1 @node Feature Test Macros
2 @subsection Feature Test Macros
4 @cindex feature test macros
5 The exact set of features available when you compile a source file
6 is controlled by which @dfn{feature test macros} you define.
8 If you compile your programs using @samp{gcc -ansi}, you get only the
9 @w{ISO C} library features, unless you explicitly request additional
10 features by defining one or more of the feature macros.
11 @xref{Invoking GCC,, GNU CC Command Options, gcc.info, The GNU CC Manual},
12 for more information about GCC options.@refill
14 You should define these macros by using @samp{#define} preprocessor
15 directives at the top of your source code files. These directives
16 @emph{must} come before any @code{#include} of a system header file. It
17 is best to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by
18 comments. You could also use the @samp{-D} option to GCC, but it's
19 better if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a
24 @defvr Macro _POSIX_SOURCE
25 If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1
26 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the
32 @defvr Macro _POSIX_C_SOURCE
33 If you define this macro with a value of @code{1}, then the
34 functionality from the POSIX.1 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is made
35 available. If you define this macro with a value of @code{2}, then both
36 the functionality from the POSIX.1 standard and the functionality from
37 the POSIX.2 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.2) are made available. This is
38 in addition to the @w{ISO C} facilities.
43 @defvr Macro _BSD_SOURCE
44 If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix is
45 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material.
47 Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the
48 corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this
49 macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the
52 Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and POSIX.1,
53 you need to use a special @dfn{BSD compatibility library} when linking
54 programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is because some functions
55 must be defined in two different ways, one of them in the normal C
56 library, and one of them in the compatibility library. If your program
57 defines @code{_BSD_SOURCE}, you must give the option @samp{-lbsd-compat}
58 to the compiler or linker when linking the program, to tell it to find
59 functions in this special compatibility library before looking for them in
63 @cindex BSD compatibility library.
68 @defvr Macro _SVID_SOURCE
69 If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is
70 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open material.
75 @defvr Macro _XOPEN_SOURCE
76 If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open
77 Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1 and
78 POSIX.2 functionality and in fact @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} and
79 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} are automatically defined.
81 As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in
82 BSD and SVID is also included.
84 If the macro @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED} is also defined, even more
85 functionality is available. The extra functions will make all functions
86 available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand.
91 @defvr Macro _GNU_SOURCE
92 If you define this macro, everything is included: @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1,
93 POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, and GNU extensions. In the cases where
94 POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the POSIX definitions take precedence.
96 If you want to get the full effect of @code{_GNU_SOURCE} but make the
97 BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use this
98 sequence of definitions:
106 Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD
107 compatibility library by passing the @samp{-lbsd-compat} option to the
108 compiler or linker. @strong{Note:} If you forget to do this, you may
109 get very strange errors at run time.
114 @defvr Macro _REENTRANT
115 @defvrx Macro _THREAD_SAFE
116 If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several functions get
117 declared. Some of the functions are specified in POSIX.1c but many others
118 are only available on a few other systems or are unique to GNU libc.
119 The problem is that the standardization of the thread safe C library
120 interface still is behind.
122 Unlike on some other systems no special version of the C library must be
123 used for linking. There is only one version but while compiling this
124 it must have been specified to compile as thread safe.
127 We recommend you use @code{_GNU_SOURCE} in new programs. If you don't
128 specify the @samp{-ansi} option to GCC and don't define any of these
129 macros explicitly, the effect is the same as defining
130 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to 2 and @code{_POSIX_SOURCE},
131 @code{_SVID_SOURCE}, and @code{_BSD_SOURCE} to 1.
133 When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of features,
134 it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for a subset of
135 those features. For example, if you define @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE}, then
136 defining @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} as well has no effect. Likewise, if you
137 define @code{_GNU_SOURCE}, then defining either @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} or
138 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} or @code{_SVID_SOURCE} as well has no effect.
140 Note, however, that the features of @code{_BSD_SOURCE} are not a subset of
141 any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it defines
142 BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that are
143 requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining
144 @code{_BSD_SOURCE} in addition to the other feature test macros does have
145 an effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting