1 @node Feature Test Macros
2 @subsection Feature Test Macros
4 @cindex feature test macros
5 The exact set of features available when you compile a source file
6 is controlled by which @dfn{feature test macros} you define.
8 If you compile your programs using @samp{gcc -ansi}, you get only the
9 @w{ISO C} library features, unless you explicitly request additional
10 features by defining one or more of the feature macros.
11 @xref{Invoking GCC,, GNU CC Command Options, gcc.info, The GNU CC Manual},
12 for more information about GCC options.@refill
14 You should define these macros by using @samp{#define} preprocessor
15 directives at the top of your source code files. These directives
16 @emph{must} come before any @code{#include} of a system header file. It
17 is best to make them the very first thing in the file, preceded only by
18 comments. You could also use the @samp{-D} option to GCC, but it's
19 better if you make the source files indicate their own meaning in a
22 This system exists to allow the library to conform to multiple standards.
23 Although the different standards are often described as supersets of each
24 other, they are usually incompatible because larger standards require
25 functions with names that smaller ones reserve to the user program. This
26 is not mere pedantry --- it has been a problem in practice. For instance,
27 some non-GNU programs define functions named @code{getline} that have
28 nothing to do with this library's @code{getline}. They would not be
29 compilable if all features were enabled indescriminantly.
31 This should not be used to verify that a program conforms to a limited
32 standard. It is insufficent for this purpose, as it will not protect you
33 from including header files outside the standard, or relying on semantics
34 undefined within the standard.
38 @defvr Macro _POSIX_SOURCE
39 If you define this macro, then the functionality from the POSIX.1
40 standard (IEEE Standard 1003.1) is available, as well as all of the
43 The state of @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} is irrelevant if you define the
44 macro @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to a positive integer.
49 @defvr Macro _POSIX_C_SOURCE
50 Define this macro to a positive integer to control which POSIX
51 functionality is made available. The greater the value of this macro,
52 the more functionality is made available.
54 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{1},
55 then the functionality from the 1990 edition of the POSIX.1 standard
56 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is made available.
58 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{2},
59 then the functionality from the 1992 edition of the POSIX.2 standard
60 (IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992) is made available.
62 If you define this macro to a value greater than or equal to @code{199309L},
63 then the functionality from the 1993 edition of the POSIX.1b standard
64 (IEEE Standard 1003.1b-1993) is made available.
66 Greater values for @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} will enable future extensions.
67 The POSIX standards process will define these values as necessary, and
68 the GNU C Library should support them some time after they become standardized.
69 The 1996 edition of POSIX.1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1: 1996) states that
70 if you define @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to a value greater than
71 or equal to @code{199506L}, then the functionality from the 1996
72 edition is made available.
74 The Single Unix Specification specify that setting this macro to the
75 value @code{199506L} selects all the values specified by the POSIX
76 standards plus those of the Single Unix Specification, i.e., is the
77 same as if @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE} is set to @code{500} (see below).
82 @defvr Macro _BSD_SOURCE
83 If you define this macro, functionality derived from 4.3 BSD Unix is
84 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, and POSIX.2 material.
86 Some of the features derived from 4.3 BSD Unix conflict with the
87 corresponding features specified by the POSIX.1 standard. If this
88 macro is defined, the 4.3 BSD definitions take precedence over the
91 Due to the nature of some of the conflicts between 4.3 BSD and POSIX.1,
92 you need to use a special @dfn{BSD compatibility library} when linking
93 programs compiled for BSD compatibility. This is because some functions
94 must be defined in two different ways, one of them in the normal C
95 library, and one of them in the compatibility library. If your program
96 defines @code{_BSD_SOURCE}, you must give the option @samp{-lbsd-compat}
97 to the compiler or linker when linking the program, to tell it to find
98 functions in this special compatibility library before looking for them in
102 @cindex BSD compatibility library.
107 @defvr Macro _SVID_SOURCE
108 If you define this macro, functionality derived from SVID is
109 included as well as the @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and X/Open material.
114 @defvr Macro _XOPEN_SOURCE
115 @defvrx Macro _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
116 If you define this macro, functionality described in the X/Open
117 Portability Guide is included. This is a superset of the POSIX.1 and
118 POSIX.2 functionality and in fact @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} and
119 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} are automatically defined.
121 As the unification of all Unices, functionality only available in
122 BSD and SVID is also included.
124 If the macro @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED} is also defined, even more
125 functionality is available. The extra functions will make all functions
126 available which are necessary for the X/Open Unix brand.
128 If the macro @code{_XOPEN_SOURCE} has the value @math{500} this includes
129 all functionality described so far plus some new definitions from the
130 Single Unix Specification, @w{version 2}.
135 @defvr Macro _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
136 If this macro is defined some extra functions are available which
137 rectify a few shortcomings in all previous standards. More concrete
138 the functions @code{fseeko} and @code{ftello} are available. Without
139 these functions the difference between the @w{ISO C} interface
140 (@code{fseek}, @code{ftell}) and the low-level POSIX interface
141 (@code{lseek}) would lead to problems.
143 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension (LFS).
148 @defvr Macro _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
149 If you define this macro an additional set of function gets available
150 which enables to use on @w{32 bit} systems to use files of sizes beyond
151 the usual limit of 2GB. This interface is not available if the system
152 does not support files that large. On systems where the natural file
153 size limit is greater than 2GB (i.e., on @w{64 bit} systems) the new
154 functions are identical to the replaced functions.
156 The new functionality is made available by a new set of types and
157 functions which replace existing. The names of these new objects
158 contain @code{64} to indicate the intention, e.g., @code{off_t}
159 vs. @code{off64_t} and @code{fseeko} vs. @code{fseeko64}.
161 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension
162 (LFS). It is a transition interface for the time @w{64 bit} offsets are
163 not generally used (see @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS}.
168 @defvr Macro _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
169 This macro lets decide which file system interface shall be used, one
170 replacing the other. While @code{_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE} makes the @w{64
171 bit} interface available as an additional interface
172 @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS} allows to use the @w{64 bit} interface to
173 replace the old interface.
175 If @code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS} is undefined or if it is defined to the
176 value @code{32} nothing changes. The @w{32 bit} interface is used and
177 types like @code{off_t} have a size of @w{32 bits} on @w{32 bit}
180 If the macro is defined to the value @code{64} the large file interface
181 replaces the old interface. I.e., the functions are not made available
182 under different names as @code{_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE} does. Instead the
183 old function names now reference the new functions, e.g., a call to
184 @code{fseeko} now indeed calls @code{fseeko64}.
186 This macro should only be selected if the system provides mechanisms for
187 handling large files. On @w{64 bit} systems this macro has no effect
188 since the @code{*64} functions are identical to the normal functions.
190 This macro was introduced as part of the Large File Support extension
196 @defvr Macro _GNU_SOURCE
197 If you define this macro, everything is included: @w{ISO C}, POSIX.1,
198 POSIX.2, BSD, SVID, X/Open, LFS, and GNU extensions. In the cases where
199 POSIX.1 conflicts with BSD, the POSIX definitions take precedence.
201 If you want to get the full effect of @code{_GNU_SOURCE} but make the
202 BSD definitions take precedence over the POSIX definitions, use this
203 sequence of definitions:
211 Note that if you do this, you must link your program with the BSD
212 compatibility library by passing the @samp{-lbsd-compat} option to the
213 compiler or linker. @strong{Note:} If you forget to do this, you may
214 get very strange errors at run time.
219 @defvr Macro _REENTRANT
220 @defvrx Macro _THREAD_SAFE
221 If you define one of these macros, reentrant versions of several functions get
222 declared. Some of the functions are specified in POSIX.1c but many others
223 are only available on a few other systems or are unique to GNU libc.
224 The problem is that the standardization of the thread safe C library
225 interface still is behind.
227 Unlike on some other systems no special version of the C library must be
228 used for linking. There is only one version but while compiling this
229 it must have been specified to compile as thread safe.
232 We recommend you use @code{_GNU_SOURCE} in new programs. If you don't
233 specify the @samp{-ansi} option to GCC and don't define any of these
234 macros explicitly, the effect is the same as defining
235 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to 2 and @code{_POSIX_SOURCE},
236 @code{_SVID_SOURCE}, and @code{_BSD_SOURCE} to 1.
238 When you define a feature test macro to request a larger class of features,
239 it is harmless to define in addition a feature test macro for a subset of
240 those features. For example, if you define @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE}, then
241 defining @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} as well has no effect. Likewise, if you
242 define @code{_GNU_SOURCE}, then defining either @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} or
243 @code{_POSIX_C_SOURCE} or @code{_SVID_SOURCE} as well has no effect.
245 Note, however, that the features of @code{_BSD_SOURCE} are not a subset of
246 any of the other feature test macros supported. This is because it defines
247 BSD features that take precedence over the POSIX features that are
248 requested by the other macros. For this reason, defining
249 @code{_BSD_SOURCE} in addition to the other feature test macros does have
250 an effect: it causes the BSD features to take priority over the conflicting