 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
619 # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
620 # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
621 # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
622 # seventh Summer Time Directive....
623 #
624 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
625 # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
626 # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
627 # before Easter).
629 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
630 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
631 # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
632 # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
633 # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
634 # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
635 # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
636 # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
637 # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
638 # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
640 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
641 #
642 # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
643 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
644 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
645 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
646 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
647 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
648 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
649 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
650 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
651 #
652 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
653 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
654 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
655 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
656 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
657 # It actually just had one transition.
658 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
659 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
660 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
661 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
662 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
663 #
664 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
665 # we'll ignore them for now.
666 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
667 # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
668 # conform with Great Britain.
669 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
670 #
671 #
672 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
674 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
675 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
676 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
677 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
678 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
679 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
680 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
682 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
683 # 1916 to 1925--irregular
684 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
685 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
686 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
687 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
688 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
689 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
690 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
691 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
692 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
693 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
694 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
695 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
696 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
697 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
698 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
699 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
700 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
701 # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
702 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
703 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
704 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
705 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
706 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
707 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
708 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
709 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
710 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
711 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
712 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
713 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
714 # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
715 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
716 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
717 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
718 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
719 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
720 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
721 # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
722 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
723 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
724 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
725 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
726 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
727 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
728 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
729 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
730 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
731 # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
732 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
733 Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
734 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
735 # 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
736 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
737 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
738 # 1954 to 1980, starting rules
739 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
740 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
741 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
742 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
743 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
744 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
745 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
746 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
747 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
748 # 1953 to 1980, ending rules
749 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
750 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
751 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
752 # 1981 on
753 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
754 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
755 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
756 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
758 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
759 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
760 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
761 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
762 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
763 0:00 EU GMT/BST
764 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
765 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
766 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
768 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
769 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
770 0:00 EU GMT/BST
771 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
772 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
773 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
775 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
776 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
777 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
778 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
779 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
781 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
782 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
783 0:00 EU GMT/IST
785 ###############################################################################
787 # Continental Europe
789 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
790 # Common Market, etc.
792 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
793 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
794 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
795 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
796 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
797 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
798 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
800 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
801 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
803 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
804 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
805 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
806 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
808 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
809 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
810 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
811 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
812 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
813 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
814 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
815 # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
816 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
817 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
818 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
819 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
820 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
821 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
822 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
823 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
824 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
825 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
826 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
829 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
830 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
831 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
832 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
833 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
834 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
835 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
837 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
838 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
839 # From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
840 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
841 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
842 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
843 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
844 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
845 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
846 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
847 Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
849 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
851 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
852 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
853 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
854 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
855 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
857 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
858 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
860 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
861 # The official German names ... are
862 #
863 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
864 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
865 #
866 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
867 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
868 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
869 #
870 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
871 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
872 # Postfach 3345
873 # D-38023 Braunschweig
874 # phone: +49 531 592-0
875 #
876 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
877 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
878 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
879 #
880 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
881 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
884 # Albania
885 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
886 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
887 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
888 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
889 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
890 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
891 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
892 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
893 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
894 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
895 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
896 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
897 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
898 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
899 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
900 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
901 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
902 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
903 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
904 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
905 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
906 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
907 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
908 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
909 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
910 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
911 Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
912 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
913 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
914 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
915 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00
916 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
918 # Andorra
919 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
920 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
921 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
922 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
923 1:00 EU CE%sT
925 # Austria
926 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
927 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
928 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
929 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
931 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
935 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
937 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
938 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
940 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
941 1:00 EU CE%sT
943 # Belarus
944 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
945 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
946 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
947 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow Time
948 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
949 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
950 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
951 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
953 # Belgium
954 # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
955 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956 # From Whitman:
957 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
958 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
959 # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
960 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
962 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
963 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
964 # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
965 Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
966 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
967 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
968 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
969 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
970 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
972 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
974 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
976 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
977 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
978 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
979 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
980 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
981 # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
982 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
983 # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
984 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
985 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
986 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
987 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
988 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
989 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
990 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
991 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
992 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
993 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
994 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
995 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00
996 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00
997 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
998 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
999 1:00 EU CE%sT
1001 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1002 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1003 Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1004 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1006 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1007 1:00 - CET 1983
1008 1:00 EU CE%sT
1010 # Bulgaria
1011 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1012 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1013 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1014 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1015 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1016 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1017 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1018 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1019 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1020 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1021 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1022 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1023 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1024 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1026 # Croatia
1027 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1028 Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
1029 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1030 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1031 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1032 1:00 - CET 1983
1033 1:00 EU CE%sT
1035 # Czech Republic
1036 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1037 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1038 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1039 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1040 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1041 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1042 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1043 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1044 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1045 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1046 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1047 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1048 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1049 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1050 1:00 EU CE%sT
1052 # Denmark
1053 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1054 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1056 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1057 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1058 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1059 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1060 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1061 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1062 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1063 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1064 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1065 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1066 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1067 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1068 #
1069 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1070 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1071 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1072 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1073 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1074 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1075 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1076 1:00 EU CE%sT
1077 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1078 0:00 - WET 1981
1079 0:00 EU WE%sT
1080 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1081 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1082 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1083 -1:00 C-Eur EG%sT
1084 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1085 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1086 -3:00 C-Eur WG%sT
1087 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1088 -4:00 - AST
1090 # Estonia
1091 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1092 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1093 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1094 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1096 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1097 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1098 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1099 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1100 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1101 3:00 - MOST 1941 Sep 15 # Moscow Time
1102 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1103 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1104 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1105 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1107 # Finland
1108 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1109 #
1110 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1111 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1112 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1113 #
1114 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1115 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1116 # Go with Strang instead.
1117 #
1118 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1119 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1120 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1121 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1122 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1123 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1124 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1125 2:00 EU EE%sT
1127 # France
1128 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1129 # French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1130 #
1131 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1132 # From Shanks (1991):
1133 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1134 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1135 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1136 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1140 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1141 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1142 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1143 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1144 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1145 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1154 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1156 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1158 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1163 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1164 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1165 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1166 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
1167 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
1168 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
1169 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
1171 Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
1173 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
1175 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1176 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1178 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1179 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1180 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1181 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1182 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1183 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1184 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1185 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
1186 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1187 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1188 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1189 1:00 EU CE%sT
1191 # Germany
1193 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1194 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1195 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
1196 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1197 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1198 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1199 # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1200 Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1201 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1202 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
1203 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1204 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1205 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1206 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1207 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1208 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1209 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1210 1:00 EU CE%sT
1212 # Gibraltar
1213 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1214 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1215 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1216 1:00 - CET 1982
1217 1:00 EU CE%sT
1219 # Greece
1220 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1221 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1222 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1223 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1224 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1225 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1226 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1227 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1228 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1229 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1230 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1231 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1232 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1233 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1235 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1237 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1239 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1240 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1241 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1242 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1243 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1245 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1246 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1247 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1248 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1249 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1250 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1251 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1252 2:00 EU EE%sT
1254 # Hungary
1255 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1256 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1257 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1258 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1259 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1260 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1261 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1263 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1264 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1265 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1266 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1267 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1269 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1270 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1271 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1272 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1273 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1274 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1275 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1276 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1277 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1278 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1280 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1281 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1282 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1283 1:00 EU CE%sT
1285 # Iceland
1286 #
1287 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
1288 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1289 #
1290 # (December 5, 1993):
1291 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1292 # Iceland Almanak.
1293 #
1294 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1295 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1296 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1297 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1298 #
1299 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1300 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1301 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1302 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1303 #
1304 # (December 10, 1993):
1305 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1306 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1307 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1308 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1309 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1310 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1311 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1312 # might mean something else (???).
1313 #
1314 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
1315 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1316 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1317 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1318 #
1319 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1320 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1321 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1322 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1323 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1324 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1325 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1326 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1327 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1329 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1331 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1332 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1334 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1335 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1336 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1337 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1339 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1340 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1341 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1342 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1343 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1344 0:00 - GMT
1346 # Italy
1347 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1348 #
1349 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1350 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1351 # <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1352 # below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1353 # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1354 #
1355 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1356 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1357 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1358 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1359 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1360 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1361 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1362 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1363 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1364 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1365 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1366 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1367 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1368 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1369 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1370 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1371 #
1372 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1373 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1374 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1375 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1377 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1379 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1382 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1384 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1385 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1386 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1388 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1389 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1390 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1391 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1392 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1394 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1395 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1396 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1397 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1398 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1399 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1400 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1401 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1402 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1403 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1405 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1406 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1407 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1408 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1409 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1410 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1411 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1412 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1413 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1414 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1415 1:00 EU CE%sT
1417 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1418 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1420 # Latvia
1421 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1422 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1423 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1424 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1425 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1426 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1427 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1428 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1429 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jul # Moscow Time
1430 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
1431 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1432 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1433 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1435 # Liechtenstein
1436 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1437 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1438 1:00 - CET 1981
1439 1:00 EU CE%sT
1441 # Lithuania
1442 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1443 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1444 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1445 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1446 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1447 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1448 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1449 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jun 24 # Moscow Time
1450 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1451 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1452 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1453 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1455 # Luxembourg
1456 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1457 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1458 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1459 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1460 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1462 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1463 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1464 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1465 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1466 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1467 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1468 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1469 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1470 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1472 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1473 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1474 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1475 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1476 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1477 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1478 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1479 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1481 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1482 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1483 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1484 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1485 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1486 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1487 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1488 1:00 EU CE%sT
1490 # Macedonia
1491 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1492 Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
1493 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1494 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1495 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1496 1:00 - CET 1983
1497 1:00 EU CE%sT
1499 # Malta
1500 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1501 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1502 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1503 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1504 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1505 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1506 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1507 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1508 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1509 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1510 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1511 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1512 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1513 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1514 1:00 EU CE%sT
1516 # Moldova
1517 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1518 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1519 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1520 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Moscow Time
1521 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1522 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1524 # Monaco
1525 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1526 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1527 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1528 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1529 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1530 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1531 1:00 EU CE%sT
1533 # Netherlands
1534 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1535 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1536 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1537 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1538 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1539 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1540 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1541 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1542 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1543 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1544 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1545 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1546 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1547 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1548 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1549 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1550 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1551 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1552 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1553 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1554 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1555 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1556 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1557 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1559 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1560 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1561 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1563 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1565 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1566 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1567 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1568 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1569 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1570 1:00 EU CE%sT
1572 # Norway
1573 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1574 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1575 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1576 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1577 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1578 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1579 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
1580 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1581 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1582 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1583 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1584 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1585 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1586 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1587 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1588 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1589 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1590 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1591 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1592 1:00 EU CE%sT
1593 #
1594 # Svalbard
1595 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1596 #
1597 # Jan Mayen
1598 # From Whitman:
1599 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1600 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1602 # Poland
1603 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1604 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1605 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1606 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1607 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1608 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1609 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1610 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1611 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1612 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1613 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1614 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1615 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1616 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1617 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1618 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1619 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1620 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1621 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1622 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1623 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1624 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1626 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1627 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1628 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1629 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1630 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1631 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1632 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1633 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
1635 # Portugal
1636 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1637 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1638 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1639 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1640 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1641 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1642 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1643 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1644 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1645 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1646 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1647 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1648 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1649 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1650 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1651 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1652 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1653 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1654 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1655 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1656 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1657 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1658 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1659 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1660 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1661 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1662 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1663 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1665 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1666 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1667 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1668 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1669 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1670 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1671 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1672 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1673 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1674 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1675 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1676 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
1677 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1678 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1679 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
1680 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1681 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
1682 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1683 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1684 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1685 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1686 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1687 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1688 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1689 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1690 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1691 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1692 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1693 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1694 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1695 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1696 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1697 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1698 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1699 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1700 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1701 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1702 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1703 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1704 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
1705 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1706 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1707 0:00 EU WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1708 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1709 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1710 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1711 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1712 0:00 EU WE%sT
1713 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
1714 # so we'll just use Shanks for now.
1715 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1716 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1717 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1718 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1719 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1720 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT
1721 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1722 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1723 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1724 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1725 0:00 EU WE%sT
1727 # Romania
1728 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1729 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1730 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1731 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1732 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1733 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1734 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1735 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1736 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1737 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1738 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1739 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1740 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
1742 # Russia
1743 # From Shanks (1991):
1744 # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1745 # a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1746 #
1747 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03):
1748 # Moscow rules after 1991 are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
1749 # I invented the time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
1750 # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
1751 # The rest is from Shanks.
1752 #
1753 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1754 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1755 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1756 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow TIme
1757 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1758 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1759 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1760 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1761 3:00 Russia MOS%sT
1762 Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1763 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1764 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1765 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1766 3:00 - KUYT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1767 4:00 Russia KUY%sT
1768 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
1769 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
1770 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1771 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1772 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1773 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1774 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1775 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
1776 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1777 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1778 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1779 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
1780 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
1781 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1782 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1783 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1784 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1785 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1786 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk TIme
1787 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1788 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1789 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1790 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1791 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1792 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
1793 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1794 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
1795 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1796 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1797 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1798 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
1799 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1800 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1801 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
1802 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1803 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1804 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1805 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
1806 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1807 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
1808 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1809 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1810 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1811 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
1812 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
1813 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
1814 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
1815 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1816 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1817 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1818 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
1819 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1820 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
1821 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1822 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1823 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1824 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
1825 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1826 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
1827 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
1828 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1829 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1830 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1831 12:00 Russia PET%sT
1832 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1833 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
1834 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1835 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1836 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1837 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
1839 # Slovakia
1840 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1842 # Slovenia
1843 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844 Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
1845 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1846 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1847 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1848 1:00 - CET 1983
1849 1:00 EU CE%sT
1851 # Spain
1852 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1853 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1854 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1855 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1856 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1857 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1858 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1860 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1861 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1862 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1863 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1864 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1865 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1866 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1869 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1870 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1872 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1873 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1874 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1875 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1876 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
1877 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1878 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
1879 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1880 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1882 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1883 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1884 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1885 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1886 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1887 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1888 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1889 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1890 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1891 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1892 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1893 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1894 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1895 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1896 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1897 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1898 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1899 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1900 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1901 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1902 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1903 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1904 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1905 1:00 EU CE%sT
1906 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1907 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1908 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1909 0:00 - WET 1924
1910 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
1911 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
1912 1:00 - CET 1986
1913 1:00 EU CE%sT
1914 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1915 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
1916 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1917 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1918 0:00 EU WE%sT
1920 # Sweden
1922 # From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
1923 #
1924 # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
1925 # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
1926 # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
1927 # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
1928 # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
1929 #
1930 # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
1931 # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
1932 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
1933 # year!...
1934 #
1935 # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
1936 # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
1937 #
1938 # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
1939 # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
1940 # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
1941 # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
1943 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1944 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1945 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1946 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1947 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1948 1:00 - CET 1980
1949 1:00 EU CE%sT
1951 # Switzerland
1952 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
1953 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1954 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1955 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1956 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1957 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1958 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
1959 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1960 # From Shanks (1991):
1961 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1963 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1964 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1965 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1966 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1967 1:00 EU CE%sT
1969 # Turkey
1970 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1971 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1972 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1973 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1974 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1975 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1976 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1977 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1978 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1979 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1980 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
1981 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1982 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1983 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
1984 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
1985 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1986 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
1987 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1988 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1989 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1990 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1991 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
1992 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1993 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1994 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1995 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
1996 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1997 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1998 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
1999 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2000 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2001 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2002 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2003 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2004 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2005 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2006 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2007 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2008 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2009 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2010 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2011 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2012 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2013 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2014 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2015 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2016 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2017 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2018 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2019 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2020 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2021 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2022 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2023 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2024 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2025 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2026 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2027 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2028 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2029 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
2030 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2032 # Ukraine
2033 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2034 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2035 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme
2036 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2037 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2038 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2039 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2040 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2041 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2042 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2043 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2044 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2045 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2046 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2047 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2048 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2049 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2050 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2051 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2052 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2053 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2054 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2055 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2056 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2057 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2058 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2059 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2060 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1990 Jul 17 # Moscow Time
2061 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
2062 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2063 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2064 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2065 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2066 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2067 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
2068 # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
2069 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
2070 # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
2071 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2072 3:00 Russia MOS%sT
2074 # Yugoslavia
2075 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2076 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2077 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2079 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2080 1:00 - CET 1983
2081 1:00 EU CE%sT
2083 ###############################################################################
2085 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2086 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2087 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2088 #
2089 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2090 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2091 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2092 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2093 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2094 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2096 # ...
2097 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2098 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2099 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2100 # ...
2101 #
2102 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2103 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2104 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2105 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2106 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2107 # years...
2108 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2109 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2110 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2111 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2112 #
2113 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2114 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2115 #
2116 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2117 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2118 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2120 # ...
2121 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2122 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2123 # ...
2124 #
2125 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2126 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2127 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2128 #
2129 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2130 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2131 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2132 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2133 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2134 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2135 # dates...
2136 #
2137 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2138 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2139 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2140 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2141 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2142 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2143 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2144 # in advance of normal time.
2145 #
2146 # ...
2147 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2148 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2149 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2151 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
2152 # ...
2153 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2154 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2155 # ...
2156 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2157 # ...
2159 # ...
2160 # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2161 # From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2162 # ...
2163 # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2164 # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2165 # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2166 # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2167 # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2168 # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2169 # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2170 # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2171 # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2172 #
2173 # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2174 # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2175 # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.